HUMANIS

Journal of Arts and Humanities


p-ISSN: 2528-5076, e-ISSN: 2302-920X

Terakreditasi Sinta-3, SK No: 105/E/KPT/2022

Vol 28.1. Pebruari 2024: 57-66

The Analysis of Word Formation Processes in CNN News Political Articles

Ni Wayan Swarniti

Universitas Dwijendra, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia Correspondence email: [email protected]

Info Artikel

Submitted: 29th March 2023

Revised: 15th October 2023

Accepted: 15th January 2024

Publish: 29th February 2024

Keywords: word formation processes; morphological analysis; derivational morpheme

Corresponding Author:

Ni Wayan Swarniti, emil: [email protected]

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24843/JH.20

24.v28.i01.p06


Abstract

Morphological analysis typically consists of the identification of parts of words or more technically, constituents of words. The purpose of this research is to classify and analyze the process of word formation, especially derivational morphemes in political articles posted on the CNN News online news platform. The researcher used a qualitative research method. Data collecting technique used was observation. The results of the analysis were explained in detail. Results of the analysis was 11 suffixes found that classified as adjective derivation, 15 suffixes were identified as noun derivation, 5 suffixes was classified as verb derivation, and affixes that have function to change the meaning of word was 16 prefixes and 5 suffixes. The highest number of affixes found was affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. It meant that it prefer to use simple and effective words to make the readers easy to understand and more interested in reading another news in CNN News especially political articles.

INTRODUCTION

Humans need language to communicate. Language is used as a tool of communication by humans. Saussure (2013) stated that linguistics is the study about human languages and its history. Linguistics was divided into two parts, namely micro linguistics and macro linguistics (Swarniti, 2019). One of micro linguistics is morphology. Morphology refers to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. According to Haspelmath and Sims (2010:3) Linguists often describe alternations with a special set of morphological rules, which were historically phonetically motivated, but affect morphology. Morphology is the study of word formation, including the ways new words are coined in the languages of the world (Swarniti, 2021). Morphological analysis typically consists of the identification of parts of words or more technically, constituents of words. Somewhat paradoxically, morphology is both the oldest and one of the youngest sub disciplines of grammar. It is the oldest because, as far as we know, the first linguists were primarily morphologists.

Morphology studies about the words ant its structures. Fromkin (2011) stated that words are important parts of linguistic knowledge and constitute a component of our mental grammar. Linguists define words as the smallest free form found in language, meaning that words can be stood by itself (O’Grady and Archibald, 2016). Booij (2012)

says that morphology is the study of word formation, including the process of new word creation in the languages of the world, and the way of forming new words are various depending on how words are used in sentences. Katamba (1993) stated that word is not only the basic form of language but also it has an internal structure.

According to Plag (2002), word-formation can thus be described as the study of how new complex words are formed based on existing words or morphemes. According to Jackson & Amvela (2000, p. 69), the word-formation process means the different devices which use existing ones to build new words. There are several word formation processes based on morphology. Marlina & Giri (2014, p. 147) states that coinage, borrowing, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, backforming and alpha-betism are key word-forming processes. The process of word-formation sometimes involved more than one process (McGregor, 2015, p. 27). Word formation processes have characteristic patterns and peculiarities (Durkin, 2011). While, according to Yule (2006a, pp. 53–58), some process in forming words includes coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, prefix and suffix, and multiple processes.

According to Yule (2006:53-59) defines word formation processes as a way of forming and creating new words from the use of old words. The process of word formation in creation of new English words, this process is called derivation (Swarniti, 2020). Haspelmath & Sims (2010:87-89) stated, there are too many types of derivational meaning to present here, but it is worth discussing one frequent characteristic of derivation. There are far more to be said about morphemes but for now we can use the term morpheme to help us come up with a more precise and coherent definition of word (Aronoff and Fudeman, 2011:2). According to Aronoff and Fudeman (2011:2) a root is like a stem in constituting the core of the word to which other pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple units.

