Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and

Environmental Sciences

6(2): 45-49, June 2022

e-ISSN:2622-0628

DOI: 10.24843/ATBES.v06.i02.p03

Available online at: https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ATBES/article/view/87827

Identification and Analysis of Macrozoobenthos in The Reclamation Land Area of Lime Mining

Supiana Dian Nurtjahyani1*, Dwi Oktafitria2, Ahmad Zaenal Arifin2, Sriwulan2, Achmad Yogi Pambudi3, Eko Purnomo4

  • 1Department of Biology Education, Postgraduate, University of PGRI Ronggolawe

Jl. Manunggal, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia

  • 2Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of PGRI Ronggolawe

Jl. Manunggal, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia 3Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Teaching and Education Science, University of PGRI Ronggolawe

Jl. Manunggal, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia 4PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Mining activities that occur at PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. caused the land to become critical land where the nutrients are low and the ecosystem is disturbed, therefore it is necessary to carry out restoration activities for ex-mining land as an effort to be made for the process of recovering ex-mining land as happened to PT Semen Indonesia Tbk, namely by carrying out reclamation activities. Reclamation is an activity that aims to improve or manage the use of disturbed land due to general mining business activities, so that it can function and be efficient in accordance with its designation. This study aimed to analyze the structure of the macrozoobentos community in the reclamation land ecosystem of PT Semen Indonesia limestone mining. This expected to provide information on the structure of the ecosystem macrozoobentos community on reclaimed land. Sampling of macrozoobentos was carried out in the Sugihan village (SUG) and Mliwang village (MLI), Merakurak district,Tuban regency using the direct hand collecting method. The results of this study indicated that the macrozoobenthos species found on the reclamation land of PT. Semen Indonesia Tbk showed it was included in the medium category.

Keywords: Identification; Macrozoobenthos; Reclamation Land Area

  • I.    INTRODUCTION

This PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. was a strategic holding company that covers subsidiaries in the field of cement, non-cement and service producers throughout Indonesia. As a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN), the share portion of PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. currently, 51.01% belongs to the Government of Indonesia and 48.99% belongs to the public. Mastering the national market share and regional market reach, the Company strives to become a leading provider of building material solutions in the region by providing a variety of complete and quality products and services.

Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mining requires mining companies to carry out reclamation and post-mining repair

activities on the mining area they are working on [1]. The applicable regulations are based on KEPMEN 1211K of 1995 concerning the prevention and control of environmental destruction and pollution in general mining business activities and PERMEN ESDM No. 18 of 2008 concerning reclamation and mine closure. Reclamation of ex-mining land consists of two activities, namely: restoration of ex-mining land to improve ecologically disturbed land and preparing ecologically repaired exmining land for further use [2].

Mining activities that occur at PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. can cause the land to become critical land where the nutrients are low, the pH and temperature of the soil are increased and the soil structure was compacted.

become one of the obstacles to the conversion of post-lime mining land into productive land. To improve land that has been mined, it is necessary to carry out restoration activities of ex-mining land. Efforts that can be made as an effort to restore ex-mining land are reclamation activities. Reclamation is an activity that aims to improve or manage the use of disturbed land due to general mining business activities, so that it can function and be efficient in accordance with its designation [3]. Reclamation itself is an activity that cannot be separated from mining activities so that the preservation of the mining environment was maintained.

Macrozoobenthos are organisms that live permanently, and have special adaptability to environmental conditions [4], stated that macrozoobenthos have an important role in food webs. The larval phase of the macrozoobenthos provides a food source for higher estuarine organisms. The community structure of macrozobenthos (mollusks), especially gastropods and bivalves, can provide an overview of important values and have a role in the ecosystem [5].

Several existing studies, such as Zainuri et al., (2012), Hartati et al., (2012) and Putri et al., (2018) use macrozoobenthos as an indicator of water quality which aims to determine the structure of the macrozoobenthos community at that location [6,7,8]. Research conducted by Zainuri et al., (2012) observed molluscs, annelids, and crustaceans in Sayung, Demak.

