INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY • Vol. 6 No. 1 • September 2018

ISSN: 2303-3371

https://doi.org/10.24843/IJBB.2018.v06.i01.p05

INCREASE VARIATION ON POTATO ‘GRANOLA’ USING GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION

Muhammad Ibadullah, Ida Ayu Astarini*, and Eniek Kriswiyanti Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Potato is one of the main carbohydrate sources around the world, including Indonesia. Potato production in Bali generally does not use good quality of potato seed, causing disease infection and reduce productivity. An alternative effort to produce high quality potato is by induce mutation of tuber using gamma ray irradiation. This study aims to find out percentage of survival after irradiation of ‘Granola’ potato shoots and determine the post-irradiation potato growth and productivity. This research was conducted at Laboratory of Central Application of Isotope and Irradiation (PAIR), Pasar Jumat, Batan, Jakarta and UPT BBITPH Bedugul, Bali. Planting materials were early generation (G0) potato seed tubers. This study employ completely randomized factorial design with one factor, i.e. irradiation doses of 0, 20 gy and 40 Gy. Variable observed included percentage of shoots survive, and variations in production. Results showed that 20 Gy was the best dose to increase tuber production.

Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, mutation, variation of growth, variation of production

INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one priority commodity for development in Indonesia. Potato can be used as alternative source of carbohydrates. Central potato production in Indonesia is Pangalengan (West Java), Dieng highlands (Central Java), Kerinci (Jambi), Curup (Bengkulu) Pasuruan (East Java) and Baturiti Bedugul (Bali).

Obtaining high quality potatoes seed is still a problem in potato production center in several areas in Indonesia. Besides the limited supply of quality potatoes seed, the availability of national certified potatoes seed is also still

rare. In 2008, there’s only 6% seed avalaible from 128.6 thousand tons needed per year (Direktoral Jenderal Hortikultura, 2008; Muhibuddin et al., 2009).

The procurement of superior quality potatoes seed have been done, and has been set as a superior national research by national research council since 2004 (Dewan Riset Nasional, 2008). Agriculture research and development center in each region has put an effort to produce early generation high quality seed to support national food security policy (Balitbangtan, 2008).

The effort to produce superior quality seeds can be carried out with the method of introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation. A mutation is a change that occurs in the genetic material of living beings at random and unannounced, and also the cause of the formation of the variations of living organisms that are passed down from generation to the next generation. Mutations can occur spontaneously and through the process of induction (Balitbangtan, 2008). The effort of obtaining seeds with the method of mutation induction is a promising breakthrough in plant breeding program because the process can be generated mutant with new properties that can be advantageous for plants breeding results.

Mutation induction can be done physically and chemically (Soedjono, 2003; Mba, 2013). Mutation induction in irradiation with gamma rays is the most frequently performed the induction. This can be seen from 1.585 varieties mutants that were released around the world since 1985, 64% of them are developed by dir ect gamma rays mutations induction (Ahloowalia et al., 2004; Foster, 2012).

Previous research on application of gamma rays shows that irradiation of gamma rays can cause changes in morphological, physiological and biochemistry, as well as

generate faster vegetative growth, flowering early and more products on the low doses. This has been reported in orchids and carnations with a doses of 31.88 Gy (Aisha, 2006), improving germination of seed and growth of seedling of forest plants at doses of 10 Gy (Akshatha et al., 2013), increase life percentage of Impatiens Balsamina L. at doses 10 Gy (Defiani et al., 2017), increased growing speed of Phylodendron at a doses of 10 Gy (Meliana, 2008) and increased growth speed of potato tuber ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Granola’ at a doses of 30 Gy (Suharjo et al., 2010). This research was done as an attempt to produce new variations which are favourable for plant breeding, and the results are expected to improve the quality and the quality of production of potatoes for the farmers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was held from October 2017 until February 2018. Plant materials in this research are early generation tubers (Generation 0 = G0) aged three months, provided by UPT BBITPH, Bedugul, Bali. Gamma rays irradiation exposure to potato seed tubers was done at Laboratory of Central Application of Isotope and Irradiation (PAIR), Pasar Jumat, Batan, Jakarta. The source of irradiated gamma rays from rate ionization Cobalt 60 (60Co) is a gamma chamber 4000A

radiator, Irpasena type (made in India). Material that does not given treatment irradiated (0 Gy) also taken to BATAN to ensure that the treatment is equal to all materials in this research.

