Transposition and Modulation Shifts of Figurative Senses in Lone Eagle and its Translation in Cinta Pertama
on
ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 16.1 Juli 2016: 26-32
Transposition and Modulation Shifts of Figurative Senses in Lone Eagle and its Translation in Cinta Pertama
Christina Made Dwi Utami1, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya2, I Made Sena Darmasetiyawan3
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123English Department Faculty of Arts Udayana University
[e-mail: christinadwiutami@yahoo.com]1 [e-mail: putrayadnya@yahoo.com]2
3
[e-mail: sena.darmasetiyawan@gmail.com]3
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan tipe-tipe pergeseran dalam penerjemahan. Teori “transposisi dan modulasi” oleh Blum-Kulka (Venuty 2004:141) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dua prinsip padanan dalam penerjemahan. Fokus penelitian ini adalah unit terjemahan berupa kata, frasa atau klausa. Unsur leksikal dari makna kiasan dikutip dari sebuah novel berbahasa Inggris ʻLone Eagleʼ yang diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia ʻCinta Pertamaʼ. Metode deskriptif kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisa data. Hasil penelitian ini adalah perbedaan dua sistem linguistik dan budaya yang menyebabkan pergeseran dalam penerjemahan tidak dapat dihindari. Ada dua tipe pergeseran dalam penerjemahan, yaitu: transposisi yang identik dengan pergeseran kategori gramatikal dan modulasi yang identik dengan pergeseran sudut pandang budaya.
Kata kunci: pergeseran, transposisi, modulasi.
Translation always involves two languages in two cultures. It is more difficult when the two languages are not in the same language families. There will be uniqueness of a certain culture in a source language which is not always found in the target language vocabulary. The cultural specific terms might result in different vocabularies and ways of saying something. However, the different expressions of the two languages in the translated texts can always be searched either cohesively through the linguistic forms or coherently through the ways people in a culture express the concept of meaning.
It is known that an ideal translation should be accurate and at the same time intelligible. However, a translator is always facing a dilemma. In one hand as a transposition shift, he has to keep or make a necessary adjustment of forms for the accuracy of the meaning. In the other hand, as a modulation shift, he has to change the point of view for the reader.
A simile as white as snow can be translated into seputih salju for the sake of accuracy of form although some of the TL readers might not familiar with the characteristics of snow. The other alternative is that it can be translated into seputih kapas by neglecting the form of snow to make the text comprehensible by the reader. A matter of choice of word in translation is much influenced by the two principles orientations in translation either target or source language orientations.
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1. What types of transposition shift were applied in Lone Eagle and its translation in Cinta Pertama?
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2. What types of modulation shift were applied in Lone Eagle and its translation in Cinta Pertama?
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3. Objectives
The objectives of the study were:
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1. To describe the types of transposition shift of lexical items of figurative sense in Lone Eagle and its translation in Cinta Pertama.
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2. To explain the types of modulation shift of lexical items of figurative sense in Lone Eagle and its translation in Cinta Pertama.
The data was taken from an English best seller novel, as the source language (SL), entitled Lone Eagle written by Danielle Steel, 2001 published by Bantam Press, Germany. The Indonesian novel, as the target language (TL), entitled Cinta Pertama translated by Gita Yuliani K, 2002 published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
There were two reasons why the bilingual novels were chosen. First, as a narrative text the current events in the novel were told orderly so it would be easy to understand. Second, as Lone eagle was a love story novel, it talked a lot about human feelings and emotions between two lovers. The ways the author presenting the dialogue was rich with kinds of figures of speech.
The method used was library research method. Meanwhile, the techniques were done in two steps. First, while reading comprehensively the source language text, the researcher observes the lexical items containing the forms of figurative sense. At the same time the translated text was compared to assure that they were equivalent. Second, the figurative senses which had been observed and noted down, then classified.
A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the translated shifts of figurative senses. First, the collected data were selected to a certain number needed for the type of data presentation. Second, the selected data were described deeply for their equivalence from the different linguistics systems and different point of view of two languages and cultures.
As a transposition shift in translation, there was a TL parallel grammatical category change. However, as a modulation shift there was parallel concepts change in point of view.
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5.1 Types of Transposition Shifts of the Figurative Senses Applied in Lone Eagle and its Translation in Cinta Pertama
M H
SL: giant bird
H M
TL: burung raksasa
The SL giant bird was translated into TL became burung raksaksa. A phrase combination of two words: giant modifier (M) and bird head (H) in the SL phrase giant bird each had a function. The first element giant modified the second element bird. Such structural construction was called modifier-head phrase (M-H). However, the structural shift had to be made to follow the TL linguistic system, namely, head-modifier phrase
(H-M) as in burung raksasa. From the reversed of the SL construction M-H became H-
M in TL, it was indicated as structure shift.
