Structure Shift of Noun Phrases in 'The Story of An Hour' and Its Translation 'Kisah Satu Jam'
on
HUMANIS
Journal of Arts and Humanities
p-ISSN: 2528-5076, e-ISSN: 2302-920X
Terakreditasi Sinta-4, SK No: 23/E/KPT/2019
Vol 26.2 Mei 2022: 188-197
Structure Shift of Noun Phrases in “The Story of An Hour” and Its Translation “Kisah Satu Jam”
I Putu Rama Putra, Ni Ketut Widhiarcani Matradewi, I Komang Sumaryana Putra
Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali
Email correspondence: iputuramaputra@gmail.com , ketut.widhiarcani@unud.ac.id , sumaryana_putra@unud.ac.id
Info Artikel
Submitted: 28th March 2022
Revised: 5th May 2022
Accepted: 11th May 2022
Keywords: Noun Phrase, Structure Shift, Translation
Corresponding Author:
I Putu Rama Putra
email:
DOI:
Abstract
One of the short stories that is rather popular among teenagers and adults is The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin in 1894. When reading the translation of the story, there are various translation shifts that can be found, especially the structure shift which is the type that most often occurs in the world of translation because every language has its own grammatical structure. Therefore, this study intended to analyze noun phrases that represent structure shifts using the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965) and the theory of noun phrases by Quirk and Greenbaum (1985). The data were collected using note-taking and observation method which were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively in the form of words and language. This study found two types of noun phrases that represent structure shifts, namely: three data were classified as simple noun phrases and four data were classified as complex noun phrases.
INTRODUCTION
Translation is the process of transferring meaning or messages from the source language into the target language using the closest equivalent to get a natural translation (Nida and Taber, 1969). Machali (2009) also defined translation as replacing the source language text with an equivalent text in the target language according to its original meaning. When translating a text, the target language usually has a different structure with the source language because each language has its own characteristics and grammar. Grammar is a system that regulates the
arrangement of words in conveying meaning correctly (Swan, 2005). Therefore, the translator must understand the grammatical structure between the two languages to get a suitable translation.
In order to solve this problem, translators can apply the translation shift theory proposed by Catford (1965). According to him, shift is a change that occurs when the source language is translated into the target language. There are two major types of translation shift, namely: (1) level shift and (2) category shift. Level shift occurs when components in the source language have
equivalents translation with target language at different levels. Meanwhile, category shift occurs when there is a change from the equivalent formal correspondence that can be classified into four categories, namely: (1) structure shift, (2) class shift, (3) unit shift and (4) intra-system shift. Structure shift is a change in the grammatical structure between the source language and the target language. Class shift is a change in word class between the source language and the target language. Unit shift is the change in language units between the source language and the target language. And intra-system shift is a change that occurs due to differences in the grammar of the two languages.
Based on these four categories, this study intended to analyze the structure shift of noun phrases found in the translation of a short story written by Kate Chopin in 1894 entitled The Story of An Hour. Leech and Svartvik (1975) stated that noun phrase is a collection of words headed by a noun that can function as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. Noun phrases are often accompanied by a determiner, premodifier or postmodifier. For example, the noun phrase the little boy who lives alone consists of ‘the’ as the determiner, ‘little’ as the premodifier, ‘boy’ as the headword and ‘who lives alone’ as the postmodifier.
In Indonesian, nouns and noun phrases also have the same definition as English where the difference lies in their grammatical structure. According to Sneddon et al (2010), nouns are a class of words that refer to people, places, abstract ideas or things. While a noun phrase is a series of words that function as a single noun in a clause or sentence which is usually followed by demonstrative ini ‘this’, itu ‘that’, tersebut ‘already mentioned’ and tadi ‘recently mentioned’. For instance: buku ini is translated into this book. This
identified a structural change that was originally demonstrative ʻiniʼ was after the headword ‘buku’ changed to before the headword ʻbookʼ. Kridalaksana (2008) stated that a noun phrase is a combination of two or more words that are not predicate, the combination can be close or far apart, for example: rumah besar is a phrase because it is nonpredicative, this construction is different from rumah itu besar which is not a phrase because it is predicative.