Post irradiation potato seeds were grown in Kembang Merta, UPT Balai Benih Induk Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura (UPT BBITPH), Bedugul, Bali. Tubers are grown in the glass houses, in media consisting of a mixture of soil, compost (produce by Guama), NPK (1:1:1) fertilizer.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Percentage of Plant survive and Growth Rate

This study employed Completely Randomized Design with one factor i.e. gamma ray irradiation doses, with three doses of irradiation, i.e. 0, 20 Gy and 40 Gy. Each treatment consists of nine replicates, each of it has four sub units, so there were 108 tubers being used. Observation starts from the tubers grown until the tubers ready to harvest. Variable observed were percentage of plant survived, time of emergence, plant height, and harvest age, number of tubers, weight and diameter of tubers.

Table 1. Variable Observed After Gamma Irradiation Treatment

Observation variable

Iradiation doses

0 Gy        20 Gy        40 Gy

Emergence (days)

Plant height (cm) at 12 WAP

Plant survive (%) at 12 WAP Harvest age (days)

7               7               14

47.2c± 20.3      38.7b ± 14.2     25.6a ± 11.1

86.7            93.4            50.0

85              91             100

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level.

This experiment shows that exposing seed tuber to 20 Gy Gamma ray has resulted on 93.4% seed survival. Previous research by Al-Saladi (2000) also revealed doses of gamma ray give positive effect to the plant. Suharjo et

al. (2010) conducted the same experiment using the same method of radiating gamma ray at 10 of 30 Gy and revealed that it increased the percentage of potato sprout.

Plant received irradiation are more vigorous, healthy and pest free compared to controlled plants at 72 day after planting (DAP). A few pest and disease appears on the controlled plants but not on the irradiated plant (Fig. 1), such as apids (Aphis sp.), Thrips sp. malformation of leaves and dry patches (Altenaria solani) were also observed in the

field (Fig. 1). On the other hand, irradiated plants are growing faster and better despite the environment that support pest and desease. The infected plant growth was disturbed causing it to grow fewer tubers. These conditions are due to the pest and disease infected to the plants, disturbing the physiology of the plants itself.

Fig. 1. Pest and diseases observed on potato plants, a) Healthy Leaves, b) Aphids, c) Dry Patches, d) Malformation, e) Thrips Pest


Doses of 40 Gy significantly inhibit buds growth, slows the growth of the plants and delay harvest (Table 1). Suharjo et al. (2010) described that gamma ray irradiation at the doses around 40 to 50 Gy, significantly inhibit the growth of the roots and no buds are growing when plant were explosed to 60 Gy.

The use of 40 Gy decreased the growth performance of the irradiated plant, compared to control plants. Same result was reported by Went et al (2001) that tubers with high irradiation doses experienced chromosomal mutation and decreased the productivity rate significantly.

Productivity Rate

Tabel 2. Harvest Parameter After Gamma Irradiation Treatments

Observation Variable

Iradiation Doses

0 Gy         20 Gy       40 Gy

Numbers of Tubers

186             182           94

Average of Each Tubers

7.1b± 0.8          6.5a ± 0.9       6.3a± 0.8

Weight of Total Tubers (g)

5354           6667         2563

Average of Weight (g)

28.8a ± 17.5      36.6b± 27.1    27.3a ± 19.3

Average of Diameter (cm)

3.1a± 1.1          4.0b ± 1.4       3.0a ± 0.9

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level.

Interaction between irradiation doses against tubers have significant impact on the growth of the tubers, expressed by the number of tubers, the number average of each tubers, total weight of tubers, and average of weights and tubers diameter.

Tuber seeds received 20 Gy irradiation show best productivity (Fig. 2). Tubers expose to a dose of 20 Gy having the highest value of the total weight of tuber, average of tubers weight and average of diameter (Table 2). Zainudin (2016) also revealed that tubers which were produced after exposure to 20 Gy dose have superior quality.

Fig. 2. Harvested Tuber Performance after Gamma Iradiation on various doses

Irradiation doses of 40 Gy decrease productivity of tubers, both seed tubers and tubers for consumption. The number of tubers produced on dose 40 Gy decreased almost 50% compared to control doses and the weight of tubers does not reach 50% from control doses. Doses 40 Gy tend to decrease productivity of

tubers up to 50% compared to control plant (Table 2). The result showed that doses 40 Gy give negative effect on potato plants.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that exposing potato tubers to various gamma irradiation increased variation. Exposure of early generation potato tubers (G0) to 20 Gy gamma irradiation dose able to increase potato poductivity (25%) compared to control plants, while at 40 Gy, productivity was decreased around 50% compared to control plants.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully thank Mr. Usman Kris Joko Suharjo, Mr. I Made Suartana and Dr. Ni Made Armini Wiendi for their help and suggestion during this study.

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