LANGUAGE FUNCTION OF PIDGINIZED ENGLISH USED BY THE TRADERS IN TANAH LOT
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LANGUAGE FUNCTION OF PIDGINIZED ENGLISH USED BY THE
TRADERS IN TANAH LOT
I Gusti Agung Istri Satyawati
English Department, Faculty of Letters & Culture, Udayana University
Abstrak
Judul artikel ini adalah fungsi bahasa dari Pidginized Inggris yang digunakan oleh para pedagang di Tanah Lot.. Artikel ini menganalisa dan membahas tentang fungsi bahasa dan jenis kesalahan yang dibuat oleh para pedagang di Tanah Lot dalam lingkup Pidginized inggris. Data diambil dari bahasa lisan dan tulis dari pedagang di Tanah Lot. Data diklasifikasikan dan dianalisa dengan menggunakan teori dari Mulhausler (1986), Hudson (1980), Holmes (1992) dan Haliday (1973). Berdasarkan analisisa, ada 8 jenis fungsi bahasa yang ditemukan dalam percakapan antara pedagang dan pelanggan asing di Tanah Lot, ada fungsi sapaan, mengundang, menawarkan sesuatu, menjelaskan sesuatu, permohonan, pemintaan maaf, terimakasih dan mengatakan selamat tinggal. Dan ada juga beberapa penyederhanaan dari tata bahasa yang ditemukan.
Kata kunci: Fungsi bahasa kesalahan, Pidginized
In this field study, the speaker in this case traders use the language in order to attract the customer. Although the language used is sometimes impolite and rude, but as long as both of the customers and the speakers (traders) understand each other, the conversation is going on. Based on this condition, the language functions are generally used by traders to interact with the foreign customers. Their use of English is much influenced by their own dialects and combination with their local term, words, and expression. Thus their pronunciations is rather strange, funny, and different from Standard English. The combination of two or more languages may result is some language phenomena. One of those phenomena is Pidgin language.
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1) What types of language function and forms of Pidginized English were used by the traders in Tanah Lot?
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2) What kind of errors were made by the traders in Tanah Lot in scope of Pidginized English?
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1) To identify and describe the types of language functions and the form of the Pidginized English used by the traders in Tanah Lot.
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2) To analyze kind of errors made by the traders in Tanah Lot in scope of Pidginized English.
Research method is a scientific method (the steps used in doing scientific research) as a procedure of taking, tabulating, and analyzing the data. The method used in this study can be described as follows:
The data for this research were taken from the written language of the traders found in Tanah Lot. The written data were in the form of questionnaire, which were distributed to the traders.
The Data were collected through field research. In this case, the number of the respondents was limited up to 10, taken randomly. And The techniques used for collecting the data were observation and interview.
The method used in analyzing data is qualitative method, which means the data were analyzed based on the theory applied as theoretical basis. And the techniques used for analyzing the data were collected through transcribing and categorization.
The classified data were analyzed using the theory proposed by Mulhausler (1986) as a main theory. Beside the main theory proposed by Mulhausler, the current study was also supported by other supporting theories which are from Hudson (1980), Holmes (1992) and Haliday (1973).
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5. Analysis of Language Function of Pidginized English Used by The Traders in Tanah Lot
This part describes the analysis of the types of language function and form of pidginized English used by the traders when they talked to the foreign customers in Tanah Lot.
Greeting is used when we give a sign or word of welcome or pleasure when we are meeting somebody. In this case traders gave greeting to visitors as one way to attract attention and as well as courtesy. Example : Hello sir, how you doing?
In this occasion, the function of inviting used by the traders to invite the customer, in order to glance at them and at the same time they would see their product. Example : Hello, come to my shop, free for looking looking
This Function of offering something is used when the traders put forward something to be considered, so it can then be either accepted or refused. Example : You want Sir? You have cigarette?
Describing thing is the language function was used to describe an object, or the product. The traders may need to do this because their customer is unfamiliar with the object. Example: This made in Bali
The Function of requesting is used to ask politely for something. This Function was used by traders with a hope they influence the customer to do something. Example : Please buy one Sir, my best one
The function of apologizing one is making apology, especially for having done, something wrong or for disappointing somebody. The traders should know what the customer expected, in order to make the customers satisfied. Example : I am sorry, I will give you the other one
Thanking is used to express gratitude to someone else, who help us or because we want to respect them. The traders said thanks to show their respect for buying their product. Example : Thank you sir, next time come back again ya!
Saying good bye is used by traders to say goodbye to their customer at the end of conversation. It is a sign, when you want to leave someone you usually wave your hand. It was used at the end of the conversation. It was used in afriendly way and keeps smiling. Example : Good bye, see you next time
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5.2 Kinds of Errors made by the traders in Tanah Lot in scope of Pidginized English compared to the Standard English.