Noun phrases can consist of several word classes led by a noun, whether it is a proper noun, common noun, countable noun, uncountable noun, regular plural noun or irregular plural noun (Aarts, 1982). Quirk and Greenbaum (1985) further explained that noun phrases can be classified into two types, namely: (1) simple noun phrase and (2) complex noun phrase. Simple noun phrase can be formulated as: modifier + head (N). Meanwhile, complex noun phrase can be formulated as: determiner + pre-modifier + head (N) + post-modifier. Therefore, besides aiming to analyze the structure shift in the translation of the short story, this study also aimed to figure out the types of noun phrases that represent structure shift.
The following are some of the previous works that were used as references in writing this study. The first is an article by Sasmito (2021) entitled “Translation Analysis of Category Shift in Short Story “The Call of Cthulhu””. His study aimed to find out the types of category shifts found in the translation of a novel “The Call of Cthulhu” using the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965) which was analyzed qualitatively. His study found four types of category shift, namely: intra-system shift, structure shift, unit shift, and class shift. His work can support this study because it examined the same topic, namely translation shift. The drawnback of his study is the lack of specific data whether
it is in the form of noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrase or adverb phrases. Therefore, this study only focused on analyzing noun phrases that represent structure shift.
The second is an article by Ayunanda (2021) entitled “An Analysis of Translation Shifts in Maurice Leblanc's the Blonde Lady”. Her study aimed to analyze translation strategies and translation shifts in a novel “The Blonde Lady” using the theories from Baker (1992) and Catford (1965). She collected the data using observation and documentation method which were analyzed qualitatively. She said that three strategies used in the translation of the novel, namely: paraphrasing with related words, paraphrasing with unrelated words, and omitting. She also found two types of translation shift, namely: structure shift and unit shift. Her research emphasized translation strategies more than translation shifts but still this can also be used as a reference because it used the same theory. When reading the article, there are many sub chapters that can confuse the readers. Therefore, this study only used two sub-chapters in classifying the data so that it looks more presentable.
The third is an article from Ariefyanti (2018) entitled “Structural Shifts in the English-Indonesian Novel Translation: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Analysis”. Her research intended to analyze the structural shifts in the nominal and verbal groups found in the novel “The Fault in Our Stars”. Data were collected using the observation method which was analyzed based on the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965). Her research found 38.94% structural shifts of nominal group and 70.59% structural shifts of verbal group. The gap from her study is she mentioned that the data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively however she displayed numbers and percentages. Therefore, this
study only focused on qualitative method without displaying percentages.
The fourth is an undergraduate thesis from Lilis (2021) entitled “The Analysis of Students' Translation Shift In Translating Argumentative Text From English To Bahasa Indonesia”. Her research intended to classify category shift in documents translated by fifth semester English education UIN using the theory proposed by Catford (1965) about regarding translation shift. She collected data using documentation method of which was analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Her research found 17 structure shifts, 7 unit shifts, 5 class shifts and 16 intra system shifts from the student’s translation. Her research can support this study because it discussed the same topic, namely translation shift. However, her research has less specific data sources because it did not mention the name of the author and the year of publication. Therefore, this study uses a clear source of data, namely a short story written by Cate Chopin in 1894 entitled “The Story of an Hour”.
The fifth is an undergraduate thesis from Putri (2021) entitled “Translation Shift Analysis of ANTARA News”. The purpose of her research was to analyze the translation shift in Indonesian-English translation on ANTARA news regarding COVID-19. The data were collected using a note-taking technique that was analyzed qualitatively using the theory of translation shifts by Catford (1965). She found five types of translation shifts in the news translation, namely: level shift, structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift. The similarity is that this study also discussed translation shifts but only focused on one type of shift, namely structure shift. Whereas, the difference is that she used Indonesian as the source language while this study used English as the source language.