In the process of word formation, there are several types of word formation processes. According to O’Grady and Archibald (2016), word formation process includes derivation, compounding, inflection, internal change, suppletion, reduplication, cliticization, conversion, clipping, blending, backformation, acronym, onomatopoeia, and coinage. It is also supported by Yule (2010) proposing word formation processes such as coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes.

The process of word formation can occur in various types of text. For example, the process of word formation can occur in stories, film dialogues, speech texts, song lyrics, even in news texts. Each of these texts has its own distinctive word formation characteristics. It is very important to study about the process of word formation, because it will make easy to understand the words in English. One type of text that has its own uniqueness in morphological word formation is news text (Lede & Swarniti, 2020). The words in the news text have a very broad scope. This is because a lot of new information is conveyed in the news text. Many new words appear to convey new messages to the news readers. One of the most trusted and up-to-date news platforms is CNN News. On this news platform, a lot of information from various parts of the world can be accessed easily by news readers by using their smartphones.

From the several word formation processes based on morphology that have been described above, the author is interested in examining one of them, namely derivation. Derivational morpheme is a morpheme that changes word class or word meaning. These morphemes are usually in the form of affixes, such as prefixes and suffixes. The researcher is interested in analyzing the process of word formation in news texts, especially news on the CNN News online news platform. The researcher makes this

research even more interesting by making the data source more specific, namely only by analyzing political news. In political news, there are many unique words that are used to give a sharper impression on the news.

Based on this topic, there are some previous researches that have relation to this research. First, the research entitled Word formation process of terms in COVID-19 pandemic by Fitria. The result analysis was some types of word-formation processes include borrowing, compounding, blending, acronym, clipping, and multiple processes. In borrowing, for example, the words “Rapid test” and “Swab test”. In compounding, for example, the words “handsanitizer, lockdown, coronacoma, coronaspeck and selfquarantine”. In blending, for example, the words „covid, covidiot, covidient, quarantini, infodemic, quaranteam, coronials, covexit, covidivorce, quaranteen and coroncation”. In clipping, for example, the words „sanny” and “iso”. The word “sanny‟ comes from “hand sanitizer” and “Iso” comes from “isolation”. In the acronym, for example, the initials WFH (Work from Home), PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), WFO (Work from Office), and PUI (Person Under Investigation). In multiple processes for example the words “handwashing”, zoomboombing, coronababies, self-isolation” (Fitria, T. N, 2021). In Fitria’s research just focus to the terms in COVID-19 pandemic, but in this research was focused to in CNN News Political Articles.

Second research was from Nur'aini, Triana & Fogli. (2021) entitled The Analysis of Word Formation in Movie" Wonder" and Its Application in Teaching Vocabulary. The data of this study is word formation processes in the movie. The result of this research shows that there are 148 word formations that are classified into ten types of word formation: 53 of compounding (36%), 5 of coinage (4%), 23 of borrowing (16%), 2 of blending (1%), 8 of clipping (5%), 3 of backformation (2%), 5 of conversion (4%), 2 of acronyms (1%), 45 of derivation (30%), and 2 of multiple processes (1%). The finding of this research can be applied in teaching vocabulary (Nur'aini, Triana & Fogli, 2021). The data source of Nur'aini’s research was movie, but in this research, the researcher try to examine the article specifically politics field.

Third research entitled English Word Formation in the Jakarta Post’s Politics Articles by Herlambang, & Nurmala, 2022). The data used in the form of political articles in the 2021 edition of The Jakarta Post is 10 articles. The results of this study show that there are 10 types of word formation based on Yule’s theory. Researcher found 370 words from 7 types of word formation and 3 other types were not found, including compounding 31 words (8,37%), blending 1 word (0,27%), clipping 4 word (1,08%), back formation 4 words (1,08%), acronym 20 words (5,40%), multiple process 1 word (0,27%), affixation 309 words (83,51%). The data used in Herlambang, & Nurmala’s article was the form of political articles in the 2021, but in this research, the researcher used political article that posted in CNN News platform.

The purpose of this research was to classify and analyze the process of word formation, especially derivational morphemes in political articles posted on the CNN News online news platform. Based on the explanation above, the title raised in this research was The Analysis of Word Formation Processes in CNN News Political Articles.

