Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics, p-ISSN: 2549–8304 e-ISSN: 2622–0393

6

Prototype Design Of Micro Hydro Using Turbine Archimedes Screw For Simulation Of Hidropower Practical Of Electro Engineering Students

Antonius Ibi Weking1*, Yanu Prapto Sudarmojo2

1,2 Departement of Electrical Engeneering Faculty of Engeneering

Udayana University Bali- Indonesia 80361 *[email protected]

Abstract - Micro Hydro is a micro hydropower plant (MHP) on a small scale. The main problem from micro hydropower plants is a water discharge which it’s flow is not continued every year because influenced by weather season. To knowing a right of micro hydro ’s characteristic is not an easy thing to learn it, because a characteristic each of micro hydro’s installation location is considered a specific location. One type of micro hydro is using Archimedes Screw Turbine. Udayana University of Electrical Engineering Department in this time does not have a facility for the hydropower field to use this model, so a college student less to receive a knowledge of this. Through this research, a writer wants to expand a college student’s knowledge in the hydropower field with creating a prototype of micro hydro with Archimedes Screw Turbine to hydropower practical in a laboratory. In this study will discuss the influence of water pressure and slope of the altitude angle on the rotation produced by the Archimedes screw turbine so that it can be seen the voltage, current, power generated by the generator, torque and efficiency. The result of from handmade equipment for this research in angle 400 with biggest generator round (rpm) is 3765 (rpm) and highest power is 10.91096 watt, torque is 0.60257 Nm dan efficiency is about 14.07 %. The torque which resulted from water pressure 24 psi is 0.703 Nm and efficiency 17.594 %. The voltage, current, and output power which resulted in the generator is 83.8 Volt, 0.1932 Ampere and 1619 Watt. For generator speed round in the pressure, 24 Psi is 4579 rpm, while turbine speed round which resulted from the pressure 24 Psi is 380 rpm before coupled with the generator and 220 rpm after coupled with a generator.

Index Term : Prototype MHP, Archimedes Screw Turbine, Screw Angle, Pressure, efficiency

which used in micro hydropower plants, one of those is Screw Turbine. Screw Turbine is one of the turbines which is working to an area that had the lowest head such as irrigation drain.

The research which will discuss is Micro hydropower plants with using Screw Turbine. This turbine is operated with low round and it's still new in Indonesia. Especially in Bali already developing Micro Hydro Power Plants with Screw Turbine which developed in Jatiluwih tourism region,

Tabanan District. The research very difficult to do in real conditions to do because some factor that slowing the research such as nature factor, environmental factor, economic factor, and culture customs factor. From that, the researcher interested to create a prototype of Micro Hydro Power Plants with laboratory scale Screw Turbine and practical purpose. With this prototype can learned directly characteristics micro hydro which is very useful for college student. This study will specifically study the effects of water pressure, slope angle to get maximum output power from a microhydro prototype.

  • II.    METHOD

WATER POWER PLANTS

  • A.    Micro Hydro Power Plants

Micro hydro or so be called Micro Hydro Power Plants, is a small scale power plant which use water power as power drives such as irrigation drain, river, or nature waterfall with a made use of its high touch (head) and a total of water debit. Technically, micro-hydro has three main components that are water (as an energy source), turbine and generator. Micro-hydro get the energy from water flow which has a certain height difference. Basically, microhydro make use of waterfall potential. Higher of the waterfall, then bigger water potential energy that can be changed to electric energy.

A principal of Microhydro Power Plants is using a water debit total which flowing in river flow, waterfall, or drain and use the difference of water flow heights. A water flow that impacts to turbine causing turbine will round so would produce mechanic energy. Mechanic energy which produced then will move a generator and producing electric energy. [1][2][3]

  • B.    Screw Turbine Slope

The sharp position of the tilt of the turbine Screw to determine the high speed and water pressure in moving the turbine, the greater the pressure or speed of the water, the turbine power rotation will be faster which gives the output power effect generated from the generator, as in Figure 1.

