jwr⅛⅛wtfs HUMANIS


Journal of Arts and Humanities


p-ISSN: 2528-5076, e-ISSN: 2302-920X

Terakreditasi Sinta-3, SK No: 105/E/KPT/2022

Vol 27.1. Februari 2023: 15-23

The Lexical Equivalence in the Translation of the English Noun ‘Love’ into Indonesian

Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti, Ketut Santi Indriani

Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Correspondence email: a[email protected], [email protected]

Article Info

Submitted: 26th October 2022

Revised: 3rd December 2022

Accepted: 26th December 2022

Publish: 28th February 2023

Keywords: lexical equivalence; translation; noun ‘love’; parallel corpus; shifts

Corresponding Author:

Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti

Email:

[email protected]

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24843/JH.20

23.v27.i01. p02


Abstract

This study aims at finding out the translation variations as the lexical equivalences of the English noun ‘love’ into Indonesian, and analyzing the translation shifts. The data were taken from the parallel corpus containing the English expressions with the noun ‘love’ and their translations. The data were collected through the documentation method and analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the translations of the English noun ‘love’ are varied with 21 lexicons. The translations are categorized into three types, those that are translated into the base words, the affixed words, and the phrases. Besides that, there are also zero translation and borrowing terms used. The TL noun ‘cinta’ is found at 72.2% and it is indeed equivalent with the SL noun ‘love’. The other variations are the synonyms and related lexicons used based on the certain contexts. Two kinds of shifts namely class and unit shifts are found in the translations.

INTRODUCTION

Equivalence in translation is a concept indicating that a source language (SL) and a target language (TL) share some kind of ‘sameness’ (Panou, 2013, p. 2). This is in line with Larson's (1998, p. 169) ‘lexical equivalents’ that refers to concepts in the source language which are known (shared) in the target language.

A word is generally defined as a basic meaningful element in a language, however, meaning can be understood by units that are more complex than the single word and by various structures and linguistic devices (Baker, 2018, p. 10).

The adjective ‘unhappy’ for instance, is a word, but it has two morphemes ‘un-’ as the bound morpheme that carries the negative meaning and ‘happy’ as the free morpheme. The negation in different languages is not the same, like in Indonesian, the negation is ‘tidak’ or ‘bukan’, so, ‘unhappy’ becomes ‘tidak bahagia’. A word may also have more than one category or class. It is often understood by considering the context of the phrase or clause where the word is used. Take the examples of the emotion base words ‘love’ and ‘fear’ that have two classes in English, one is as a noun, and the other is as a verb. When those base words (i.e., categorized as nouns)

are translated into Indonesian, they might have several translations in different word classes.

Emotion literally refers to someone’s feelings, and it can be expressed through words. Emotion words often have more than one word class. Shaver et al. (2001, p. 215) reported that emotion in Indonesian can be categorized into five basic-level lexicons, they are cinta (love), senang (happy), marah (anger), kawatir/takut (anxiety/fear), and sedih (sadness). The categories of lexicon in Indonesian are all in adjectives, meanwhile the English categories vary in adjective (happy), noun and verb (love, fear) and nouns (anger, anxiety, sadness). This becomes a consideration in translation because the equivalence of emotion lexicons seems to have the class shift (Catford, 1965, pp. 78–79) in the target language.

The study that analyzed the translation procedures of the English emotion word ‘happy’ as the adjective into Indonesian with reference to Kṛṣṇa Text has been conducted by Suryasa et al. (2019) Emotion word ‘happy’ is translated into eight words: bahagia (happy), senang (happy), suka (like), lega (relieved), kesenangan (happiness), gembira ria (joyous), riang (cheerful), ceria (cheerful), and two phrases: patah hati (broken heart) and tenteram (serene). Transposition procedure is reported as the most relevant one because it has an alignment to the source language culture. The adjective in the source language can be translated into a noun as in ‘kesenangan’. It involves the class shift. Besides, the adjective is also translated into phrases as in ‘gembira ria’ and ‘patah hati’.