Mining activities of PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. using an open-pit mining system (surface mining) with the quarry mining method. These activities consist of unloading, loading, and transporting which causes disturbance to the environment which can cause the land to become critical land where the nutrients are low, the pH and temperature of the soil are increased and the soil structure is compacted. this is one of the obstacles to the conversion of post-lime mining land into productive land. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the structure of the macrozoobenthos community in the limestone mining reclamation land ecosystem of PT Semen Indonesia. This is expected to provide information regarding the structure of the ecosystem macrozoobenthos community on the reclamation land, so that it can be used as a consideration in an effort to increase the knowledge of the ecological biota on the mining land of PT. Semen Indonesia TBK Tuban.

  • II.    RESEARCH METHOD

Sampling of macrozoobenthos was carried out in the Sugihan (SUG) and Mliwang (MLI) areas by direct hand collecting method and with the help of a scoop net which was swept on the edge of the water body, especially in vegetated areas. The target specimens in this sampling include larvae of insects, crustaceans, small molluscs and other invertebrates. The research locations are limestone and clay areas as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Location area research lime stone and clay


The samples obtained were sheathed using a sieve to separate the samples obtained from other materials. The smallest mesh size commonly used 0.5 [9]. The sample placed on a sieve and then flowing water until other material other than objects measuring over 0.5 mm will be retained.

Macrozoobenthos retained in each filter were then sorted and identified to taxa genus or species. Identification of macrozoobenthos species based on Carpenter & Niem (Ed.) (1998), Djajasasmita (1999) and Dharma (2005) as well as other representative literature [10,11,12].

One approach that was often used to determine the condition of the macrozoobenthos community is an approach based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (D) and Pielou evenness index (J).

H’ = -∑ (N) log (N)

Description:

H’: Indeks Diversitas Shannon-Wienner

Pi: Proportion of abundance for each species ni: Number of individuals of type i

N: Total number of individuals

Diversity Index value, the quality of a water can be known based on the water quality table based on the macrozoobenthos diversity index [13]. The ShannonWiener formulation and water quality table based on the diversity index used for macrozoobenthos are the same as the formulation and index for plankton biota. In addition to the three indices, this study uses the Family Biotic Index, which is often used for macrozoobenthos communities in freshwater. This index based on the ability of macrozoobenthos tolerance to exposure to organic pollutants. The tolerance value ranges from 0 – 10, the value of which increases for each family of macrozoobenthos along with the decrease in the quality of the water it inhabits. This value was developed by Hilsenhoff (1988) to show variations in macrozoobenthos tolerance which was then used to calculate the Modified Family Biotic Index to detect the level of organic pollution in the observed waters [14].

The Family Biotic Index (FBI) can be searched based on the following formulation:

FBI =


τι1xt1


N


Description:

ni: Number of macrozoobenthos individuals

ti: Tolerance value for each family of macrozoobenthos

N: Total number of collected macrozoobenthos

The basic water quality assessment using the FBI Index showed in Table I.

TABLE I

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT WITH FBI INDEX

Famili Biotic

Index

Water Quality

Pollution level

0.00 – 3.75

Very very good

Not Polluted

3.76 – 4.25

Very good

possibility of Polluted

4.26 – 5.00

Good

Slightly polluted

5.01 – 5.75

Medium

Medium polluted

5.76 – 6.50

Rather Bad

quite heavily polluted

6.51 – 7.25

Bad

heavily polluted

7.26 – 10.00

Very Bad

heavily polluted

  • IV.    RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Abundance of Macrozoobenthos

Based on the results of the study, it was showed 10 macrozoobenthos species consisting of 7 species of the class Gastropods, 2 species of members of the class Crustacea and 1 species of Insecta larvae. The composition and abundance of the highest macrozoobenthos species was at the SUG location which was possible because it had the complexity of community members that synergized with the environment. This is different from the TOB and MLI areas which tend to be natural so that the ecological process runs naturally (tends to be slower). The low abundance of macrozoobenthos in the TOB and MLI areas can also be caused by the difficulty in sampling because the topography of the embankment slopes tends to be steep. The composition of macrozoobenthos in the three clay mining areas.