The last one is an undergraduate thesis from Maula (2021) entitled “Category Shift Translation In Toy Story 4 Subtitles From English Into Indonesian”. The purpose of his research was to identify the type of category shift in English-Indonesian subtitles on Toy Story 4 movies. The data were collected and analyzed using mixed methods based on the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965). He found 160 shifts in English_Indonesian subtitles of the movie, including 39.375% (63) unit shifts, 34.375% (55) structure shifts, 13.125% (21) class shifts and intrasystem shifts. His research can be used as a reference in writing this article because it discussed the same topic, namely translation shift. The gap from his research is the lack of specific data whether it is in the form of word phrase or sentence. Therefore this study only focused on noun phrases that represent structure shift using a different data source, supporting theory and a different method.
METHODS AND THEORY
The data in this study were in the form of English-Indonesian translation of a short story written by Kate Cophin entitled “The Story of An Hour” published in 1894. Even though it seems old, this literary work was able to provide all the data needed. This study is interested in analyzing Kate Chopin’s short story because it inspired the readers and got 83% likes from Google Users. Furthermore, there are no studies that have analyzed its translation shifts. The short story was translated into Indonesian “Kisah Satu Jam” by Aswan Daniel in 2012. It tells about the dream of freedom from a woman named Mrs. Mallard who received the news that her husband had died in a train accident. She was happy about it, and then she was shocked and had a heart attack because her husband was still alive. When reading the short
story, there are many translation shifts that can be found. Therefore, this study intended to analyze its translation shifts, especially in noun phrases that represent structure shift.
This study used note-taking and observation as technique and method of collecting data. According to Friedman (2014), note-taking is a technique of collecting data by taking a note the points needed. While, observation is a data collection method by observing the object (Sumiyaryono, 2003:10). The first step was to read the short story in turn, both in the English and Indonesian versions. The second step was to observe sentences containing noun phrases that represent structure shift. The third step was to take a note all the data found. And the last step is to give a number each data to facilitate data classification.
This study used a qualitative descriptive method in analyzing the data. According to Cresswell (1998), qualitative research is a type of research that produces findings, where the findings cannot be achieved by statistical measures or other means of quantification or measurement. This type of research can be used to research about social life, history, behavior, literary works and so on. Meanwhile, descriptive method is a method used describe the analysis in written form using words and language (Sugiyono, 2010). In analyzing the data, this study used the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965) as the main theory and the theory of noun phrase by Quirk and Greenbaum (1985) as a supporting theory. The first step was to classify the data based on the type of noun phrases that represent structural shift, whether it is a simple noun phrase or a complex noun phrase. Furthermore, each data is explained based on the structure shifts between the source language and the target language. This study used tables to separate the data
from the description to make it presentable.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the result and discussion of the noun phrases that represent structure shifts in the English-Indonesian translation of the short story The Story of An Hour.
RESULTS
This study found seven data regarding the structural shifts in the
translation that were grouped based on the types of noun phrases.
Table 3.1.1 Structure shift of noun phrases found in the The Story of An Hour
The table below contains data obtained from the translation of The Story of an Hour with English as the source language (SL) and Indonesian as the target language (TL) regarding noun phrases (NP) that represent structural shifts.