The equivalent translations of the source language ‘happy’ are found in ten variations (Suryasa et al., 2019). They can be considered as the synonyms that express the positive feeling: bahagia (happy), senang (happy), suka (like),

lega (relieved), kesenangan (happiness), gembira ria (joyous), riang (cheerful), ceria (cheerful), and tenteram (serene). However, there is one translation that shows the negative feeling patah hati (broken heart). There might be a question whether the negative emotion phrase is the near-synonym or the lexical equivalence of ‘happy’. The source language sentence where ‘happy’ occurs is “We should try instead to be happy”, and the translation is “Malah sebaiknya, kami menikmati rasa patah hati ini.” (Suryasa et al., 2019, p. 743). Modulation procedure of translation (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000, p. 89) is applied in this case considering the Indonesian culture in which a positive message may be expressed in the reverse form, and it is the target language orientation. It shows that the kind of equivalence can be achieved based on its context (Baker, 1993, p. 236), in order to reproduce the closest natural equivalent of the SL message into the TL, first in terms of meaning, and style (Nida & Taber, 1982).

Analysis of the translation of emotion words from English into Indonesian is interesting to be conducted. Since there are not many translation analyses focusing on the lexical equivalence of emotion words, this study takes the analysis of one of the emotion words that is ‘love’ with the noun class. This study aims at finding out the translation variations as the lexical equivalence of the English noun ‘love’ into Indonesian and showing their number of occurrences. It then proceeded to analyze the translation shifts.

METHOD AND THEORY

Parallel corpora are the collections of texts containing original source language-texts in one language and their translated versions in another language (Baker, 1995, p. 230; Bowker, 2002, p. 348; McEnery & Hardie, 2012). The data provided in parallel corpus are the

languages in use in huge numbers that enable researchers to conduct the comparative analysis (Rajeg & Rajeg, 2022).

The data in this study were taken from a parallel corpus containing the English expressions with the noun ‘love’ as the key word and their translations in Indonesian. It is considered as the secondary data provided in 2018, and downloaded                    from

https://github.com/prasastoadi/parallel-corpora-en-id/ (file name: IWSLT17.train).

The clauses/sentences containing the base word ‘love’ as a noun and their translation are collected through the documentation method. This lexicon is chosen due to the number of expressions found is 295, and is representative for the analysis compared to the other emotion words such as happiness, anger, fear, lust, sadness, pride, shame, and guilt (Kövecses, 1990) which are less found.

The corpus data were downloaded and saved into .txt format. The data show the Key Word In Context (KWIC), that is a list of the occurrences generated from the search of a specified keyword in the corpus. Each of them is set in the middle of one line of context/expression (Baker, 1993, p. 226).

The data were opened by using AntPConc (Anthony, 2017) software. The results were then saved in the Excel Table. The saved data were classified by labeling the columns into: CASE (number of data), LEFT (words on the left of the node), NODE (searched word), RIGHT (words on the right of the node), TRANSLATION NODE (translation of node), dan TRANSLATION_POS (Part-of-Speech of node translation).

The collected data were analyzed by applying the qualitative approach (Creswell, 2009). The variations of the translations of the noun ‘love’ into Indonesian are presented in Tables. The SL and TL expressions showing the

context of utterances are added within paragraphs as well as the analysis of the translation shifts (Catford, 1965).

Shifts may occur in translation (Catford, 1965, p. 73) due to the different grammar and sentence structure in the SL and TL. Shifts are grouped into two major types namely level shifts, and category shifts. The first major type may occur where there are different tenses and aspects in two languages. English is the language that has the tense and aspect markers, while Indonesian shows the past tense with the past adverb, and the continuous activity with the word ‘sedang’. The second major type is divided into structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. A structure shift may occur when a TL shows different positions of Subject, Predicate, Object/Complement with an SL. A class shift refers to the changes of word class from SL to TL as in ‘angry’ (Adj) to ‘kemarahan’ (N). A unit shift is shown when an SL phrase is translated into a word and vice versa, for example, ‘love’ becomes ‘rasa cinta’. The intrasystem shift is described as a word in an SL has a typical form as in ‘trousers’ or ‘scissors’ that is said as the plural noun in the dictionary is then translated into ‘gunting’ in Indonesian which shows the singular form. Translation shifts shows the message and information transfer from one to another language to overcome its language barrier (Finsen & Puspani, 2019).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The translation variations of the English noun ‘love’ into Indonesian and the translation shifts analysis are divided into three subsections showing the categories of 1) translations into the base words (6 lexicons); 2) translations into the affixed words (10 lexicons); and 3) translations into the phrases (5 lexicons). Each subsection has a Table reporting the translation variations in Indonesian with

the number of occurrences to show the lexical equivalence, the near-synonyms of the lexical equivalence, and the other lexicons found. The SL and TL samples are shown to describe the contexts of the utterances, as well as the analysis of the translation shifts occurring in the translations.

