Derivational Suffixes In Bhagavad-Gita
on
ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 16.3 September 2016: 58 – 64
Derivational Suffixes In Bhagavad-Gita
Gopala Prasada1*, I Nyoman Udayana2, I Nyoman Aryawibawa3 123English Department Faculty Of Arts, Udayana University 1[[email protected]] 2[[email protected]] 3[[email protected]]
*
Corresponding Author
Abstract
Penelitian ini berjudul Derivational Suffixes in Bhagavad-Gita. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi jenis-jenis akhiran yang membentuk kata baru yang di temukan di dalam Bhagavad-Gita serta menjelaskan proses pembentukannya. Sumber data diambil dari buku Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya oleh A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada diterbitkan oleh Bhaktivedanta Book Trust pada tahun 1972, Mumbai. Teori-teori utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diadopsi dari teori word-formation yang dikemukakan oleh Katamba (1993) dan teori dari Bauer (1983). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode dokumentasi. Diawali dengan memilih beberapa teks dari buku Bhagavad-Gita. Kemudian membaca beberapa teks yang dipilih secara intensif. Setelah itu, menemukan dan mencatat data yang berhubungan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat akhiran yang tidak merubah kelas kata dasar sepeti akhiran -ess, -hood, dan –ship. Sedangkan akhiran yang merubah kelas kata dasar dibagi menjadi: akhiran yang membentuk kelas kata benda (akhiran –ation, -er/or, -ment, -ness, -dom, -ity, -ion, -y, -ence/-ance, -ician), akhiran yang membenuk kata sifat (akhiran suffix -al, –ful, -less, -ish, -able, -ous, -ative, -ate, -ant/-ent), akhiran yang membentuk kata kerja (suffix-ize), dan akhiran yang membentk kata keterangan (akhiran –ly). Pembentukan kata baru tersebut dibentuk melalui proses derivasi.
Kata Kunci: Morfologi, pembentukan kata, derivatif, akhiran
Word is a single unit of language. An even more basic unit, the morpheme, serves as the element from which words are built. In a morphological study, the process to produce a new word form can be found in the derivation process. It is a process by which affixes (prefix or suffix) combine with roots to create new words. Katamba (1993: 50) states that derivation affixes are used to create a new lexeme. For example “consideration”; this word is a form of derivational with the base word “consider”. It is
a verbal form and added with suffix “-ation”, it changes the form into a noun, “consideration”.
According to Katamba, derivational affixes bring about a shift in the grammatical class of a base as well as possible change in meaning (Katamba, 1993: 50). English derivational suffixes are added to the end of a stem (Finnegan, 2008: 46). Usually, derivational suffixes change the lexical category of the stem, for example, the suffix –ment changes verb into noun (government). Derivational words can be found in written texts such as newspaper, magazine, novel, short story, textbook.
A book is a written text that contains much information and knowledge. Book can be classified based on its content such as short stories, religious books, history book, novel, etc. Bhagavad-gita is one of Vedic religious books. It is a Hindu scripture that is essence of Vedic knowledge and one of the most important Upanisads in Vedic literature. The language in this book is very clear so the readers can understand the information clearly. The book tells about the Hindu epic Mahabharata, a dialogue between prince Arjuna and his intimate friend Krishna. This book has been read by many people all over the world. The contents of Bhagavad-gita are interesting and important because they describe morality and how to know Godhead. In the contents of this book, many derivational words can be found. Based on the description above, it is interesting to analyse texts that are found in the book because many derivational words can be found.
The English derivational process is the method to enrich the vocabulary and knowledge about derivational morphemes, especially derivational suffixes of English words. The understanding of a derivational process can be used for an English language activity, for example, to write a journal, an article, an essay, etc. and daily conversations. That is why the derivational suffixes are important and interesting to analyse. Based on description above, this study is focused on discussing the derivational suffixes found in “Bhagavad-gita” which is printed in 1972.
From the background of the study, the research problems can be formulated as follows:
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1. What kinds of derivational suffixes are found in “Bhagavad-gita”?
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2. How does the derivational process occur in “Bhagavad-gita”?
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3. Aims of the Study
Based on the problem of the study, the aims of study are:
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1. To identify and classify the kinds of the English derivational suffixes found in “Bhagavad-gita”.
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2. To analyse and describe the derivational process occuring in “Bhagavad-gita”.
In this research, Bhagavad-gita As It Is by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada is used as the data source. It is published by The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Mumbai and printed at Rekha Printers in 1972. It is a Vedic religious book that tells about the Hindu epic Mahabharata, a dialogue between prince Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna. Bhagavad-Gita is published in many languages including English, Sanskrit, French, Indonesian, Spanish, and many other languages. It is a popular book all over the world. The content of the book is very interesting because it describes morality and how to know the Personality of Godhead and in this book there are many derivational morphemes forming new words so it is relevant to the topic of the study.
