https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/linguistika/

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/ling.2020.v27.i01.p05

LINGUISTIKA, MARET 2020

p-ISSN: 0854-9613 e-ISSN: 2656-6419

Vol. 27 No.1

The Syntactic Strategies and Equivalence of English Non Finite Verbs Which Translated into Indonesian with Reference to

National Geographic Magazine

Ni Wayan Esti Ekarini Rahayu

Denpasar Indonesia

Email : esti.ekarini73@gmail.com

I Nyoman Sedeng

Udayana University, Denpasar Indonesia

Email : inyoman_sedeng@unud.ac.id

Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati

Udayana University, Denpasar Indonesia Email : mas_indrawati@unud.ac.id

Abstract

In dealing with problems while translating, translators need to apply translation strategies. It involves finding equivalents which are similar in meaning. The aims of this study are investigating and analyzing the syntactic strategies and equivalents of English non finite verbs which are translated into Indonesian.

This study employed descriptive qualitative method. The data are 130 complex sentences taken from two feature articles in National Geographic Magazines pulished in English and Indonesian on December 2018. The result of study shows that the syntactic strategies found are loan calque, transposition, phrase structure change, clause structure change, unit shift. and sentence structure change. In addition, formal equivalences are mostly found in translation, in comparison with the dynamic equivalences. It can be concluded that the syntactic strategy is applied by the translators to get natural translated text in TL by selecting linguistic equivalences without changing the meaning. The formal equivalence is used when translators maintain the message by focusing on form and content. While dynamic equivalence is applied when the translator does not maintain the form and content but focus more on sense of translation by using natural equivalence which is closest in meaning and shows similar concept in TL.

Keywords: Complex Sentences, Non Finite Clause, Syntactic Strategy, and Equivalents

Abstrak

Untuk menghindari kendala dalam proses penerjemahan, para penerjemah menerapkan strategi. Dalam mencari kesepadanan arti, penerjemah menerapkan pendekatan kesepadanan pada penerjemahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa strategi sintaktik dan kesepadanan penerjemahan yang ditemukan pada terjemahan kata kerja non finit dalam bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskripsi dengan menggunakan 130 kalimat kompleks sebagai data penelitian. Data ini diambil dari dua artikel pada Majalah National Geographic dalam terbitan dua bahasa yaitu Inggris dan Indonesia yang terbit pada bulan Desember 2018. Hasil penelitian ini

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menunjukkan strategi sintaktik yang ditemukan pada penerjemahan adalah loan calque, transposisi, perubahan struktur frase, perubahan struktur klausa, unit shift. and perubahan struktur kalimat. Lebih jauh dalam hal kesepadanan, kesepadanan formal paling banyak ditemukan dalam penerjemahan; sedangkan kesepadanan dinamis hanya ditemukan beberapa. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan strategi sintataktik menunjukkan penerjemah berusaha menghasilkan terjemahan yang natural dalam bahasa target dengan tanpa merubah arti dalam bahasa sumber dengan menerapkan perubahan linguistik. Demikian pula dengan penerapan kesepadanan formal, dimana penerjemah berusaha mempertahankan pesan dengan berfokus pada konten dan bentuk kata kerja non finit. Sedangkan kesepadan dinamis menunjukkan penerjemah berfokus pada penerjamahan rasa ke rasa dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa target dengan tidak mempertahankan bentuk dan konten dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa target sehingga menghasilkan terjemahan yang sepadan, natural dan memiliki arti yang sangat dekat yang memiliki kesamaan konsep dalam bahasa target.

Kata Kunci: kalimat kompleks, kata kerja non finit, strategi sintaktik, dan kesepadanan

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  • 1.    Introduction

One of the problems faced by translators in the process of translating is finding the linguistic equivalence in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. As Larson (1984:3) mentions that the purpose of translation is to transfer the meaning of the source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) text, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of the second by the semantic structure. It means the meaning should be maintained, but the form may change.

Translating English complex sentences into Indonesian has its own challenge. A complex sentence consists of a subordinate clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Moreover, when a subordinate clause is placed in a non-finite construction, it triggers problem for some translators, as its form is not influenced by tense, mood and sometimes it lacks of subject. Regardless this, the translator must convey the message from SL to TL.