The translations into the base words

The base lexicons as the translation of ‘love’ are ‘cinta’ that occurs 213 times and as the most frequent translations found, followed by ‘kasih’ that occurs 11 times, and ‘senang’, ‘simpati’, ‘suka’, ‘gairah’ respectively occur once. All the base words are the noun class except ‘suka’ which is a verb, and ‘senang’ an adjective. Table 1 below shows the base words as the translations of the noun ‘love’, their word classes, and the number of occurrences.

Table 1 Base words as the translations of the noun ‘love’

Lexicon in the TL

Word class

Number of occurrences

cinta

noun

213

kasih

noun

11

senang

adjective

1

simpati

noun

1

suka

verb

1

gairah

noun

1

The English noun ‘love’ that is translated into the noun ‘cinta’ is considered the exact equivalence because of the frequent occurrence in the translations. In the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), ‘cinta’ is an adjective, however, it can also be a noun without or with the addition of affixes such as ‘ke-cinta-an’.1

The noun ‘love’ is usually used in noun phrases like ‘romantic love’ where ‘love’ is the head and ‘romantic’ is the

modifier. The translation is ‘cinta yang romantis’, ‘cinta’ is the head of the phrase placed at the beginning of the phrase, ‘romantis’ is the modifier, and a conjunction ‘yang’ is added in the middle, and it is used optionally in that context. ‘Love’ can also function as a modifier as in ‘love songs’ and the translation is ‘lagu cinta’. English and Indonesian noun phrases have the reverse order of the modifier and the head positions, and it results in the structure shift in the translations.

The lexicon ‘cinta’ in Indonesian has two-word classes. As a noun, it can be interpreted as something that is objectified. It can be used as a subject, an object, or a complement in a clause. In addition, it cannot be preceded by the word ‘tidak’ (negative form). Meanwhile, ‘love’ as an adjective has: a) the attributive function in which it describes the nature of a noun, b) the predicative function, where ‘love’ is used as the predicate of a clause, and c) the substantive function that is used as a complement to the subject.2 In the example ‘lagu cinta’, though ‘lagu’ is the head of the phrase, ‘cinta’ is not the adjective because it does not have the attributive function. It means ‘songs about love’ or ‘lagu tentang cinta’ in which ‘cinta’ is the topic/theme of the songs. The meaning of ‘cinta’ based on the context shows the relationship between two people who fall in love.

The noun ‘kasih’ occurs in the sentence “Tenangkan dengan kasih…” as the translation of “Tempered with love…”. It means the feeling of love or affection of someone who helps another person to be calm.3 It has a slightly different context with ‘cinta’.

The adjective ‘senang’ is found in the clause “Tidak ada hubungan antara senang akan Lego dan berapa banyak yang dibangun…” that has been translated from the source language “There was no relationship between the love of Legos and how much people built…”. It describes that someone likes something (a thing).4

‘Simpati’ is also found as the translation of the word ‘love’ that is defined as someone who has the empathy to other people5, in this case for workers or members of a community. The clause is “The people in our communities who do these jobs deserve our attention, our love and our deepest support” and its translation is “Orang-orang yang melakukan pekerjaan semacam ini perlu perhatian kita, simpati dan dukungan penuh kita”

The verb ‘suka’ is chosen as the translation of ‘love’ in the TL clause “Ada hal-hal yang saya suka dan benci” from the SL clause “We have a bit of a love/hate thing going on”. The clause does not clearly show to whom love is addressed to. The structure of the clause in the source language is translated differently in the target language where the word ‘love’ that is a noun after an article has shifted into a verb as the predicate, and it is known as the class shift. It also shows that the Subject ‘We’ is translated into ‘saya’ (I-the first person singular). The meaning of ‘suka’ is similar to ‘like’ in English.

The noun ‘gairah’ in the TL and based on the context refers to a will/want or a desire to achieve a goal.6 It is shown in the clause “Dan gairah mereka (untuk belajar) sangat besar hingga saya

menangis.” As the translation of the SL clause “And their love (for studying) is so big that I cried.”