METHODS

The researcher used a qualitative research method, which means the data are classified then analyzed qualitatively. Parse (2001) states that the purpose of the qualitative descriptive method is to examine the phenomenon deeply in exploring the problem of life events. The researcher as the key instrument in this research because the researcher herself collected, classified, analyzed, and described the data found from

political articles posted on the CNN News online news platform in October 2022 until January 2023. The data collecting technique used in this research was observation. There are four steps of collecting data: the first, the researcher read CNN News articles on website, the second, the researcher selected the political articles, then the data were written on table and lastly the data found were classified in accordance with the derivational morpheme categories. After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data. There are four steps to analyze the data: The researcher read the political articles found, the researcher chose by identifying the kinds of derivations in some political articles posted on the CNN News online news platform, the researcher underlined the word that which included derivations, the data were analyzed and quantify results on the data table. The results of the analysis were explained in detail descriptively.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Based on the result of the analysis in this research, it was found 294 data. All the data consists of 66 data of affixes that have function as adjective derivation, 125 data of affixes that have function as noun derivation, 29 data of affixes that have function as verb derivation, and 74 data of affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. The most derivational morpheme found in data source was affixes that have function as noun derivational morpheme. The lowest number of derivational morpheme found in data source was affixes that have function as verb derivational morpheme. The result of the analysis in this research was explained in detail in the following table.

Table 1. The Analysis of Derivational Morpheme in CNN News Political Articles

The Analysis of Derivational Morpheme in CNN News Political Articles

No

Article

Derivational Morphemes

Total

Adjective Derivation

Noun Derivation

Verb Derivation

Change the Meaning

1.

1.

0

4

3

3

10

2.

2.

4

13

4

10

31

3.

3.

18

21

9

9

57

4.

4.

10

10

4

3

27

5.

5.

7

8

2

3

20

6.

6.

3

8

0

1

12

7.

7.

8

16

0

7

31

8.

8.

1

8

1

1

11

9

9

2

2

2

2

8

10.

10.

2

0

0

1

3

11.

11.

1

1

0

1

3

12.

12.

0

5

0

3

8

13.

13.

1

3

1

1

6

14.

14.

1

3

1

3

8

15.

15.

2

1

0

0

3

16.

16.

0

4

1

5

10

17.

17.

1

2

1

3

7

18.

18.

0

1

0

2

3

19.

19.

2

6

0

11

19

20.

20.

3

9

0

5

17

TOTAL

66

125

29

74

294

Based on the table 1, it was seen that the result of the analysis based on the data source in detail. The explanation of each category of derivational morpheme was described in the following description.

Adjective Derivation

There were 11 kinds of suffixes found in data source that classified as adjective derivation. They were -al, -ive, -ous, -ern, -ist, -ic, -ful, -able, -ant, -an, and –ist. The explanation of each suffixes were described as follows:

  • -    -al (formal, potential, dramatical, ideological, electoral, official, presidential, personal, consequential, individual, historical, national, political, traditional, methodical, presidential, professional, transformational, typical, constitutional, generational, critical, paradoxical, mythical, procedural, conventional, categorical, gubernatorial, emotional, congressional)

  • -    -ive (supportive, legislative, effective, comprehensive, objective, operative, competitive, repetitive executive, consecutive, alternative, subjective, representative, conservative, initiative, responsive)

  • -   -ern (southern)

  • -   -ous (precarious)

  • -   -ist (extremist)

  • -  -ic (democratic, strategic, optimistic, pandemic)

  • -    -ful (powerful, successful, careful, hopeful, handful, fateful)

  • -    -able (responsible, vulnerable, accessible, questionable, defensible, inexorable)

  • -    -ant (significant)

  • -   -an (republican, bipartisan)

  • -   -ist (supremacist, extremist)

Based on data above, they were classified as adjective derivation. They were -al, -ive, -ous, -ern, -ist, -ic, -ful, -able, -ant, -an, and -ist. The explanation of each suffixes were described as follows:

Suffix -al changes nouns and bound bases into adjectives. Suffix -al means “having characteristics of”. Suffix -ful means “full of”. Suffix -able means “capable of being”.