This study aims to analyze the syntactic strategies of translating English non finite verbs and their equivalences in Indonesian. The data of non finite verbs is taken from bilingual magazine of National Geographic published on December 2018. This magazine is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society containing articles about science, geography, history, and world culture.

Concerning the translation of the parables, there are two problems to be discussed:

  • 1.    What types of syntactic strategies are found in the translation of English non finite verb into Indonesian?

  • 2.    How the equivalences are found in translating English non finite verbs into Indonesian?

  • 2.    Research Method

The data of this paper is complex sentences whose their subordinate clauses are identified as non finite clauses. This study is focused on the syntactic strategies by using equivalences in

translating English non finite clauses into Indonesian. The theory applied in this data analysis is the theory of syntax proposed by Quirk et. al (1985) which is related to the non finite clauses. He distinguishes 4 types of non finite verbs namely: to infinitive, bare infinitive, ing participle, and ed participle. These non finite verbs will be analyzed based on their translation into Indonesian by using their syntatctic strategies.

Chesterman (2016:90) lists ten types of changes in translation, which he calls as sytactic strategies, namely:

  • (1)    Literal Translation, defined as meaning “maximally close to the SL form”;

  • (2)    Loan, Calque, considered as the borrowing of individual terms and sytagma;

  • (3)    The strategy transposition , which means the change of word class ;

  • (4)    Unit shift, this is a term from Catford (1965), which consists of morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph. A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is translated as a different unit in the TT;

  • (5)    Phrase structure change. This strategy, or rather group of strategies, comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase. The unit itself may remain unchanged, i.e. an ST phrase may still correspond to a TT phrase, but its internal structure changes;

  • (6)    Clause structure change, this group changes have to do with the structure of the clause in terms of its constituent phrases. Various subclasses include constituent order (analysed simply as Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, Adverbial), active vs.passive voice, finite vs. non-finite structure, and transitive vs. Intransitive;

  • (7)    Sentence structure change. This group of strategies affects the structure of the sentence unit, insofar as it is made up of clause units. Included are changes between main-clause and subclause status, changes of sub-clause types etc;

  • (8)    Cohesion change. A cohesion change is something that affects intra-textual reference, ellipsis, substitution, pronominalization and repetition, or the use of connectors of various;

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  • (9)    By levels of phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis. In a level shift, the mode of expression of a particular item is shifted from one level to another. An obviously influential factor here is the types of languages concerned, kinds;

  • (10)    Scheme change, refers to the kinds of changes that translators incorporate in the translation of rhetorical schemes such as parallelism, repetition, alliteration, metrical rhythm etc.

Another theory applied in this study is the translation equivalence proposed by Nida (1964). He states that there are two different types of equivalences, namely formal equivalence dan dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence tries to remain as close to the original text as possible, without adding the translator’s idea and thought into translation. It focuses on form and content contained in the message.This is therefore much more of a word-for-word view of translation. However, dynamic equivalence is an approach to translation in which the original language is translated “thought for thought” rather than “word for word”as in formal equivalence. And only then the translator could state the original feature, he can achieve dynamic equivalence. This definition includes three basic terms namely: (1) equivalent, which refers to the source-language message; (2) natural, which refers to the receptor language; and (3) closest, which "binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation".

In addition, the author also reviews several relevant journals concerning with the translation procedure that contributes to enriching the frame of mind. Anita Permatasari’s (2015) with an article entitled “The Equivalence of Phrasal Verb Translation “The other Side of Midnight into Lewat Tengah Malam” which is contributed to this study since it also applied the equivalence on translation. The second journal article is written by Netra, I Made et al. entitled “Sistem Koreferensial Klausa Subordinatif Bahasa Indonesia’s” (2008) that contributed to this research since the two articles describe subordinate clauses.

  • 3.    Discussion

    • 3.1    The syntactic strategies of English non finite clauses translated into Indonesian

The English non finite verbs translated into Indonesian are presented as the following:

  • 3.1.1    Loan, Calque

This strategy covers both the borrowing of the individual items and the borrowing of syntagma. It refers to a deliberate choice, not the unconscious influence of undesired interference. The data below shows English verb in non finite clause translated into Indonesian. It might occur in the non finte verbs to- infinitive and -ing participle.