However, the slope excessive will cause reduction [2]

Figure 1: Screw Turbine Slope

Slope degree can be determined with a equation : tan α = y/x α = tan -1 (y/x) ………………..….(1)

Where :

Tan α = slope degree y     = vertical range

x     = horizontal range

Power which produced in Micro Hydro Power Plants modelling with screw turbine can be calculated with a equation :[3]

Pout = V .1..........................................(2)

Where :

Pout = Output Power (watt)

V = Voltage (Volt)

I = Current (A)

  • C.    Archimedes Screw Turbine

Archimedes Screw Turbine (Archimedes Screw) is one of a special turbine because can be operated to a very low area. Archimedes screw consisting helix surface which around cylinder axis center such as Figure 2. [4] When used as a pipe, the screw usually rotated by the generator or manual power force. When the axis is rotated, the lower end rolls up water volume that called bucket. These water will launch to the spiral tube until finally burst out from the upper screw. Screw pump used especially to flowing water out from mine or another area from the lowest water. Opened trough and overall design make possible of debris track without clogging

Fig. 2: Archimedes Screw Turbine


Beside known as screw turbine, corresponding with a first concept, these turbine is also called Archimedes Screw. Screw turbine is a better use of low head or different elevation between low flow even zero upstream and downstream. Archimedes screw turbine can be used in low water hydro site as a tool producing electric. This can be done with operating Archimedes Screw reversely, is dropping water from above and let screw rotates when water is drop down. This is an economical way and efficient to generate an electric from a small flow. The screw is rotated and generate electric because of hydrostatic pressure from water in screw surface. When water is filling screw from entrance line in a top of the slope, a pressure at helix field's screw makes possible to screw rotation. These Archimedes screw's work principal is, water from top end flowing into the space between blade screw range and flow out from the bottom end, so will inflict water gravity and hydrostatic pressure difference in the bucket around rotor that pushing blade screw and rotate a rotor in its axis. Then the turbine rotor will be rotates electric generator which is connected with a screw turbine's top end axis.

  • D.    Archimedes Screw Turbine Advantage

There is an advantage of Archimedes Screw Turbine compared of another turbine is :

  • 1)    Good developed to an area which has bigger water source debit but has a small head.

  • 2)    Not need a complicated control system just like other turbines.

  • 3)    Water pressure of the turbine is not damaging ecology, in other words, impact to water species (fish).

  • 4)    It does not need draft tube so can reduce the cost to draft tube installation dig.

  • 5)    Has a high efficiency, with a big debit variation and very good to small debit water.

  • 6)    It does not need to use fine nets as a barrier of debris to a turbine, so can reduce maintenance cost..

  • E.    Hydrolic Power and Efficiency

Water debit is a magnitude that declares how many waters flowed at one time which passing a wide cross-section. Testing of water debit is purposed to know how much water that flow in volume unit per time unit. to calculate water debit value, can use the equation below : [5]

Vessel Volume

Debit =

Vessel Fulfilled Time

………. (3)


Hydraulic power is a power generated from flowing water from some heights. From this, hydraulic power can get from water power which generated from a pump: [5][6][7][8]

P = ρ.Q.h.g

(4)


Explanation:

P = Hydrolic Power (Watt)

ρ = Fluida/water density (kg∕m3)

Q = Water Debit (m3∕s)

g = Gravity (m∕s2 )

H =Head or High water drop (m)

Efficiency System (Ƞ Micro Hydro Power Plants) is a plant tool ability to change kinetic energy from flowed water to electric energy. To calculate efficiency can use an equation 5: [9][10]

PP

ηPLTMH = G x100% atau OUT x100% … (5) PH             PIN

Explanation:

^pltmh = Micro Hydro Power Plants Efficiency

System

Pg = Generator Power

Ph = Hydrolic Power

  • F.    Torque

Torque is a magnitude which declares how much force that is working at the object so causing the rotating object. To calculate torque, can use an equation below:

T = PN ………………………… (6)

2π

60

Explanation:

T = Torque (Nm)

P = Power (kW)

N = Rounding Speed (rpm)

  • III.    RESULT AND DISCUSION

  • A.    Micro Hydro Power Plants System Model Design.