It has been mentioned that members of the macrozoobenthos community of freshwater gastropod species are abundant, for example Melanoides tuberculata, Bellamya javanica, Pomacea canaliculata, Lymnaea rubiginosa and Tarebia granifera. These gastropods generally act as grazers, which means they feed on biofilm and/or algae attached to the substrate surface. The substrate at the bottom of the muddy waters with a lot of litter causes the study location to become a habitat for grazer molluscs and crustaceans that eat litter (shredder) and other organic materials. The existence of riparian and submerged vegetation on the banks of the reservoir makes the SUG, TOB, MLI areas suitable for various insect species, especially those that require water (or live in water) in one of their life cycles, for example dragonfly larvae (Odonata) from the family Libellulidae (eg Dragonfly orange wing or Brachythemis contaminata and Coenagrionidae (cozy needle-dragonfly). According to Rahayu (2015), several other factors that influence the high abundance of macrozoobenthos are differences in the availability of food ingredients, as well as human activities in each waters [15]. However, it was also mentioned that the abundance of macrozoobenthos was also influenced by the level of adaptation, competition and predatorism. Gastropods are a group of animals from the phylum molluscs that live in the type of substrate from coarse to fine. Gastropod abundance is influenced by physical factors in the waters and one of them is TSS (Total Suspended Solid) TSS is suspended solids consisting of silt and fine sand and microorganisms, which are mainly caused by soil friction or soil erosion that has been dragged into bodies of water in the water [16]. Several other factors that affect the high abundance of macrozoobenthos are differences in the availability of food ingredients, as well as human activities in each waters. However, it is also

mentioned that the abundance of macrozoobenthos is also influenced by the level of adaptation, competition and predatorism, states that the basic substrate or soil texture is a very important component for the life of organisms. The bottom substrate of the waters will determine the abundance and composition of macrobenthos animal species. [17]

Community Structure

The value of the diversity index (H') of macrozoobenthos obtained from the January-June 2021 period is at SUG of 2.21; TOB of 1.87; and MLI of 1.63. The index value of macrozoobenthos diversity in all areas is 1.00 <H'<3.00 so it is included in the category of moderate diversity. This shows that environmental factors have an influence on the life of macrozoobenthos organisms. The value of the Simpson dominance index (D) is also known to be close to the value of 0.00 (zero), indicating that there are no dominating taxa, therefore species diversity in the community is quite high.

The evenness index (J) showed in the location of SUG of 0.96; TOB of 0.96; and MLI of 0.91 (Figure 2). The value of J which is close to 1.00 (one) indicates that the

environmental conditions are normal which is characterized by the distribution of the population which tends to be even and there is no dominance among macrozoobenthos species. Based on the FBI (Family Biotic Index) assessment of macrozoobenthos of 5.85, indicating that the water quality is in the "moderate" category with a "medium polluted" level of pollution. However, the condition of the waters is relatively stable with a diverse composition of macrozoobenthos, the moderate level of pollution that occurs in the location is possible due to the presence of high organic matter but is still able to be remedied by nature naturally. So in general it can be said that there is no disturbance of the macrozoobenthos community in the mining area. clay mining [Sugihan (SUG); Tobo (TOB); Mliwang (MLI)] for the clearing and clearing of land that has been carried out by the company. According to Ernanto (2010), a community is said to have high diversity if it is composed of several species with the same or almost the same species abundance. However, if the opposite occurs, it can be said that the diversity is low. Referring to the research, it can be said that the average of the four stations is in the medium category [18].

Figure 2. Graph of the Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Simpson's Dominance Index (D), and Pielou Evenness Index (J) of Macrozoobenthos Species in the Study Site Mining Has Been Done at PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Tuban


  • V.    CONCLUSION

Identification of macrozoobenthos in The reclaimation land area of liming mining showed 10 species consisting of 7 species of the class Gastropods, 2 species of members of the class Crustacea and 1 species of Insecta/insect larvae. The diversity index value (H') of macrozoobenthos obtained at SUG is 2.21; TOB of 1.87; and MLI is 1.63, so it is worth 1.00<H'<3.00 therefore in the category of medium diversity.

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