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
Types of | |
|
Shift |
NP | |||
|
1 |
Blue sky (paragraph 6, line 1) |
Langit biru (paragraph 6, line 1) |
Structure Shift | |
|
2 |
Countless sparrows (paragraph 5, line 4) |
Burung pipit yang tak terhitung (paragraph 5, line 4) |
Structure Shift |
Simple NP |
|
3 |
Tender hands (paragraph |
Tangan yang lembut (paragraph |
Structure Shift | |
|
13, line 1) |
13, line 2) | |||
|
4 |
A second telegram |
Telegram kedua (paragraph 2, |
Structure Shift | |
|
(paragraph 2, line 5) |
line 6) | |||
|
5 |
The sad message |
Berita buruk (paragraph 2, line |
Structure Shift | |
|
(paragraph 2, line 6) |
7) | |||
|
6 |
The delicious breath of rain (paragraph 5, line 2) |
Hawa hujan yang lezat (paragraph 5, line 2) |
Structure Shift |
Complex NP |
|
7 |
A brief moment of illumination(paragraph 14, line 5) |
Momen iluminasi yang singkat (paragraph 14, line 6) |
Structure Shift | |
DISCUSSION
In this section, the results presented in the table will be explained further using the theory of Translation Shift by Catford (1965) and the theory from Quirk and Greenbaum (1985) regarding the types of noun phrases.
Types of Noun Phrases that Represent Structure Shift
Noun phrase is a phrase headed by a noun that functions as a subject, object or complement in the sentence. It can be classified into two types, namely: simple noun phrase and complex noun phrase.
According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1985) a simple noun phrase is a phrase that only consists of one modifier and headword (noun). The following are simple noun phrases that represent structure shift.
[1-1]
SL : “there were patches of blue sky showing here” (paragraph 6, line 1)
TL : “ada sepetak langit biru yang terlihat di sini” (paragraph 6, line 1)
|
SL |
blue pre-modifier (Adj.) |
sky head (N) |
|
TL |
langit head (N) |
biru post-modifier (Adj.) |
Catford (1965) stated that a structural shift occurs when there is a change in the grammatical structure between the two languages involved. In English, the simple noun phrase “blue sky” which was originally composed of pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) changed to headword (N) + post-modifier (Adj.) when translated into Indonesian “langit biru”. As it is known that the headword in English noun phrases generally comes after the modifier (blue as the modifier, sky as the headword). Unlike with Indonesian noun phrases, the headword generally appear before the modifier (langit as the headword, biru as the modifier). It will not be translated into “biru langit” because it does not match the grammar of the target language. This shows a structure shift from pre-modifier to post-modifier because the two languages have a different grammar that caused changes in grammatical structure.
[1-2]
SL : “countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves” (paragraph 5, line 4)
TL : “burung pipit yang tak terhitung sedang berkicau di atap” (paragraph 5, line 4)
|
SL |
countless pre-modifier (Adj.) |
sparrows head (N) |
|
TL |
burung pipit head (N) |
yang tak terhitung post-modifier (Adj.) |
Structural shift occurs when the target language has a different grammatical structure from the source language. The simple noun phrase from the target language “countless sparrows” that originally consisted of pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) changed to headword (N) + post-modifier (Adj.) when translated into Indonesian “burung pipit yang tak terhitung”. The headword in English noun phrases is put after the modifier. Meanwhile, the headword in Indonesian noun phrases is put before the modifier. If it is translated according to the structure of the source language, then it will be “yang tak terhitung burung pipit” so the meaning is not conveyed correctly. Therefore, the translator must follow the grammar of the target language to get the appropriate translation.
[1-3]
SL : “tender hands folded in death” (paragraph 13, line 1)
TL : “tangan yang lembut terlipat dalam kematian” (paragraph 13, line 2)
|
SL |
tender pre-modifier (Adj.) |
hands head (N) |
|
TL |
tangan head (N) |
yang lembut post-modifier (Adj.) |
Structure shift is a change in grammatical structure that occurs when translating a text. The simple noun phrase from the source language “tender hands” which consists of pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) is translated into “tangan yang lembut” that is composed of headword (N) + post-modifier (Adj.). Modifiers in English noun phrases are usually followed by the headword. Meanwhile, modifiers in Indonesian noun phrases are preceded by the headword. If it is translated according to the structure of the source language, it will be “yang
lembut tangan” that can cause a change in meaning. Therefore, the translator must translate the text according to the grammar of the target language so that the meaning is conveyed correctly.