Noun Derivation

Besides adjective derivation, there is also noun derivation that found in data source. There were 15 kinds of suffixes were identified as noun derivation. They were -or, -ery, -ion, -ment, -men, -man, -ity, -ing, -ship, -er, -ness, -ism, -hood, -ian, and –ance. The description of each suffixes found in data source were explained bellow.

  • -   -or (investigator, director, governor, legislator)

  • -   -ery (discovery)

  • -    -ion (investigation, jurisdiction, resolution, constitution, administration, legislation, election, preparation, negotiation, combination, conversation, organization, connection, operation, confirmation, nomination, immigration, cooperation, collaboration, registration, generation, prediction, complication, association, opposition, communication, naturalization, separation, regulation, cancellation, intervention, impression, justification, delegation, protection)

  • -    -ment (government, management, impeachment, embarrassment, agreement, environment, assessment, accomplishment, achievement, commitment,

payment, investment, development, argument, endorsement, department, judgment, excitement, engagement, enforcement, involvement)

  • -  -men (chairmen, freshmen)

  • -  -man (chairman, congressman)

  • -   -ity (possibility, majority, minority,  security, normality, accountability,

personality, authority, electricity, mentality)

  • -    -ing (charging, committing, securing, funding, engaging, appealing, fighting, voting, organizing, hoping, approaching)

  • -    -ship (leadership, speakership, judgeship, citizenship)

  • -    -er (leader, reporter, founder, sleeper, voter, supporter, organizer, speaker, challenger, worker)

  • -  -ness (awareness, willingness, forgiveness)

  • -  -ism (dynamism)

  • -    -hood (likelihood)

  • -    -ian (libertarian, politicians)

  • -    -ance (governance)

In noun derivation, there were 15 kinds of suffixes found. They were -or, -ery, -ion, -ment, -men, -man, -ity, -ing, -ship, -er, -ness, -ism, -hood, -ian, and -ance. The explanation is in the following description.

Suffix -tion means “action or process of”. Suffix -ment means “action or process of”. Suffix -ity means “state or quality of”. Suffix -ship means “state or condition of”. Suffix -hood means “state or condition of”.

Verb Derivation

In data source, verb derivation was the lowest number of data found. Just only 5 kinds of suffixes found in data source that was classified as verb derivation. They were -ing, -ed, -ize, -es, and –en. All of the explanation about the result analysis of verb derivation that found in data source was described in the following description.

  • -  -ing (packing, impeaching, stepping, signaling, pursuing, scuttling, eyeing,

scheduling)

  • -   -ed (classified, signaled, clinched, noted, signed, capitalized, promised,

prioritized, hoped, eased, monitored, authorized, volunteered, announced, characterized, questioned, criticized)

  • -    -ize (summarize, naturalize)

  • -   -es (zeroes, prioritizes)

  • -   -en (threaten)

In data source, it was found 5 kinds of suffixes that categorized as verb derivation. They were -ing, -ed, -ize, -es, and -en. Each suffix has its own meaning. The meaning of each suffix is as follows:

The suffix -ing changes a verb to past participle and gerund. Suffix -ed changes a verb to past tense. Suffix -ize means “to make or become”. Suffix -es changes a verb to its third-person present. Suffix -en changes a verb to past participle (irregular).

Change the Meaning

In derivational morpheme, there is category as the affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. In the data source also was found the affixes that have function to change the meaning of word in derivational morpheme. They were prefixes and suffixes. The data of prefixes found was 16 kinds of prefixes. They were un-, in-, im-, re-, mis-, over-, pre-, mid-, dis-, a-, anti-, ex-, semi-, post-, de-, and under-. Then, kinds of suffixes that have function to change the meaning of word found in the data source were 5 kinds of suffixes. They were -er, -est, -hoods, -less, and -hold. The description of each affixes that have function to change the meaning of word was explained in the following explanation.