The translations into the affixed words

The second type of lexicon as the translation is the affixed words that occurred 33 times in total. There are two translations with a prefix ‘ke-kasih’ and a suffix ‘pasang-an’. Each noun is added with the derivational affixes ‘ke-’ and ‘an’. The addition of each affix does not change the word class, but it does change the meaning. The other eight affixed-word variations as the translations are the addition of the prefix and suffix ‘ke-/-an’ as is ‘ke-cinta-an’, ‘ke-suka-an’, ‘ke-gemar-an’, ‘ke-senang-an’; the prefix and suffix ‘per-/-an’ as in ‘per-cinta-an’ in which, all belong to nominal categories. Meanwhile, the translations with the attachment of the prefix and suffix ‘me-/-i’ as in ‘me-sayang-i’ (menyayangi), and ‘me-suka-i’ (menyukai) are the transitive verbs; and the prefix and suffix ‘di-/-i’ added to the word cinta becomes ‘di-cinta-i’ forms the passive verb. The lexicon variations as the translations of the noun ‘love’ in the form of affixed words, their word classes, and number of occurrences are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Affixed words as the translations of the noun ‘love’

Lexicon in the TL

Word class

Number of occurrences

kekasih

noun

4

pasangan

noun

1

kecintaan

noun

15

percintaan

noun

2

kesukaan

noun

4

kegemaran

noun

1

kesenangan

noun

1

dicintai

verb

2

menyayangi

verb

1

menyukai

verb

2

The translation into ‘kekasih’ is when the source language is preceded by the possessive pronoun ‘my’ and ‘your’. For example, “Good bye, my love” is translated into “Selamat tinggal kekasihku”. The translation is equivalent because the English phrase refers to a person who has a relationship with someone, and so does the translation that means a lover.

The lexicon ‘pasangan’ as the translation of ‘your love’ occurs in the clause “… a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you” and its translation “… kehidupan Anda dalam bekerja, menjadi orang tua, pasangan, waktu senggang, waktu berhenti untuk Anda”. From the context, ‘pasangan’ also means a lover, similar to ‘kekasih’.

The noun ‘kecintaan’ comes from the base word ‘cinta’ with the prefix ‘ke-’ and ‘an’. The SL clause is “…to exercise the love of social complexity” and the translation is “untuk melatih kecintaan pada kerumitan kehidupan sosial”. It occurs after the to-infinitive verb of the SL clause. In this case, ‘kecintaan’ expresses someone’s attention and likeness to something.

The noun ‘percintaan’ is also derived from the base ‘cinta’ added with the prefix ‘per-’ and the suffix ‘-an’. Its context can be seen from the SL clause “… they will face much more severe competition in love and job markets” and the TL “… mereka akan menghadapi persaingan ketat dalam percintaan dan lapangan kerja”. In the SL the noun ‘love’ occurs after the preposition ‘in’, and it is in the prepositional phrase. Different from the context where the noun ‘kecintaan’ is used, ‘percintaan’ shows the condition and relationship of a couple.

The noun ‘kesukaan’ is derived from the verb base ‘suka’. It is used in the phrase “kesukaan saya akan teknologi” as the translation of “my love for technology”. Similar to ‘kecintaan’, it

shows someone’s likeness to something. Moreover, the noun ‘kegemaran’ that is formed from the adjective base ‘gemar’, in “Memang ini adalah kegemaran yang aneh.” as translated from ‘It's a strange kind of love.” It shows about someone’s hobby or activities that he/she usually does. ‘Kesenangan’ as derived from the adjective base ‘senang’ has the similar meaning with ‘kesukaan’. It is used in the SL sentence “There was a very nice correlation between the love of Legos and the amount of Legos people built.” Its translation is “Ada korelasi yang sangat apik antara kesenangan akan Lego dan jumlah LEGO yang dibangun.”