SL

TL

(1)

A far more comprehensive solution may soon be technologically feasible,predicts Wallace, who hopes to use optical character recognition (OCR) software to digitilize every volume of the Greek New Testament (p.75)

Solusi yang jauh lebih komprehensif,prediksi Wallace, menggunakan perangkat lunak OCR untuk mendigitalisasi sesi volum Perjanjian Baru berbahasa Yunani (p.82)

In the data (1) the non finite verb to infinitive of to digitalize in SL is translated into mendigitalisasi in TL. The base form of digitilize according to Advance Learner’s English Oxford Dictionary means to change something such as a document to a digital form. Both of them in the translation are verbs, there is no change occurred in the word class. The verb digitilize is adapted as Indonesian grammar structure by using the prefix me-. The loan strategy used by translator can be understood because there is no equal word to digitilize in TL .

SL

TL

(2)

Boycotting palm oil is unwise (p.89)

Boikot juga akan sia sia (p.90)

The clause boycotting palm oil is a non finite noun clause. This clause functions as subject of the sentence and the non finite verb is in -ing participle

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construction. The base form of boycotting is boycott which means refuse to buy according to Advance Learner’s Oxford Dictionary. It is translated and adapted to suit Indonesian pronunciation into boikot in TL which according to KBBI means bersekongkol menolak untuk bekerja sama (berurusan dagang, berbicara,ikut serta, dan sebagainya). Boikot is a loan word adopted from English into Indonesian because there is no word in TL that has similar meaning equals to boycott. The loan strategy is applied in this data.

  • 3.1.2    Transposition

The variants of non finite clauses found translated by using the transposition syntactic strategies are to infinitive and ing participle which function as noun clauses, presented as follows :

SL

TL

(3)

It needs to diversify the product (91)

Negara itu memerlukan diversifikasi (p.105)

The English non finite verb to infinitive is to-diversify translated into Indonesian noun diversifikasi. In fact, it is a loan word adapted from diversification which belongs to English noun. So the word class of verb in SL change into noun in the TL.

  • 3.1.3    Unit Shift

This kind of strategy applied strategy proposed by Catford. The unit are morpheme, phrase, clause sentence, paragraph. A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is translated as a different unit in the TL.

The non finite verb cataloged is -ed participle form. The non finte verb is translated into relative clause in Indonesian which is yang dikatalogkan. There is a unit shift occured here because the unit in SL is translated into different unit in TL, that is from a verb into a relatif clause.

  • 3.1.4    Clause Structure Change

This group changes occur to the non finite verbs to infinitive which belong to active voice in SL; but after being translated, they turn into passive voices. In addition, a non finite intransitive verb in SL may change into transitive in TL. It is discussed as follows:

SL

TL

But as Green has come to learn firsthand (p.52)

Namun seperti dialami sendiri oleh

Green(p.65)

The non finite verb of the data above is to learn in infinitive form translated into dialami in TL which is in passive voice. The passive voice in TL can be recognized by the using of prefix di. Additionally, suffix -i is attached to its base form before it becomes a verb. It shows the syntactic strategy of clause structure change that occured in the translation.

  • 3.1.5    Sentence Structure Change

This kind of syntactic strategy occur to the complex sentences that have a non finite clause in SL but their structure change when they are translated into TL.

SL

TL

(4)

The one cataloged as cave 53 caught attention of Price in 2010 (p.47)

Gua yang dikatalogkan sebagai Gua 53 menarik perhatian Price pada 2010(p.58)

SL

TL

(10)

Kando indignantly denies that his family sold an authentic fragments, suggesting that any forgeries must have

Kando dengan geram menyangkal bahwa keluarganya menjual potongan tidak autentik. Ia menyebutkan bahwa pemalsuannya pasti datang dari pedagang dengan reputasi lebih

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come from less reputable dealers (p.69)

rendah(p.77)

In the data above, the complex sentence consists of a main clause and two subordinate clauses. One of them is a non finite construction. The last subordinate clause is a non finite clause because it does not have a subject. When this complex sentence is translated into Indonesian, it turns into two complex sentences. It is found that the translator is applied the syntactic strategy of clause structure change.

  • 3.2 . The Equivalent of Translation of English Non Finite Clause into Indonesian

In line with the focus of this study, there are two kinds of equivalent will be discussed in he following part of article.

