ISSN: 2302-920X

Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud

Vol 18.2 Pebruari 2017: 39-46

The Grammatical Cohesion with Reference to Short Stories Entitled “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” by Brothers Grimm And “The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser

Ni Kadek Meri Sudani1*, I Ketut Tika2, I Gede Putu Sudana3 [123]English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University 1[e-mail: merisudani@gmail.com] 2[e-mail: ketut_tike@yahoo.com] 3[e-mail: igedeputusudana@yahoo.com]

*Corresponding Author

Abstrak

Skripsi ini berjudul “gramatikal cohesi dengan referensi cerita pendek berjudul “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” oleh Brothers Grimm dan “The Whale Sound” oleh Roger Dean Kiser. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis tipe gramatikal cohesi yang digunakan di dalam cerita dan menemukan tipe gramatikal cohesi yang banyak digunakan di dalam cerita. Data dianalisis menggunakan metoda deskriptif kwalitatif berdasarkan teori cohesi oleh Halliday dan Hasan (1976) dan teori pendukung oleh Nunan (1993). Sumber data penelitian ini diambil dari internet dalam cerita fiksi berjudul “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” oleh Brothers Grimm dan cerita nonfiksi berjudul “The Whale Sound” oleh Roger Dean Kiser.

Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut empat tipe gramatical cohesi ditemukan di dalam cerita pertama seperti : reference, substitution, ellipsis, dan conjuction. Ada dua tipe gramatikal cohesi ditemukan di dalam cerita kedua seperti: reference dan conjunction. Diantara semua cohesi gramatikal yang ditemukan di kedua cerita tersebut, tipe cohesi gramatikal yang paling banyak digunakan adalah reference.

Kata kunci: tes, gramatical cohesi, cerita pendek

  • 1.    Background of the study

A good reading text must make its readers understand the text easily. A text needs an element to form the text unity. These elements can be used to distinguish the composition of sentences, whether the sentences are a text or not. The elements that are used to form a text are called cohesion (Brown and Yule, 1983: 191). Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.

Cohesion has the function to make the interrelatedness among the sentences or between paragraphs and the other paragraph to form the text unity. Halliday and Hasan (1976) identified two main types of cohesion to make the text unity. There are grammatical cohesions based on structural content, lexical cohesion and background knowledge. According to Halliday and Hasan(1976), there are four types of grammatical cohesions: reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction while the lexical cohesion consists of reiteration and collocation.

For this purpose, two short story texts are interesting to analyze especially the grammatical cohesion. The Story texts entitled “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” by Brothers Grimm and ”The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser were chosen as a data source. Through this study, two short stories were analyzed on grammatical cohesion. By grammatical cohesion, a short story text will be understandable because it is considered a piece of entertainment text that attracts the readers’ desire composed by using grammatical sentence. The reason why this topic was chosen was the the fact that this topic is very interesting to discuss and it can give more knowledge of the function of cohesion in the texts.

  • 2.    Problems of the study

Based the background described above, the problems discussed in this study are as follows:

  • 1.    What types of grammatical cohesion are used in the fiction short story entitled “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction short story entitled “The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser?

  • 2.    What types of grammatical cohesion are mostly used in the two short stories entitled “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” by Brothers Grimm and “The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser?

  • 3.    Aims of the study

In writing this paper, there are two specific aims to be achieved.

  • 1.    To find out the types of grammatical cohesion used in the fiction short story entitled “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction short story entitled “The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser.

  • 2.    To find out what types of grammatical cohesion mostly used in the two short stories The Twelve Dancing Princesses by Brothers Grimm and “The Whale Sound” by Roger Dean Kiser

  • 4.    Research method

In this study, the documentation method was used to collect the data source in form of story. Through the methods of collecting the data, this paper used the note taking technique for collecting the data. Reading and understanding carefully two short stories entitled “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” and “The Whale Sound” to find the grammatical cohesion and collecting the grammatical cohesion from the data and then classified into the types of grammatical cohesion. The method of analyzing data used in this study is thedescriptive qualitative method which means that the information gathered is not in numerical form. The descriptive qualitative method was used to find out the types of grammatical cohesion based on the theory proposed by Hallidayand Hasan (1967) and the types of grammatical cohesion mostly used in the short stories.

  • 5.    Findings and discussions

The discussions of grammatical cohesion were described in paragraphs. Firstly, before describing in paragraph, each type of grammatical cohesion was typed in column.

  • 1.    The Twelve Dancing Princesses (Text 1)

  • a.    Reference

Paragraph 8

Then she gave him a cloak, and said, 'As soon as you put that on you will

become invisible, and you will then be able to follow the princesses wherever theygo

Demonstrative Reference: Ana Personal Reference: Ana

  • (16) .' When I the soldier ] heard all this good advice, he was determined to try his luck, so he went to the king, and said he was willing to undertake the task (17).

    Personal Reference: Ana


    Personal Reference: Ana


Personal Reference:

“He” is a personal reference that belongs to subject personal pronoun and anaphorically refers to “the soldier”

Demonstrative Reference:

“This” is demonstrative reference which anaphorically refers to “'As soon as you put that on you will become invisible, and you will then be able to follow the princesses wherever they go”.