‘Menyayangi’ and ‘menyukai’ are derived from the adjective bases ‘sayang’ and ‘suka’ added with the affix ‘me-’ and the suffix ‘-i’. There is sound adjustment of the initial base word ‘s’ into ‘ny’. The SL clauses are “she has any great love for junkies” translated into “dia menyayangi para pecandu.” and also “… to have a little bit more love for mathematics.” translated into “… untuk sedikit menyukai matematika.” There is a class shift in the translation from nouns to verbs. In the SL, both words occur after the verbs has/have followed by ‘love’ as the object. “To have love” is then translated to the verbs ‘menyayangi’ and ‘menyukai’ in which the affixes ’me-/-i’ is added to the base words to form the transitive verbs that need objects. Based on the context, ‘menyayangi’ is used when someone likes a person, and rarely used to like a thing, while ‘menyukai’ is used when someone likes a thing, but it can also be used for people. ‘Menyayangi’ shows more deep affection than ‘menyukai’.

The translations into the phrases

The last type of translation is the noun phrases such as ‘rasa cinta’, ‘rasa sayang’, ‘perasaan sayang’, ‘kasih sayang’, and ‘belahan jiwa’. All the translations of ‘love’ into these phrases

show the unit shifts due to a word that is translated into a phrase. Overall, there are 17 phrases found as the translation. Table 3 shows the number of occurrences of the noun phrases as the translations of the noun ‘love’.

Table 3 Phrases as the translations of the noun ‘love’

Lexicon in the TL

Category

Number of occurrences

rasa cinta

noun phrase

6

rasa sayang

noun phrase

6

perasaan

noun phrase

3

sayang

kasih

noun phrase

1

sayang belahan

noun phrase

1

jiwa

It is found that the SL noun ‘love’ is translated into a phrase ‘rasa cinta’. ‘Rasa’ is the noun base, literally means ‘feeling’ and refers to the heart's response to something (senses).7 It is added before the noun ‘cinta’ to emphasize the feeling of someone’s love. It occurs in the SL sentence “I was overwhelmed with love.” and its translation is “Saya dipenuhi rasa cinta.” The word ‘love’ in the SL occurs after the preposition ‘with’, however, in the TL, it is not translated because ‘dengan’ that should be translated from ‘with’ may be omitted since it does not change the meaning of the sentence.

The word ‘rasa’ is also added to the word ‘sayang’ as another variation of translation found. It is used in the noun phrase in the SL sentence “But anyway, that's the lovely love.” and the translation is “Tapi bagaimanapun juga, itulah rasa sayang yang menyenangkan.”

The other translation variation found is the phrase ‘perasaan sayang’. The noun ‘perasaan’ comes from the base noun ‘rasa’ as it is used in ‘rasa sayang’

and ‘rasa cinta’, and it is added with the prefix ‘pe-’ and the suffix ‘-an’. The meaning of ‘perasaan’ is the feeling or state of mind when facing (feeling) something.8 This phrase is found in the TL sentence “Dan anda merasakan perasaan sayang kepada mereka.” as the translation from the SL “And you feel a love toward them.”

The last two phrases ‘kasih sayang’ and ‘belahan jiwa’ are the collocations. ‘Kasih sayang’ is used in the SL clause “But I confidently believe that your act of love and caring …” and its translation is “Namun saya sangat yakin bahwa tindakan kasih sayang dan kepedulian Anda…”. This collocation can be found in a phrase ‘act of love’ that means the action of affection and love.

The collocation ‘belahan jiwa’ occurs in the SL “And he released himself into the water, and Doaa watched as the love of her life drowned before her eyes.” And the translation is “Dan ia melepaskan dirinya ke dalam air, dan Doaa menyaksikan belahan jiwanya tenggelam di depan matanya.” The second collocation is used in the SL collocate phrase ‘love of my life’ that means someone’s lover.

There are two more variations found in the TL. The first one is there are sixteen borrowing terms or the source language that is borrowed and used as it is in the target language, the second one is there is one datum that is not translated or has zero translation. The borrowing term is found because it is used as the title of movie such as ‘Eat, Pray, Love’ (9 data), used as the abbreviation like “L is Love” (2 data), used as quotations (3 data), and used in song lyrics (2 data) where the word ‘Love’ is used in the TL. The zero translation is found in the SL expression “Oh, for the love of God”, and is translated into the expression “Demi

Tuhan”. Though it has zero translation, it is acceptable in the TL culture.