  • 3.2.1    Formal Equivalence

This kind of translation equivalence were found in all types on non finite verbs. Here are the examples of them :

a. Non finite verb of to infinitive

SL

TL

(11)

It's thrill to watch these animals in the open p.90)

Seru sekali menyaksikan satwa ini di alam terbuka (p.95)

The above data shows a non finite verb to watch is translated into TL verb menyaksikan. Here the verb in SL is also translated into verb in SL. It means that they have the same form. They also have the same function as verb that modifies the adjective. The meaning of to watch according to Advance Learner’s Oxford dictionary (add year of publication of the Oxford dictionary here) is look at or observe attentively over a period of time. While menyaksikan, according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, means melihat dengan sesungguhnya. Both of the words have the

equal form and content. It can be concluded that translation equivalence applied is formal equivalence.

  • b. Non finite verb of bare infinitive

    SL

    (12)

    What we are trying to do in Gabon is find a new development path (p. 88)

In the above data, a non finite verb find is translated into TL verb mencari. The non finite verb in SL is translated into verb also in SL. The function of the English non finite clause is object. It is similar to the subordinate clause in TL. We can say that they have the same form. The meaning of find, according to Advance Learner’s Oxford Dictionary (add year here), is to discover oneself to be in a particular situation. The verb mencari according to KBBI (add year here) means berusaha mendapatkan (menemukan, memperoleh). As the meaning of the two verbs are equal, it can be concluded that their content is similar. It means that the translation equivalence applied is formal equivalence.

c. Non finite verb of ing participle

SL

TL

(13)

After signing a pledge to return he codex once he'd made excact copies , he deliver ed it to

Setelah menandatang ani sebuah sumpah untuk mengembalik an kodeks itu begitu ia telah membuat salinan persisnya , ia pasti mengirim ke raja pelinding di St.Petersburg (p.58)

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his royal patron in St.Pete rsburg (p. 52)

The sentence in Sl above shows that a non finite verb signing is translated into a verb menandatangani in TL. Here the verb in SL is translated into verb also in SL and both of them are also preceded by adverb of time, after in SL and setelah in TL. We can say they have the same form. The word signing has the base form sign. According to Advance Learner’s Oxford Dictionary (add year of publication here), the meaning of signing is the action of writing one's signature on an official document; while the meaning of menandatangani according to KBBI is membubuhkan tanda tangan pada. Both of them have the equal form and content. It can be concluded that they are formal equivalence.

d.      Non finite verb of ed participle

SL

TL

(14 )

Situated on the Equartor and on the continent's west coast, Gabon is roughly the size of Colorado with a third of the people (p.91)

Terletak di katulistiwa, Gabon memiliki luas setara dengan Colorado dan memiliki sepertiga dari penduduknya (p.105)

The non finite verb in the data above is situated on. It is translated into terletak in SL. Both of them have the same form because they are adverbial clauses that explain about places. The function of these adverbial clauses are to point out a place. Both of them are also

followed by a preposition. The meaning of situated at according to Advance Learner’s Oxford Dictionary (year of publication here) is to build or place something in a particular position, while terletak di according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (add year of publication here) means berada (di); bertempat (di). The clause situated at and terletak have the same content; it can be concluded that the translation strategy applied is formal equivalence.

  • 4.3.2 Dynamic Equivalence

Only a few data show the dynamic equivalence applied in the translation. It is not found in the form of bare infinitive, but in to- infinitive, -ing participle and -ed participle. Below are data from each non finite verbs, except the bare infinitive form.

a. Non finite verb of to infinitive

SL

TL

(1

5)

In Africa as in Southeast Asia, the crop is here to stay (p.88)

Di Afrika , sama seperti di Asia Tenggara , tanaman ini tak mungkin disingkirkan(p.90)

The English non finite verb in the data is to stay. It is translated into tak mungkin disingkirkan in TL. It means they have different form, because the verb in Sl is translated into phrase in TL. According to Advance Learner’s Oxford Dictionary, to stay, means to be accepted or used by most people and therefore a permanent part of our lives while tak mungkin disingkirkan means dijauhkan dari, according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. They do not have different form and content but they have the same concept, it can be said it is translated by using the dynamic equivalence.