Designing Micro Hydro Power Plants System and designing turbine design which would use in this research, and design turbine which would use in this research. This is a planning table which can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2 about modeling system of Micro Hydro Power Plants in this research:

TABLE1.

MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANTS PLANNING SYSTEM

Parameter

Value

Volume Box

220 liter

Head Netto

134 cm

Turbine building length

150 cm

Turbine building Diameter

28 cm

Diameter pipe

7.6 cm

Fast Pipe Length

300 cm

TABLE 2.

TURBINE SPECIFICATION

Parameter

Value

Turbine Diameter

26 cm

Turbine Spoke

13 cm

Blade screw thick

0.25 cm

Blade screw range

17 cm

Blade Screw height

10 cm

Blade screw amount

1 buah

Twisted screw amount

10 buah

Blade screw angle

240

Main Axis Diameter

2.5 cm

Outer Axis Diameter

6 cm

Main axis length

215 cm

Outer axis length

150 cm

Turbine Heavy

24 kg

Fig. 3. Planning Design

  • B.    Prototype Creation

In a later testing, prototype is formed within 2 type, it is to measurement of effect tubine head slope and effect of water pressure.

  • 1.    Slope Modelling dan how it works

Fig 4. Turbine Head Modelling Position

The way work for this modeling is a pump will be drawn water in the bucket, and then water will be flowing through a pipe to water shelter, which it's installed in turbine head, collect it back to a bucket. The water will be flowing to the turbine strip and the turbine is rotating so will cause turbine mechanic energy to be rotates; a turbine is connected with a pulley turbine through an axis. With a belt, turbine pulley is connected with a pulley, which is already connected to generator rotor (pulley generator). The generator will change mechanic energy from the turbine into electric energy. To measure turbine spin and generator, it uses with a tachometer while voltmeter and amperemeter are used to measure voltage and current which generated through a generator.

  • 2.    Pressure Modelling

The way it works for this modeling is first, the water in the tub is pumped up (see fig. 5), then the water will flow to the Archimedes screw turbine blades. Water from the top end of the pipe flows into the space between the screw in the ranged blade and the lower end comes out. This will cause a difference in water gravity and hydrostatic pressure around the axis of the turbine and the turbine axis rotating on its axis. Then the pulley at the top end of the turbine axis rounds up the electric generator, which connects to the pulley in the generator. In a generator, he has installed a voltmeter and an ammeter to measure the voltage and current, which is produced from a generator. Manometer devices

are installed in pipes to measure water pressure while tachometers are used to measure turbines and turbine generators.

Fig. 5. Water Pressure Measurement Modelling

C. Realization Of Screw Mhp Prototype

a) Model of Slope Degree b) Model of Water Pressure

Fig. 6. Realization Of Screw Mhp Prototype

  • D.    Measurement and Calculation Effect Of Slope

Degree

Data analysis in this research using quantitative data. A quantitative data in this research is got from every testing result where the testing is done by 5 times measurements every parameter to get an accurate result with screw turbine head slope angle variation and water pressure. From five testing, its data result is an average of the testing. In this testing, angle α thus creating a variation with change heights corresponding with water drop at pinwheel from turbine head angle position at 00, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350,400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700,800 and 900

  • 1.    Calculation Of Slope Degree

In this measurement needs to be determined a stable water debit in order the result of measurement is not changed. The capacity of water used is 210 liters and the time needed for filling is 36 seconds.

210

Q= 210 =5.83lt/s

36

Slope degree measurement is determined with knowing vertical range (y) and horizontal range (x) and determined with an equation which calculated from 100 :

tan α = y/x α = tan -1 (y/x)

tan α = 36/210 α = tan-1(36/210) = 100

TABLE 3

CALCULATION OF SLOPE DEGREE

Vertical Range (y) (cm)

Horizontal Range (x) (cm)

Slope Degree α0

0

215

0

36

210

10

55

205

15

72

200

20

89

195

25

104

190

30

120

185

35

134

180

40

147.5

175

45

160

170

50

173

155

55

186

145

60

196.5

100

70

205

65

80

215

0

90

  • 2.    Calculation Of Hydrolic Power

To know about hydrolisis power or power which resulted from water from some heights calculated from angle 100 , because from an angle 00 it's have no heights, a calculation can be done with this equation :