The variations of the TL lexicons show that translation is a craft involving the attempt to transfer the SL message to the TL (Newmark, 1988, p. 7). The TL noun ‘cinta’ is the equivalence of the SL noun ‘love’ since it occurs 213 times out of 295 data. The SL words ‘kasih’, ‘senang’, ‘suka’, and ‘sayang’, based on the meanings in the contexts are the synonyms, though they are not the absolute synonyms. Every word basically has its own characteristics and distinctive features, even though it has similar meaning (Edmonds dan Hirst, 2002: 108).

CONCLUSION

The translations of the English noun ‘love’ into Indonesian are varied enough with 21 variations. The translations are categorized into three types, those that are translated into base words (cinta, kasih, suka, senang, simpati, gairah), affixed words (kekasih, pasangan, kecintaan, percintaan, kesukaan, kegemaran, kesenangan, dicintai, menyayangi, menyukai), and phrases (rasa cinta, rasa sayang, perasaan sayang, kasih sayang, belahan jiwa). Besides the translated lexicons found, there are also zero translation and borrowing terms used. The noun ‘cinta’ is found 72.2% and it is indeed the equivalence of the SL noun ‘love’. The other variations such as ‘kasih’, ‘suka’ ‘senang’ as well as the affixed words, including ‘menyayangi’, and menyukai’, and the phrases containing those three base words are considered the synonyms of the noun ‘cinta’. The other words like ‘simpati’, ‘gairah’, ‘pasangan’, ‘kegemaran’, and ‘belahan jiwa’ are the related lexicons that are used based on the certain contexts.

Several different word classes and forms in the SL indicate that there are category translation shifts. The SL noun

translated into the verb and adjective bases, as well as into the affixed verbs show the class shift. Moreover, the translations in the form of noun phrases show the unit shift where one word is translated into two words.

REFERENCES

Anthony, L. (2017). AntPConc (Version 1.2.1) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. https://www.laurenceanthony.net/s oftware

Baker, M. (1993). Corpus linguistics and translation studies: implications and applications. In M. Baker, G. Francis, & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and Technology (p. 233). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

https://doi.org/10.1075/z.64.15bak

Baker, M. (1995). Corpora in translation studies: An overview and some suggestions for future research. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 7(2), 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.7.2.0 3bak

Baker, M. (2018). In other words: A coursebook on translation (Third edition). Routledge.

Bowker, L. (2002). Towards a Methodology for a Corpus-Based Approach to Translation Evaluation. Meta, 46(2), 345–364. https://doi.org/10.7202/002135ar

Catford, J. C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Creswell, J. C. (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approach (Third edition). SAGE Publications.

Edmonds, Philip dan Hirst, Graeme. (2002). Near-synonymy and lexical choice. Journal of Computational Linguistics, 28(2), 105-144.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). (n.d.). In KBBI.kemdikbud.go.id.

dictionary. Retrieved October 2022,                       from:

https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/.

Finsen, H. T., & Puspani, I. A. M. (2019). Shifts in translation of English noun phrases into Indonesian with reference to the short story A Scandal in Bohemia. Humanis,       23(3),       167.

https://doi.org/10.24843/JH.2019.v 23.i03.p01

Kövecses, Z. (1990). Emotion concept. New York: Springer.

Larson, M. L. (1998). Meaning-based translation (Second edition). The University Press of America.

McEnery, T., & Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus linguistics: method, theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.

Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. Oxford: Pergamon.

Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (1982). The theory and practice of translation. Leiden: Brill.

Panou, D. (2013). Equivalence in translation theories: a critical evaluation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.1-6

Prasastoadi. (2018). Parallel-corpora-en-id: IWSLT 17.train.en-id.tgz. Retrieved February, 9th 2022, from: https://github.com/prasastoadi/paral lel-corpora-en-id/.

Rajeg, G. P. W., & Rajeg, I. M. (2022). A corpus linguistic study of constructional equivalence for the Indonesian translation of ROB and STEAL based on the Open Subtitles Parallel Corpus. PAROLE: Journal of Linguistics and Education, 12(2), 28–48.

Shaver, P. R., Murdaya, U., & Fraley, R. C. (2001). Structure of the

Indonesian emotion lexicon. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4(3), 201–224.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00086

Suryasa, I. W., Sudipa, I. N., Puspani, I. A. M., & Netra, I. M. (2019). Translation Procedure of Happy Emotion of English into Indonesian in Kṛṣṇa Text. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 10(4), 738–745.

https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1004.0 8

Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (2000). A methodology for translation. In The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 84–93). Routledge.