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ENGLISH BORROWING WORDS IN INDONESIAN NOVEL ENTITLED MANUSIA SETENGAH SALMON

I Dw Gd Erick Krisna Arinjaya

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

ABSTRAK

Studi yang berjudul “English Borrowing Words in Indonesian Novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon” ini ditulis untuk menganalisis jenis kata-kata serapan dari bahasa Inggris yang diterapkan di dalam novel berbahasa Indonesia dan proses penyesuaiannya berdasarkan referensi dari Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD).

Sumber data diambil dari novel berjudul Manusia Setengah Salmon yang ditulis oleh Raditya Dika (2011). Studi ini menggunakan teori Haugen yang mengelompokkan jenis-jenis kata serapan dan juga referensi dari Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan yang menjabarkan proses penyesuaian kata-kata serapan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 84 tipe “loanword” dan 2 tipe “loanshifts” yang ditemukan. Secara umum, kata-kata serapan dari bahasa Inggris yang diterapkan di dalam novel berbahasa Indonesia telah sesuai dengan Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD).

Kata-kata kunci: kata-kata serapan, loanword, loanshift

  • 1.    Background of the Study

To be able to get along with the development of technology, information, science, and the rapid communication in the globalization era, Indonesian language absorbs and borrows the aspect of forms and vocabulary from any foreign languages. Borrowing is the usual term for the process by which a language takes new linguistic material from another language. According to Haugen (1950: 212), borrowing is the process of importing linguistic items from one linguistic system into another that occurs any time when two cultures are in contact over a period of time.

The borrowing vocabulary from foreign language in Indonesian language is dominantly from English which has a high influence on other languages around

the world. The more intensive the relationship between science and technology in Indonesian people with English user society can also be the reason why it occurs in Indonesian. The use of English borrowing words can be shown by the words or phrases which morphologically and phonologically, therefore, they can enter the system of Indonesian language. Let it be illustrated by some examples. The word “komik” in Indonesian language comes from the word “comic” in English. The word “comic” has been morphologically and phonologically adapted into Indonesian language.

The use of English borrowing words has spread in almost all aspects of social life in Indonesia, especially in literature. One of the favourite literary works is novel, which is one of the most influential writings in the usage of English borrowing words in Indonesian language. The novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon which is written by an Indonesian writer; Raditya Dika (2011) is the novel which is most widely read these days. In that novel, there were found many foreign terms which do not originally come from Indonesian language and they belong to English borrowing words.

  • 2.    Problems of the Study

In the respect of what has been mentioned in the preceding part, some problems can be formulated as follows:

  • 1.    What are the types of English borrowing words used in the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon?

  • 2.    How is the adaptation of English borrowing words that occur in the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon based on the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD?

  • 3.    Aims of the Study

This research is conducted in order to reach the best comprehension of the subject matter being discussed thoroughly. This research question leads to the purposes as follows:

  • 1.    To describe the types of English borrowing words used in the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon.

  • 2.    To identify the adaptation of English borrowing words that occur in the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon based on the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD.

  • 4.    Research Method

    • 4.1.    Data Source

The data source used in this study is an Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon written by a famous Indonesian writer, Raditya Dika (2011). This novel contains many foreign terms which do not originally come from Indonesian language and belong to English borrowing words.

  • 4.2.    Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The method of collecting data in this study is library research method which was done by making observation in the library such as reading and noting down the sources related with the topic.

The methods and the techniques to be acted out can be specifically described by some paths. First of all, the data source, in this case the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon written by an Indonesian writer, Raditya Dika were taken. The subsequent steps were reading and observing the novel and then checking all the words and terms that belong to the English borrowing words. Afterwards, it was followed by taking note of the important matters of the data, in this respect, English borrowing words found in the novel and classifying them based on their types. Those English borrowing words were listed in a table.

  • 4.3.    Method and Technique of Analysing Data

The collected data were descriptively analysed using qualitative method based on Haugen’s theory of types of borrowing words and the reference from Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan to discuss the adaptation of English borrowing words in the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon.

Hopefully, these steps can illuminate the process of analysing the data. Firstly, English borrowing words found in the Indonesian novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon were identified. In analysing the data, the technique used in this study was applying the theory introduced by a linguist. Haugen (in Grosjean, 1982: 313-319) proposed two types of borrowing based on the process of adaptation, such as loanword and loanshift. To divide those collected data into their types, they were listed in tables according to the types.

  • 5.    The Analysis of English borrowing words in the Indonesian Novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon

    • 5.1.    The Types of English borrowing words

According to Haugen (in Grosjean, 1982: 313-319), borrowing words can be divided into two main types; they are loanword and loanshift. In which loanword is divided into pure loanword and loanblend, and loanshift is divided into extension (semantic loan) and creation (loan translation).

  • 5.1.1.    Loanword

In the novel, there are found 84 loanwords 84 of which belong to the pure loanword only and none belong to the loanblend. The following table contains 4 examples from the data.

No.

English Words

English Loanwords

Page

Types of Loanword

Pure Loanword

Loanblend

1.

Contractor

Kontraktor

232

√

–

2.

Criminality

Kriminalitas

123

√

–

3.

Frictional

Friksional

172

√

–

4.