The ways the bundle of the meaning unpacked differently, had made changes the unit shift from: (1) a low to a higher unit, or (2) a high to a lower unit.
The base of electricity is electric. Literal or word for word translation of electric is listrik in the TL. Morover, it was given suffix –ity became electricity. In the SL electricity was translated into aliran listrik. There was a unit shift from SL word electricity into a TL phrase. The preceding word aliran in aliran listrik had formed a set of phrase became aliran listrik. From the addition of word aliran in TL, it could be classified as unit shift from a low to higher unit.
5.1.2.2 From a High to Lower Unit
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SL: not playing |
with their toys |
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TL: tidak sedang bermain |
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The SL not playing with their toys was translated into tidak sedang bermain in TL. The SL prepositional phrase with their toys was deleted in the TL to avoid redundancy. Therefore, it was indicated as unit shift from a high to lower unit.
SL: a promise (NOUN)
TL: berjanji (VERB)
A promise in SL was shifted into berjanji in TL.The word class promise as a noun in the SL had changed into word class berjanji as a verb in the TL. The change of SL noun into TL verb is classified as class shift.
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5.2 . Types of Modulation Shifts of the Figurative Senses Applied in Lone Eagle and its Translation in Cinta Pertama
In the examples below, the difference of two cultures had changed the focus of the cognitive point of view.
The cognitive point of view of vocabulary of the SL culture might different from the TL as could be seen in the following new mode of expression:
SL: and he was already hungry
TL: tetapi ia sudah haus
The SL and he was already hungry was translatd into new expression tetapi ia sudah haus in the TL. A hyperbole of the SL lexical item hungry which means need, desire to eat was translated into haus which means need, desire to drink. Eventhough hungry and haus literally are not the same; however, in this context it indicated the same meaning that is a desire to be with someone. The TL different cognitive point of view was exaggerated for more said than the fact.
It was common that the construction in the SL needs to be translated with a TL new construction natural form.
SL: bottomless pool of grief
TL: kolam kesedihan yang sangat dalam
The suffix – less in the SL bottomless literally means without bottom or very deep tanpa dasar or sangat dalam. Structurally, in the SL the suffix – less in bottomless preceding a noun phrase pool of grief, while in TL it was changed into a phrase sangat dalam following a noun phrase pool of grief. That is to say that the bottomless pool of grief can be expressed descriptively in another way into the TL kolam kesedihan yang sangat dalam.
The different cultural cognitive point of view of the TL changes the SL message form into a natural TL message form of expression.
SL: Shame on you
TL: Keterlaluan sekali
The SL shame on you means you should be ashamed of yourself (Horby, 1980: 784), or tak tahu malu (Echol, MJ and Shadily, H.: 1979: 518). Meanwhile the TL keterlaluan might mean excessive, far too much (Echol, MJ and Shadily, H.: 2001: 325). Neither lexically nor structurally linked the two linguistic forms. Apparently, the back translation from TL to SL does not match due to the covert relationship. However, the reader’s shared knowledge might bring him to mean the same nuance of meaning that someone should not do something that disgraced him.
It was found in the study that the different linguistics systems had affected translation. It was done by changing the target language surface structure grammatical category which was so called transposition. It could be subdivided into structural shift, unit shift, and class shift. Meanwhile, the different cultures also had affected translation. It was done by changing in point of view which was so called modulation. It could be subdivided into lexical modulation, structural modulation, and message modulation. Both were applied in the translation for the closest natural equivalent.
To preserve the meaning of the figurative senses of the two languages which were not in the same families had made shifts in translation were unavoidable. It was due to the two different linguistics system and cultures.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. In: Venuti, Lawrence. 2004. The Translation Studies Reader. Second Edition.New York and London: Routledge.
Echol, J.M and Shadily, H. 1979. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Echol, J.M and Shadily, H. 1980. Kamus Indonesia-Inggris. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Hornby, A S. 1980. Oxford Advanced Learnerʼs Dictionary of Current English.
London: Oxford University Press.
Nida, Eugine. 2004. Principles of Corresspondence. (edited by Lawrence Venuty).
Routledge: New York and London
Steel, Danielle. 2001. Lone Eagle. Germany: Corgy Books.
Venuty, L. 2004. The Translator Insvisibility. A History of Translation, London: Routledge.
Yuliani. 2002. Cinta Pertama. Jakarta: Gramedia.
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