P = ρ.Q.h.g = 1000*0.0059*0.36*9.81 = 21.89 watt

TABLE 4

CALCULATION OF HYDROLIC POWER

Angle α0

Heights (head)

Hydrolic Power / Pin

0

0

0

10

36

21,89

15

55

31.83

20

72

41.67

25

89

51.51

30

104

60.19

35

120

69.45

40

134

77.55

45

147.5

85.37

50

160

92.6

55

173

100.13

60

186

107.65

70

196.5

113.73

80

205

118.65

90

215

124.43

3. Pout Calculation

Using equation 2 can be calculated Pout

TABLE 5

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION THE EFFECT OF ANGULAR HEIGHT

  • 4.    Calculation of efficiency and Torque

    No

    Turbine Angle α0

    Turbine Round (rpm)

    Gener ator

    Round (rpm)

    Without Loss

    60 watt lamp

    Before

    Coupled

    After

    Coupled

    V (volt)

    I (mA)

    P (watt)

    V (volt)

    I (mA)

    P (watt)

    1

    0

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    2

    10

    183

    14

    344

    18.2

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    3

    15

    211

    44

    525

    25.1

    -

    -

    12.5

    72.41

    0.905125

    4

    20

    260

    73

    2141

    42.1

    -

    -

    24.32

    104.51

    2.541683

    5

    25

    282

    132

    2573

    66.38

    -

    -

    42.38

    120.44

    5.104247

    6

    30

    290

    141

    2816

    70.32

    -

    -

    51.47

    129.36

    6.658159

    7

    35

    293

    159

    3516

    84.33

    -

    -

    58.54

    137.44

    8.045738

    8

    40

    301

    173

    3765

    101.53

    -

    -

    73.43

    148.59

    10.91096

    9

    45

    294

    160

    3562

    98.65

    -

    -

    69.42

    146.44

    10.16586

    10

    50

    273

    133

    2626

    60.69

    -

    -

    48.53

    118.14

    5.733334

    11

    55

    269

    108

    2591

    55.71

    -

    -

    28.33

    94.44

    2.675485

    12

    60

    256

    92

    1862

    45.29

    -

    -

    22.6

    90.53

    2.045978

    13

    70

    252

    72

    1841

    38.36

    -

    -

    20.32

    81.41

    1.654251

    14

    80

    180

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    15

    90

    168

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

Using equation 5 and 6 can be calculated through Efficiency and Torque. To measure maximum efficiency at angle 400 :

P .         10.91096

η= Pout x100% = 10.91096x100%=14.07%

Pin             77.55

To measure maximum Torque at angle 400

T=


P


2π n 60


10.91096

173 2*3.14*173

60

= 0.60257Nm


TABLE 6

EFFICIENCY CALCULATION

Turbine Angle Input Power Output Power Efficiency %)

0

0

0

0

10

21.89

0

0

15

31.83

0.905125

2.843622

20

41.67

2.541683

6.099551

25

51.51

5.104247

9.909235

30

60.19

6.658159

11.061902

35

69.45

8.045738

11.584936

40

77.55

10.91096

14.069581

45

85.37

10.16586

11.908000

50

92.6

5.733334

6.191505

55

100.13

2.675485

2.672011

60

107.65

2.045978

1.900583

70

113.73

1.654251

1.454542

80

118.65

0

0

90

124.43

0

0

  • E.    Measurement and Calculation Effect Of Water Pressure

To water pressure is the same. it's data taken from an average of 5 testing. It's testing data taken from 4 psi, 8 psi, 12 psi, 16 psi, 20 psi, and 24 psi.