Quirk and Greenbaum (1985) stated that a complex noun phrase is a phrase that consists of a determiner, premodifier, head word (noun) and postmodifier. The following are complex noun phrases that represent structure shift.
[2-1]
SL : “to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram” (paragraph 2, line 5)
TL : “untuk meyakinkan diri tentang kebenarannya dari telegram kedua” (paragraph 2, line 6)
|
SL |
a Det. |
second premodifier (Adj.) |
telegram head (N) |
|
TL |
telegram head (N) |
kedua postmodifier (Adj.) |
According to Catford (1965), structure shift is a change in grammatical structure when translating a text. The complex noun phrase “a second telegram” that was originally composed of pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) changed to headword (N) + post-modifier (Adj.) when translated into Indonesian “telegram kedua”. The headword in English noun phrases generally comes after the modifier (second as the modifier, telegram as the headword). Unlike with Indonesian noun phrases, the headword usually appear before the modifier (telegram as the headword, kedua as the modifier). It will not be translated into “kedua telegram” because it can change the meaning. This shows a structure shift from pre-modifier to postmodifier because the two languages have
a different grammar that caused changes in grammatical structure.
[2-2]
SL : “less tender friend in bearing the sad message” (paragraph 2, line 6)
TL : “teman yang kurang lembut dalam menyampaikan kabar buruk tersebut” (paragraph 2, line 7)
|
SL |
the Det. |
sad premodifier (Adj.) |
message head (N) |
|
TL |
kabar head (N) |
buruk postmodifier (Adj.) |
Structural shift occurs when the target language has a different grammatical structure from the source language. The complex noun phrase from the target language “the sad message” that originally consisted of pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) changed to headword (N) + post-modifier (Adj.) when translated into Indonesian “kabar buruk”. The headword in English noun phrases is put after the modifier. Meanwhile, the headword in Indonesian noun phrases is put in front of the modifier. It is not translated into “buruk kabar” because it does not match the grammar of the target language. Therefore, the translator must follow the grammar of the target language to get the appropriate translation.
[2-3]
SL : “the delicious breath of rain was in the air” (paragraph 5, line 2)
TL : “hawa hujan yang lezat ada di udara” (paragraph 5, line 2)
|
SL |
the Det. |
delicious premodifier (Adj.) |
breath head (N) |
of rain postmodifier (N) |
|
TL |
hawa hujan head (N) |
yang lezat post-modifier (Adj.) | ||
Catford (1965) stated that a structural shift occurs when there is a change in the grammatical structure between the two languages involved. The complex noun phrase from the source language “the delicious breath of rain” which was originally composed of determiner + pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) + post-modifier (N) changed to headword (N) + post-modifier (Adj.) when it translated into Indonesian “hawa hujan yang lezat”. As it is known that the headword in English noun phrases generally comes after the modifier (delicious as the pre-modifier, breath as the headword and of rain as the post modifier). Unlike with Indonesian noun phrases, the headword generally appear before the modifier (hawa hujan as the headword, yang lezat as the modifier) “breath of rain” can be translated into “hawa hujan” because Indonesia does not have the particle ʻofʼ that made “hawa hujan” as the phrase head because both words are nouns. The post-modifier “of rain” only serves to explain the headword in more detail. If it is translated based on the grammatical structure of the source language, it will be “yang lezat hawa hujan” thus causing a change in meaning. Therefore, the translator have to follow the grammatical structure of the target language so that the message can be conveyed properly.