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5.2.1 The Absence of Subject Pronoun
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Cheap price. Nice style
The standard form : It is cheap and the style is nice
In the examples above, there are no subject pronouns in the beginning of the sentence. Most of the sentences above belong to declarative sentence. Therefore, the word order should be: S + V/to be O.
As in example the trader simplified omitted the subject pronoun ‘it’, which referred to the ‘statue’. Besides, this sentences also lack of to be “’is” after the subject.
The standard form : This is a coca-cola Sir, and the price is five thousand rupiahs for small one
Besides the absence of subject pronoun, the other evidence of simplifications in syntactical form was the absence of “to be”. As in Example the trader seemed to simplify the sentence. This sentence was lack of to be “is” after the subject “this”.
The standard form : Do you want to have this cigarette box?
In the examples above, there were no auxiliary, modal or verb before the subject in the interrogative forms. The trader used the simple expression in offering something or communicating to the tourist, supported by gesture, and by rising their intonations.
As in the example the trader simplified the auxiliary ‘do’ in interrogative form, before the subject ‘you’ .This sentence should use auxiliary ‘do’ because there were verb ‘want’. The traders also omitted auxiliary “do” as the operator in the beginning of the interrogative sentence.
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5.2.3 b. The omission of auxiliary verb “do” and “will” in Negative Clauses Hello Mom, Just look not buy never mind
The standard form : Hello Mom, You can have a look. It does not matter if you do not buy.
In the examples above, the traders tended to use ‘not’ as the negator. They tended to omit auxiliary verb ‘do’ in negative clauses as in example.
The standard form: Sorry, but I am not lying
In the sentence, the traders used “me” as the pronoun. In Standard English, pronoun “me” usually has the function as object in the sentence. However, in this sentence, the traders used “me” as the subject of the sentence.
The standard form : Pardon me sir, Do you mean a statue like this?
As in example, the trader deleted some elements of the sentence. As the interrogative sentence, this sentence was lack of auxiliary “do” as the question marked. There was also the simplification of subject “you”, verb “mean” and object “me”.
The standard form : It is no problem if you only are having a look and you do not have to take it.
As in example, there was the permutation of word order “It is no problem if you are only having a look and do not take it” into “just look not buy never mind, no problem”. It was caused by the interference of Bahasa Indonesia. The traders tended to translate the words from Bahasa Indonesia into English without change into-ing form and the word order.
The standard form : The price is cheap and the style is nice
As in example, the trader simplified the article “the” before the noun “price”. In this sentence, definite article had shown the usage of “the” before noun, which could represent the particular thing “price”.
The standard form : Hello Sir, is this your first time in Bali
As in example, there was the simplification of to be “is” in interrogative form, before the subject “this” and the object “your first time” which was also omitted by the trader.
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5.2.9 The Absence of Suffix “-s” as Plural Marker
What sandals you want Madam? Many style and color here.
The standard form : What kind of sandals are you looking for, Madam?
There are many style dan colors available
As in example, there was the simplification of suffix “-s” as the plural markers of countable noun “style and color” and preceded by determiner “many”, therefore it should be pluralized by adding suffix “-s”.
The standard form : Please come again next time
In example, the trader used the repeated word “tomorrow”. In this case, the trader wanted to make the meaning of the sentence stronger by repeating the same word. This was the interference of Bahasa Indonesia or Balinese language, because in both languages there was the form of repetition.
The standard form : Would you have a look of this traditional sandal?
In example, the use of suffix “-s” was unnecessary because it was preceded by the subject “this” that means singular.
The standard form : It is nice for your daughter
In the example above, the trader used the pronoun “you” followed by to be “are” to show the possessive pronoun. If compared to the Standard English, the pronoun “you” followed by to be “are” in that sentence should be changed into “your”.
Based on the analysis of language function of pidginized English used by the trader in Tanah Lot , there are some point to be presented as the conclusion in this study. There are 8 types of language function found in conversation between traders and foreigner customers in Tanah Lot, there are The Function of Greeting, Inviting, Offering Something, Describing Thing, Requesting, Apologizing, Thanking, and Saying Good Bye (Leave-Taking)
Furthermore, there are some simplification of grammar found, they are the absence of subject pronoun, the absence of “to be” after subject, the absence of auxiliary in the interrogatives forms, the absence of “to be” in interrogative forms, the selection of the “me” rather than “I” as the pronoun, deletion, the permutation of word order, the omission of verbal auxiliary “do” and “will”’ in negative clauses, and the absence of definite article, the absence of suffix “-s” as plural marker, the repetition, the addition of unnecessary suffix “-s” in the noun and the incorrect usage of personal pronoun.
Halliday,M. A. K. 1973. Exploration in The Function of Language. London: Arnold
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York : Longman
Hudson, R.A.1980. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Muhlhausler, Peter. 1986. Pidgin & Creole Linguistics. Great Britain: Basil Blackwell
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