Identical

Identikal

78

√

–

  • 1)    The use of the word “kontraktor” in Indonesian language is a loanword which is borrowed from the English word “contractor”. The English word “contractor” is adapted phonologically and morphologically into

Indonesian language. Therefore “kontraktor” belongs to the English pure loanword. The phonological change:

English Form

English Phonology

Indonesian Form

Indonesian Phonology

Contractor

/kənˈtraktə/

Kontraktor

/kontraktor/

  • 2)    The word “kriminalitas” is a kind of pure loanword which is adapted from the English word “criminality”. The morphology and phonology of the word “criminality” has been adapted based on the Indonesian rules called Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. The phonological change:

    English Form

    English Phonology

    Indonesian Form

    Indonesian Phonology

    Criminality

    /ˈkrɪmɪ'nalɪti/

    Kriminalitas

    /kriminalitas/

  • 3)    The word “friksional” belongs to the pure loanword. It is morphologically and phonologically adapted, that the spelling system should follow the Indonesian rules based on the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD, from English word “frictional”. The phonological change:

    English Form

    English Phonology

    Indonesian Form

    Indonesian Phonology

    Frictional

    /ˈfrɪkʃn(ə)l/

    Friksional

    /friksional/

  • 4)    The word “identikal” is a kind of pure loanword which is adapted from the English word “identical”. The morphology and phonology of the word “identical” has been adapted based on Indonesian rules; the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. The phonological change:

    English Form

    English Phonology

    Indonesian Form

    Indonesian Phonology

    Identical

    /ʌɪˈdɛntɪk(ə)l/

    Identikal

    /idéntikal/

  • 4.1.2.    Loanshift

In the novel, there are found 2 loanshifts 2 of which belong to the extension (semantic loan) only and none belong to the creation (loan translation). The following table contains 2 examples from the data.

No.

English

English

Page

Types of Loanshift

Words

Loanshifts

Extension

Creation

1.

Car

Mobil

257

√

–

2.

Honor

Honor

255

√

–

  • 1)    The use of the word “mobil” in Indonesian language is to describe a means of transportation which is in English called “car”. It belongs to the extension because the word “mobil” is borrowed the English word “mobile” which means “movement”. In Indonesian language, “mobile” has been phonologically and morphologically adapted based on Indonesian language systems named Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. The phonological change:

    English Form

    English Phonology

    Indonesian Form

    Indonesian Phonology

    Car

    /kɑː/

    Mobil

    /mobil/

  • 2)    The word “honor” is borrowed from English word “honor”. This borrowing word belongs to the extension type of loanshift because it is an extended meaning of the English language word “honor” which means “respect”. But in Indonesian language, the word “honor” means “salary”. The morphology and phonology of the word “honor” are already in accordance with Indonesian language. Therefore, there are not any changes in the word. The phonological change:

    English Form

    English Phonology

    Indonesian Form

    Indonesian Phonology

    Honor

    /ˈɒnə/

    Honor

    /honor/

  • 4.2. The Adaptation of English borrowing words based on the Standard

    Indonesian Spelling System or EYD

English borrowing words have to follow the standard Indonesian spelling system called EYD (Ejaan yang Disempurnakan). The adaptations of English borrowing words will be discussed in the 4 following examples.

  • 1)    The spelling of borrowing word “kontraktor” is in accordance with the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. It is adapted from the English word “contractor”. “kontraktor” ÷ “contractor”, where:

  • - (c), before vowels (a) or (o) or (u) or the consonant, is changed into (k) - suffix (-or) does not change

  • 2)    The word “kriminalitas” is an English loanword in Indonesian language is borrowed from the word “criminality”. The spelling of the word “criminality” has changed and followed the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. “kriminalitas ” ÷ “criminality”, where:

  • - (c), before vowels (a) or (o) or (u) or the consonant, is changed into (k) - suffix (-ity) is changed into (-itas)

  • 3)    The word “frictional” has been adapted into Indonesian language and become “friksional”. The change is followed the Indonesian rules both in phonology and morphology. Morphologically, spelling of the word “friksional” has been appropriate with the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. “friksional” ÷ “frictional”, where:

  • -    (f) does not change

  • -    (c), before vowels (a) or (o) or (u) or the consonant, is changed into (k)

  • -    (t), when it exists before vowels (i) and its pronunciation is /s/, is changed into (s)

  • -    suffix (-al) does not change

  • 4)    The spelling of borrowing word “identikal” is in accordance with the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. It is adapted from the English word “identical”. “identikal” ÷ “identical”, where:

  • -    (i), when it exists at the beginning of a word before a vowel, it does not change

  • -    (c), before vowels (a) or (o) or (u) or the consonant is changed into (k) - suffix (-al) does not change

  • 6.    Conclusion

Based on the analysis in the previous section, there were 84 loanwords found where 84 of them belong to the pure loanword only and none belong to the

loanblend. The other type of borrowing word, loanshift, was also found in the novel. There were 2 loanshifts found 2 of which belong to the extension only and none belongs to the creation. It was also found that generally those English borrowing words are adapted into Indonesian language according the Standard Indonesian Spelling System or EYD. They are changed according the Indonesian rules that exist in Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan.

  • 7.    Blibliography

Badudu, J.S. 2003. Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Kompas.

Dika, Raditya. 2011. Manusia Setengah Salmon. Jakarta: Gagas Media.

Grosjean, F. 1982. Live With Two Languages. Cambridge Mass: Havard University Press.

Haugen, E. 1950. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing. Language Vol. 26, No. 2: pg. 210-231.

Kridalaksana, H. 1993. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2005. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. 1991. Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.