  • 1.    Pout Calculation

Using equation 2 can be calculated Pout

TABLE 8 MEASUREMENT OF WATER PRESSURE AND WATER DEBIT

No

Tekanan Air (psi)

Volume

Box (liter)

Waktu

(s)

Debit Air (liter/s)

Debit Air ( m3 /s)

1

4

220

53

4

0.0040

2

8

220

49

4.3

0.0043

3

12

220

43

5

0.0050

4

16

220

34

6

0.0060

5

20

220

32

6.6

0.0066

6

24

220

31

7

0.0070

TABLE 7

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION EFFECT OF WATER PRESSURE

No

Water Pressure (psi)

Turbine Round (rpm)

Before     After

Coupled Coupled

Generator Round (rpm)

Without Loss

V IP

V

Loss

I

P

1

4

176

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

8

222

48

942

29.1

-

-

14.9

0.0873

1.3008

3

12

280

127

2250

57.8

-

-

30.1

0.1043

3.1394

4

16

319

181

3850

102.5

-

-

70.6

0.1492

10.534

5

20

352

202

4239

106.7

-

-

77.3

0.1611

12.453

6

24

380

220

4579

117.2

-

-

83.8

0.1932

16.19


  • 2.    Calculation Of Hydrolic Power

Using equation 4 can be calculated Hydrolic Power

TABEL 9.

HYDRAULIC POWER CALCULATION

No

Water Pressure (psi)

Density of water

Gravity

Water discharge

High water falls (m)

Hydrolic Power (watt)

1

4

1000

9.81

0.0040

1.34

52.582

2

8

1000

9.81

0.0043

1.34

56.525

3

12

1000

9.81

0.0050

1.34

65.727

4

16

1000

9.81

0.0060

1.34

78.872

5

20

1000

9.81

0.0066

1.34

86.760

6

24

1000

9.81

0.0070

1.34

92.018

  • 3.    Calculation of efficiency and Torque

Using equation 5 and 6 can be calculated Eficiency and Torque.

TABEL 10

CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AND TORQUE

No

Water Pressure (psi)

Generator Power (Watt)

Hydrolic Power (watt)

Putaran turbin After

Coupled

Efficiency PLTMH (%)

Torque

(Nm)

1

4

0

52.582

0

0

0

2

8

1.3008

56.525

48

2.3012826

0.258917

3

12

3.1394

65.727

127

4.7764237

0.236175

4

16

10.534

78.872

181

13.355817

0.55604

5

20

12.453

86.760

202

14.353389

0.588999

6

24

16.19

92.018

220

17.594384

0.703098

The results of measurements and calculations from each table that the effect of water pressure increases the torque, efficiency also increases. The maximum torque and efficiency at 24 psi is 0.703 nm and 17.594 %.

  • IV. CONCLUSION

  • 1.    Test Results The microhydro prototype works well. In this study, the turbine angle at 400 is very effective to produce the largest rotation (rpm) 301 before being combined, 173 after being combined, the largest generator rotation is 3765 (rpm) and the highest power is the 400 turbine angle with 10.91096 watts. If the turbine slope angle is lower than 400, then some turbines will sink, so that the turbine rotation speed decreases, and vice versa, the turbine tilt angle higher than 400 water becomes lower than the turbine end the volume of water flowing into the turbine decreases thereby reducing thrust to rotate the turbine. The greatest efficiency can be obtained at an angle of 400 at the amount of 14.07% and the maximum torque is 0.60257 Nm.

  • 2.    Testing the change in water pressure on the Micro Hydro Power Plant model using Archimedes screw turbine, the result gets the best water pressure value of 24 psi, where the voltage, current, and power output generated from the generator are 83.88 Volt, 0.1932 Amperes and 16.19 Watts. For generator rotation speed generated 380 rpm before being combined with generator (before coupled) and 220 rpm after being combined (after coupled) with generator. The resulting torque is 0.73 Nm.

  • 3.    The biggest efficiency which got at this Micro Hydro Power Plants model is at pressure 24 Psi as big as 17.594 %. The water pressure improvement will cause Micro Hydro Power Plants system efficiency increased, where this efficiency is influenced by hydraulic power and generator power. Bigger the pressure is given, thrust force from water flow will increase further and water speed which came out from fast pipe keep increasing that hydraulic power will get bigger power. Hydraulic power which had bigger power will cause generator power output increase even more then the efficiency at Micro Hydro Power Plants system become bigger than before.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

On this occasion , the researcher are very greatful to research and community service of udayana university and ministry of research, technology and higher education with contribution conducting research compotitive grant scheme, so that the research could be conducted.

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