THE TRANSLATION OF BALINESE MATERIAL CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO BALINESE FOLKTALES
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THE TRANSLATION OF BALINESE MATERIAL CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO
BALINESE FOLKTALES
By:
NI KADEK DESIANI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS, UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
Abstrak
Skripsi dengan judul ‘The Translation of Balinese Material Cultural Terms in English with Reference to Balinese Folktales’ bertujuan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan pokok: Apa jenis istilah budaya materi yang ditemukan dan jenis prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan dongeng-dongeng berbahasa Bali ke dalam Bahasa Inggris. Pembahasan ini berhubungan dengan peristiwa sosial sehingga dapat dikategorikan dalam penelitian kualitatif yang dilakukan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan wawancara dengan para informan.
Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari beberapa dongeng dalam buku yang berjudul Satua Bali Tales from Bali oleh Sutjaja dalam edisi kedua. Data dikumpulkan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan metode dokumentasi kemudian diklasifikasi menggunakan teori jenis-jenis budaya materi oleh Newmark (1988) dan dianalisis menggunakan teori prosedur penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000).
Berdasarkan analisis dan pemaparan ditemukan bahwa terdapat lima jenis istilah budaya materi yang dikemukakan oleh Newmark dalam penerjemahan dongeng-dongeng berbahasa Bali ke dalam Bahasa Inggris, dan terdapat enam jenis prosedur penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Dalbernet ditemukan dalam dongeng-dongeng tersebut yang diklasifikasikan menjadi dua metode penerjemahan dasar.
Kata Kunci: Penerjemahan, istilah budaya materi, prosedur penerjemahan.
Cultural knowledge and differences have represented a major focus of translation scholars. Since the translation is not only transferring the meaning linguistically but culture is also important, the study of cultural terms translation plays important role in transferring the source language into the target language. Against the difficulties of translation, many kinds of texts have been translated including folktale. In Bali, there are many folktales with their own characteristics, and the important character they contain a lot of Balinese cultural terms. On one hand, translating those terms is very difficult, moreover, it is also communicating
the message from Balinese into English, and should be attended with the meaning. On the other hand, the meaning should be maintained and the form may change.
Facing the problem of translating cultural terms, this study is concerned with the translation of cultural terms in a Balinese folktale into English. These stories were taken because they are interesting and have several cultural terms especially material culture that can be analyzed.
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1. What types of material cultural terms are applied in the translation of the Balinese material cultural terms in English with reference to the Balinese folktales?
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2. What translation procedures are applied in the translation of the Balinese material cultural terms in English with reference to the Balinese folktales?
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1. To investigate the types of material cultural terms applied in the translation of the Balinese material cultural terms in English with reference to the Balinese folktales.
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2. To describe and explain the translation procedures applied in the translation of the Balinese material cultural terms in English with reference to the Balinese folktales.
Scientific writing is a writing that needs a scientific procedure of creating a success research. Research method has an influential role to determine the success of the report and it is very important to know a valid research. The data collection was dominated with library research and qualitative method was used in presenting the analysis.
In this study, the source of data was mainly written data taken from some of Balinese folktales in a book entitled Satua Bali Tales from Bali by Sutjaja in
the second edition. This book was published by Lotus Widya Suari in 2005 (Denpasar). This analysis is primary research because it is taken from the original source that is folktale. The stories as the data analysis contain two languages: Balinese as the source language, and English as the target language which have several cultural terms that can be classified clearly. Therefore, it will be easier when we are concerned with the analysis of material cultural terms.
Library research was used in this study such as reading or noting down the sources which are related with the topic. The documentation method is also used so that some pictures related to material cultural terms were collected to complete the description. Some steps for collecting the data were done as follows:
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1. First, the folktales were read carefully to find words or phrases indicated as material cultures,
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2. Second, they were observed intensively to identify the material culture appropriate to the requirement.
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3. Third, note taking technique was applied to complete the process. It was done by taking notes and continued by the classification of material cultures based on their types.
The results of the analysis were presented using qualitative method or descriptive-narrative method which describes the content of the study. In brief, the analysis of Balinese material culture can be seen as follows:
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1. First, the note-taking data was checked.
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2. Next, the required material cultural terms based on the theory of Newmark (1988) were explained and continued by the theory of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000).