Prefixes

  • -    un- (unfolded, uneasy, uncertainty, unofficial, undisclosed, unwillingness, untested, unchanged, unravel, unconditional, unanimously, unprovoked, unpredictable, unthinkable)

  • -  in- (informal, incompetent, independent, inroads, indefinitely, incoming)

  • -  im- (impeachment, impossible)

  • -  re- (resign, represent, reform, reelected, retake, reelection, reshape, rethink,

relaunch, redesigned, resolved, rewrite, rearranged, rebuilding)

  • -    mis- (misdemeanors, misinformation, misreading, misinterpretation, misleading)

  • -    over- (overreaching, oversight, overseeing, overstepping, overwhelming, overturn, overmilitarized)

  • -    pre- (pre-election, predominantly, pre-race, preposterous)

  • -    mid- (midterm)

  • -    dis- (dismissed, dishonest, disband, dismantle)

  • -    a- (apolitical)

  • -    anti- (antisemitism)

  • -   ex- (ex-president)

  • -    semi- (semiconductor)

  • -    post- (post-election)

  • -  de- (defunding)

  • -    under- (underpinnings)

Suffixes

  • -    -er (former, bigger, easier, deeper)

  • -    -est (smallest)

  • -  -hoods (neighborhoods)

  • -   -less (ruthless, baseless)

  • -    -hold (household)

From the data above, it was found prefix and suffix. The data of prefixes found was 16 kinds of prefixes. They were un-, in-, im-, re-, mis-, over-, pre-, mid-, dis-, a-, anti-, ex-, semi-, post-, de-, and under-. Then, kinds of suffixes that have function to change the meaning of word found in the data source were 5 kinds of suffixes. The suffixes were -er, -est, -hoods, -less, and -hold.

The prefix un- means “not or opposite of”. Prefix pre- means “before”. Prefix dis- means “negative”. Prefix a- means “without. Prefix anti- means “against or opposed to”. Prefix ex- means “out of, former”. Prefix post- means “after”. Prefix de- means “off, remove”.

Suffix -er can change a description into a comparison. Sometimes, it needs to add or change some letters in the original word. Suffix -est creates a superlative degree in adjectives and adverbs. Suffix -hoods means “state or condition of”. Suffix -less changes a noun into an adjective, meaning 'without'.

CONCLUSION

From the result of the analysis above, it was concluded that 294 data of all affixes that was indicated as derivational morpheme was found in data source. The data found consists of 66 data of affixes that have function as adjective derivation, 125 data of affixes that have function as noun derivation, 29 data of affixes that have function as verb derivation, and 74 data of affixes that have function to change the meaning of a word. The most derivational morpheme found in data source was affixes that have function as noun derivational morpheme. The lowest number of derivational morpheme found in data source was affixes that have function as verb derivational morpheme.

There were 11 suffixes found in data source that classified as adjective derivation. They were -al, -ive, -ous, -ern, -ist, -ic, -ful, -able, -ant, -an, and -ist. There is also noun derivation that found in data source. There were 15 suffixes were identified as noun derivation. They were -or, -ery, -ion, -ment, -men, -man, -ity, -ing, -ship, -er, -ness, -ism, -hood, -ian, and -ance. In data source, verb derivation was the lowest number of data found. Just only 5 suffixes found in data source that was classified as verb derivation. They were -ing, -ed, -ize, -es, and –en.

In derivational morpheme, there is category as the affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. In the data source also was found the affixes that have function to change the meaning of word in derivational morpheme. They were prefixes and suffixes. The data of prefixes found was 16 prefixes. They were un-, in-, im-, re-, mis-, over-, pre-, mid-, dis-, a-, anti-, ex-, semi-, post-, de-, and under-. Then, suffixes that have function to change the meaning of word found in the data source were 5 suffixes. They were -er, -est, -hoods, -less, and –hold.

CNN News especially political articles were used as data source in this research. In data source, the highest number of affixes that was classified as derivational morpheme found was the affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. It meant that words that used to describe and explain news in the website of CNN News especially political articles prefer to use simple and effective words. It was caused to make the readers easy to understand the meaning of the news and more interested in reading another news in CNN News especially political articles.

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