  • b. Non finite verb of ing participle

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    SL

    shared by TLand yang termasuk

    is clearly e. It can trategy of a is by

    (16)

    It was a codex, an ancient text in book form instead of a scroll, dating to the mid-fourth century (p.47)

    Harta itu bdeirfufepraenste,bbuuaththkeoidreckosn,sceebputaahre the sa naskah kubneo dcaolnacmlubdeendtutkhabtukthuealtirhanalsilhation s gulungan,Eynagnlgisbhernaosna l fdinairtie pcelrateunsgeaihnanthe dat abad ke emuspiantg(pd.y6n5a)mic equivalence.


The English non finite verb in SL is dating translated into yang berasal dari. It is clearly that the verb in SL is translated into relative clause in TL. It means that they have different form. Dating, according to Advance Learner’s Oxford English Dictionary means establish or ascertain the date of (an object or event), while according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia yang berasal dari means bermula. They both have different form and content eventhough their concept is the same denoting the time of period of an event in the setence, namely the mid-fouth century.

c. Non finite verb of ed participle

SL

TL

(1

7)

Since 1943, nearly 16,000 square miles of rain forest on Borneo shared by Malaysia and Indonesia have been logged, burned and bulldozed to make way for oil palm (p.85)

Sejak 1943, 41,000 kilometer persegi hutan tropis di Pulau Borneo , yang termasuk wilayah Malaysia dan Indonesia, elah dibalak, dibakar dan dibuldozer utnuk memberi tempat bagi minyak kelapa sawit (p.88)

The English non finite verb in the data above is shared by which is translated into TL yang termasuk. Both of them have different forms, shared by is a verb that translated into a relative clause. Besides, shared by in the complex sentence mentions about the island Borneo in which both Malaysia and Indonesia have territory; while yang termasuk explain about the territory that belongs to the Malaysia and Indonesia in Borneo island. The content of

  • 4.    Conclusion

The result of this research shows that there are four types of English Non Finite verbs found in the feature articles of National Geographic Magazine, namely, to- infinitive, bare infinitive, -ing participle, and -ed participle.

This research also found that in order to get natural translated text in TL, the translators made small linguistic changes known as syntactic strategy and translation equivalence. Those syntacic strategies can be accepted because they do not change the meaning. The syntactic strategie found in the translation of English non finite clause into Indonesian in National Geogrpahic Magazine are loan calque, transposition, unit shift, clause structure change and sentence structure change. While two types of equivalences, formal and dynamic equivalence are applied in the translation of English non finite clauses into Indonesian. Formal equivalence is applied when the translator requires to focus on the message itself, both in form and content. However, when the translator uses the dynamic equivalence, it means that the translator needs to give the sense for sense translation without concerning the form and the content.

  • 5.    References

--------------Kamus Besar Bahsa Indonesia.(Online).

Available at kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri

Chesterman,Andrew. 2016. Memes of Translation, Helsinki: John Benjamin Publishing

Drapper, Robert. 2018. “Bible Hunters”, “Palm Oil : The other Oil Crisis” in National Geographic. National Geographic Society

Drapper, Robert, 2018.”Pemburu Alkitab”, “Harapan di Balik Krisis Minyak Kelapa” National Geographic. Jakarta : Kompas Gramedia

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Hornby, A.S. 2005. Advance Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Seventh edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Larson, M. I. 1998;1984. Meaning-Based translation: A Guide to Cross- Language Equivalence, (Lanham: University Press of America)

Quirk at al. A. 1985 A Comprehensive Grmmar of English Language.Longman: London

Nida, E.A and Taber. 1964. Toward a Science of Translation. Leiden:E.J.Brill

PERMATASARI, Anita. Textual Equivalence of Phrasal Verb in The Novel ‘The Other Side of Midnoght” into ‘Lewat Tengah Malam’. Linguistika:   Buletin Ilmiah Program

Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana,. [S.l.], v. 22, sep. 2015. ISSN 2656-6419. .Available                                 at:

<https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/linguistik a/article/view/21893>. Date accessed: 10 nov. 2019.

NETRA, I Made et al. Sistem Koreferensial Klausa Subordinatif Bahasa Indonesia. Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana,  [S.l.], v. 15, sep.

2008. ISSN 2656-6419. Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/linguistik a/article/view/305>. Date accessed: 10 nov. 2019.

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