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3. The description was also presented by adding some pictures and additional information to describe the SL term from the informant as the native speaker.
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4. Finally, the analysis was closed by the conclusion.
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5. The Translation of Balinese Material Cultural Terms in English with Reference to Balinese Folktales
There are eight folktales used in the examples of analysis namely Anak Sugih teken Tiwas (AST), I Belog Kelangan (IBK), I Juragan Anom (IJA), I Siap Badeng (ISB), I Tuung Kuning (ITK), Pan Ketumpit teken I Lutung (PKIL), Men Leket (ML), and I Rare Angon (IRA). Two languages are used as the data, they are: (1) Balinese as the SL, and (2) English translation as the TL.
The first analysis uses the theory of material culture proposed by Newmark (1988). It defines 5 types of material culture with first four classifications (material culture related to foods, clothes, houses and town, and transport). The fifth type (material culture related to equipments) is added depend by some dominated data applied in the stories. The second analysis uses the theory of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000). It defines 7 translation procedures which belong to two basic translation methods they are: 1. Direct translation (Borrowing, Calque, and Literal translation), 2. Oblique translation (Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation).
Below is an example of analysis of one of the five material cultural terms with its analysis completed with picture. Therefore, the terms in the SL can find their equivalence in translation of the TL.
Many language communities have a typical house which for general purposes remains untranslated. The Balinese typical houses and town have cultural value as their custom in architecture. The typical houses of Bali are built in specific form and function. People have their patron as the role to build those traditional houses. Since they are built by people, houses and towns belong to the material culture. The examples in the story can be seen as follows:
|
Title |
Balinese (SL) |
English (TL) |
Procedure |
|
AST |
Suba koné I Tiwas neked jumah, baasé ane baana meli abana ka sanggah, |
When she was back at home, the rice bought was then placed at the piasan for |
Borrowing |
|
pejanga di piasanné, kenehné bakal anggona masilihin baasé pabaang I Curiké. (Page 45) [Data 1] |
replacement of that granted by I Curik. (Page 45) [Data 1] |
This material cultural term is related to the architecture of Balinese people which have specific value and purpose. The data applied can be seen as follow:
[Data 1]
Piasan in the SL sentence baasé ane baana meli abana ka sanggah, pejanga di piasanné which is translated into the rice bought was then placed at the piasan is the term related to the part of temple in Hinduism. It also refers to a building at shrine or temple to put the offerings. Piasan is usually located in the west side of the temple. In Hindu belief, the piasan is derived from word payas which meaning is making up. People believe that piasan is a place where the Gods and the Goddesses making up. Besides, people also believe that it is the place of Goddess Saraswati (name of Goddess in Hinduism). Picture:
Piasan
The example is concerned with the word piasan in the SL sentence which is translated into piasan in the TL uses borrowing procedure. In this data the translator used pure borrowing because in transferring the meaning there are no changes in the form of structure and meaning. The translator applied this technique by borrowing the words or phrases from the source language into the target language. Although borrowing procedure is good strategy but the translator
should give additional information in the TL which describes piasan. In the story, piasan is the place where I Tiwas placed the rice when she was back at home.
From the analysis of this study, it can be concluded that the cultural translation needs to consider the cultures of both SL and TL because the message in the target language should be equivalent as it is in the source language and it should also make sense and easily understood. There are 22 times of material cultural terms appearing from 5 classification of the theory, those are the terms related to foods (3 times), clothes (2 times), houses and towns (7 times), and equipments (10 times).
Six procedures applied to translate the material cultural terms and divided into two basic translation methods. From the direct translation method, there are two translation procedures are mostly used among the three parts of direct translation; they are borrowing (2 times) and literal translation (1 times). From the oblique translation method, all translation procedures are applied among the four parts of oblique translation, those are transposition (6 times), modulation (2 times), equivalence (9 times), and adaptation (2 times). Based on the finding described above, it can be seen that the translation procedures used in the Balinese folktales into English were dominantly oriented toward the oblique translation and implied that there was a quite big cultural gap between the SL and TL with regard to the material cultural terms.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentince-Hall.
Sutjaja, I Gusti Made. 2005. Satua Bali second edition. Denpasar: Lotus Widya Suari.
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. Wardaugh, Ronald. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Black Well.
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