The data in this study were collected using the method of documentation. The collection of the English suffixes in “Bhagavad-gita” was done with following steps. First, some texts of chapter one were selected randomly from the book “Bhagavadgita”. Second, all selected texts were read intensively. Third, finding and taking notes of the related data.
The data were analysed qualitatively based on the theory of “word formation” in morphology proposed by Katamba (1993) and Bauer (1983). All the data were classified based on the kinds of the derivational suffixes.
This part deals with the result and discussion of the analysis of kinds of derivational suffixes and the derivational process in which the data were taken from some texts in chapter I of the book “Bhagavad-gita” written by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.
Based on the data source, the analysis shows that there are two kinds of derivational suffixes found in book “Bhagavad-gita” by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. They are the Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes and the ClassChanging Derivational Suffixes. The forms of suffixes were found based on the category of maintaining the word class of the base: Suffix -ess, -hood, and –ship. Meanwhile, the forms of suffixes were found based on the changing word class of the base category: the derivational suffixes forming nouns (suffix –ation, -er/or, -ment, -ness, -dom, -ity, -ion, -y, -ence/-ance, -ician), derivational suffixes forming adjectives (suffix -al, –ful, -less, -ish, -able, -ous, -ative, -ate, -ant/-ent), derivational suffixes forming verbs (suffix-ize), and derivational suffixes forming adverbs (suffix –ly).
Process of the derivational suffixes brings about a shift in the grammatical class of a change in meaning by adding the suffix to a base. The process of derivational suffixes can be divided into two parts:
In the word maintaining class, the derivational suffixes are used to create new lexemes by making a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it into a new word class, namely suffix -ess, -hood, and –ship.
This suffix means ‘feminine’. It is added to form feminine nouns. From the data, it was found the word goddess.
For example:
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1. On the other side there were no such credits, nor the presence of Lord Krishna, the supreme director, nor that of the goddess of fortune. (Bhagavad-gita, 1972 : 44)
In the example, the word goddess is derived from {god} + {-ess}→ {goddess}. The original word of goddess is god as the base. The word God means the being or spirit that is worshipped and is believed to have created the universe (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, A S Hornby, 1995) and it belongs to a noun in terms of the word class. Goddess means a female god (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, A S Hornby, 1995) and there is no change in the word class of the base.
It means that the derivational process creates new words by modifying the meaning of the base without changing its grammatical class of a base but it just changes the grammatical sub-class. So it can be categorized as the class maintaining suffixation.
In the class changing word, a derivational suffix brings about a shift in the grammatical class and a change meaning. Derivational suffixes are classified based on the derivational suffixes forming nouns, derivational suffixes forming adjectives, derivational suffixes forming verbs, and derivational suffixes forming adverbs.
A suffix forming nouns is a suffix which is added to the end of the base and changes the base into a noun. In other words, the suffix is placed in the end of the base and this combination produces a new lexeme. The suffix is attached to form noun from
adjective and verb base form. There are some suffixes found, namely suffix –ation, -er/or, -ment, -ness, -dom, -ity, -ion, -y, -ence/-ance, -ician.
The suffix –ation means ‘state’ or ‘action of’. Usually, it is added to verbs to form nouns.
For example:
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1. If someone is fortunate enough to understand Bhagavad-gita in that line of disciple succession, without motivated interpretation, then... (Bhagavad-gita,
1972 : 33-34).
The word interpretation comes from {interpret}+{-ation}→ {interpretation}. It is derived from a free morpheme interpret as a base and bound morpheme –ation. The free morpheme interpret belongs to the class of verb and has meaning to explain the meaning of sentence. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, A S Hornby, 1995). Then a suffix –ation is added becoming interpretation so it changes the word class into a noun that has the meaning the particular way in which something is understood or explained (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, A S Hornby, 1995). So it changes the word class from a verb into a noun and followed by a change in meaning of the base.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that there are two kinds of derivational suffixes found in Bhagavad-gita by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. They are the class-maintaining derivational suffixes and the class-changing derivational suffixes. Totally, there are twenty-four suffixes that are attached to the base to form new words. The forms of suffixes found are the category of maintaining the word class of the base: Suffixes -ess, -hood, and –ship. These suffixes can cause a shift in the grammatical subclass of a base without changing it into a new word class. Meanwhile, the form of suffixes found are the category of changing word class of the base: the derivational suffixes forming nouns are (suffix –ation, -er/or, -ment, -ness, -dom, -ity, -ion, -y, -ence/-ance, -ician), the derivational suffixes forming adjectives (suffix -al, –ful, -less, -ish, -able, -ous, -ative, -ate, -ant/-ent), the derivational suffixes forming verbs (suffix-
ize), and the derivational suffixes forming adverbs (suffix –ly). These suffixes can cause a shift in the grammatical class of some words and change the meaning. They are formed from the derivational suffix process. The analysis also shows that the suffix –ly has two functions in changing the word class of the base. Suffix –ly does not only form noun from verb base but it also has a function to form adjective from noun base.
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Hornby, A S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. 1972. Bhagavad-gita As It Is. Mubai: Rekha Printers
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