  • b.    Substitution

    Paragraph 2

So the king made it known to all the land that if any person could discover the secret and find out where it was that the princesses danced in the night, he would have the one he liked best to take as his wife, and would be king after his death (5). But Nominal Substitution

whoever tried and did not succeed, after three days and nights, they would be put to

death (6).

c.Ellipsis

Paragraph 14

When they were all ready, they went and looked at the soldier; but he snored on, and (O) did not stir hand or foot: so they thought they were quite safe (26).

Verbal Ellipsis

The omission of the subject in the example above is classified as subject ellipsis, this sentence can be interpreted as “…and he did not stir hand or foot.”

d. Conjunction

Paragraph 4

Aditive Conjunction


Causal Conjunction


The same thing happened the second and third night and so the king ordered his

head to be cut off (11). After him came several others; but they all had the same luck,

Temporal Conjunction and all lost their lives in the same way (12).

Adversative Conjunction


Additive Conjunction

Additive Conjunction:

“And” in this paragraph is a type of additive conjunction functioning as coordinate relation. “And” in the second function adds further information to what has been mentioned.

Adversative Conjunction:

The word “but” in example above is type of adversative conjunction that shows contrastive relation (‘as against’).

Causal Conjunction:

“So” in this paragraph is a type of causal conjunction.

Temporal Conjunction:

“After” is a type of temporal conjunction specifically classified as a simple temporal relation. There is the relation between the theses of two sentences.

  • 2.    The Whale Sound (text )

a. Reference

Paragraph 8

Demonstrative Reference:

The boy made one of those hand signs at me as I was about to leave (27). I asked Personal Reference: Ana

his sister "if your brother is so smart then why is he doing things like that with his hands Personal Reference: Ana

(28)?" She told me that he was saying that he loved me with his hands (29). I didn't say

anything back to her at all because I didn't believe her (30). People can't talk with their

hands and everybody knows that (31). People can only talk with their mouth (32).

Demonstrative Reference: Ana

Personal Reference:

“She” is a personal reference that belongs to subject personal pronoun and anaphorically refers to “his sister”.“Their” is a personal reference that belongs to possessive adjective and anaphorically refers to “people”.

Demonstrative Reference:

“Those” is classified as cataphoric reference where reference “those” refers to

“hand signs” that stand in the following text. “That” is demonstrative reference and anaphorically refers to “people can't talk with their hands”.

Paragraph 2

In the summer time we didn't get much to eat for Sunday supper, except Temporal Conjunction                                                 Causal Conjunction

watermelon and then we had to eat it outside behind the dining room so we would not

make a mess on the tables inside (5). About the only time that I would see him was Temporal Conjunction

through the high chain-link fence that surrounded the orphanage when] we ate our

watermelon outside (6).

Causal Conjunction:

The word “so” in this example above is a type of causal conjunction that shows the relation between two sentences, the first sentence isconsidered cause of the following action in the next sentence.

Temporal Conjunction

“And then” in the example above is a type of temporal conjunction. The word “and then” shows the sequence of the sentences.

“When” in example above is a type of temporal conjunction. “When” refers to the time.

  • 3.    Types of Grammatical Cohesion are mostly used in the stories texts.

Based on the analysis of the types of grammatical cohesion in the story texts, it can be noted that the types of grammatical cohesion that are mostly frequently used is reference by the writer. The domination of reference in the story is presented by the demonstrative reference in fiction short story and personal reference in nonfiction short story.

  • 6.    Conclusion

Based on the analysis of grammatical cohesion in the short stories “The Twelve Dancing Princesses” and “The Whale Sound” several conclusions can be drawn as follows.

The grammatical cohesions presented in the first short story are references including personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. In term of the presentation of substitution, there are only two types of substitution occurring in this story. It is nominal substitution and verbal substitution. The ellipsis is presented by nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis causal ellipsis. The conjunctions found in the story are: additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunction. The second short story contains reference including personal reference and demonstrative reference.

Conjunction is presented by additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunction occurring in this story. Ellipsis and substitution were not found in this story.

Seen from the data source analyzed, the fiction short story contains 385 grammatical cohesion, consistingof : 265 references, 114 conjunctions, 3 substitutions and 3 ellipsis. The type that most frequently occurred is demonstrative reference ‘the’ (occurred 119 times). The nonfiction short story contains 214 grammatical cohesion, consisting of 172 references and 42 conjunctions. And the type that most frequently occurred is personal reference “I” (occurred 36 times) and demonstrative reference “the” (occurred 39 times).

  • 7.    Bibliography

Brow, Gilliam, and George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. London: Cambridge University Press.

Grimm,        Brothers.        1905.        The        Twelve        Dancing

Princesses.http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/TwelDanc.shtml (Downloaded in 11 February 2016).

Halliday, M.A.K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London and New York :Longman.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Melboure Auckland.

Kiser, Roger Dean. The Whale Sound. http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/WhalSoun.shtml(Downloaded in 11 February 2016).

Nunan, David. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. London: Penguin Group

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