[2-4]
SL : “a brief moment of illumination” (paragraph 14, line 5)
TL : “momen iluminasi yang singkat”
(paragraph 14, line 6)
|
SL |
a Det. |
brief premodifier (Adj) |
moment head (N) |
of ilumination post-modifier (N) |
|
TL |
momen iluminasi head (N) |
yang singkat post-modifier (Adj.) | ||
The complex noun phrase from the source language “a brief moment of ilumination” that was originally consisted of determiner + pre-modifier (Adj.) + headword (N) + post-modifier (N) changed to headword (N) + postmodifier (Adj.) when it translated into Indonesian “momen iluminasi yang singkat”. The headword in English noun phrases usually comes after the modifier (brief as the pre-modifier, moment as the headword and of ilumination as the post modifier). Different with Indonesian noun phrases, the headword normaly appear before the modifier (momen iluminasi as the headword, yang singkat as the modifier) “moment of ilumination” can be translated into “momen iluminasi” because Indonesia does not have the particle ʻofʼ that made “momen iluminasi” as the phrase head because both words are nouns. The post-modifier “of ilumination” only serves to explain the headword in more detail. If it is translated according to the grammatical structure of the source language, it will be “yang singkat momen iluminasi” thus causing a change in meaning. Therefore, the translator must follow the grammatical structure of the target language so that the message can be conveyed properly. This represents a structure shift because there is a transformation of grammatical structure between the source language and the target language (Catford, 1965).
CONCLUSION
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that structure shifts occur when Indonesian as the target language has a different grammatical structure from English as the source language. The characteristic of Indonesian is that the headword appears before the modifier which can be formulated as headword (N) + modifier (Adj). Whereas, the headword in English noun phrases is
usually put after the modifier that can be formulated as modifier (Adj) + headword (N). The phenomenon of the structure shift in the translation is the change in grammatical structure from modifier + headword to headword + modifier. The headword moves from before or after the modifier and changes in grammatical function from pre-modifier to postmodifier or vice versa. Pre-modifier is a word that functions to modify the headword that is put before the headword. While post-modifier is a word that functions to modify the headword that is put after the headword. If the text is translated according to the grammatical structure of the source language, it can change the meaning in the target language. Therefore, the translator must translate the text according to the grammar of the target language to get an appropriate translation that can be understood by the reader. There are two types of noun phrases that represent structure shifts found in this study, namely: three data were classified as simple noun phrases and four data were classified as complex noun phrases. A simple noun phrase is a phrase that only consists of modifier + headword (N). Meanwhile, a complex noun phrase is a phrase consisting of determiner + premodifier + headword (N) + post
modifier.
REFERENCES
Aarts, F. & Aarts, J. (1982). English Syntactic Structures. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Ariefyanti, N. (2018). Structural Shifts in the English-Indonesian Novel Translation: A Systemic
Functional Linguistics Analysis. Bandung: UPI Availablefrom:
https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ psg/article/view/21255 [Accessed April 11, 2022]
Ayunanda, D. D. (2021). An Analysis of Translation Shifts in Maurice Leblancʼs The Blonde Lady. Surabaya: UNTAG Press Available from:
http://repository.untag-sby.ac.id/12921/8/JURNAL.pdf [Accessed March 18, 2022]
Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistics Theory of Translation. Great
Britain: Oxford University Press.
Chopin, K. (1894). The Story of An Hour. United States: Pdfcorner.com Availablefrom: https://pdfcorner.com/download-the-story-of-an-hour-pdf-book-by-kate-chopin/ [Accessed March 18, 2022]
Cresswell, J. (1998). Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Appproach. California: Sage
Publications.
Friedman, M. C. (2014) Notes on NoteTaking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors. United States: HILT
Kridalaksana, H. (2008). Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama.
Lilis. (2021). The Analysis of Students' Translation Shift In Translating Argumentative Text From English To Bahasa Indonesia. Bandar Lampung: Islamic University of Raden Intan Lampung.
Availablefrom: http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/ 17125/1/bab1-bab5.pdf [Accessed April 11, 2022]
Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1975). A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman
Group Limited.
Machali, R. (2009). Pedoman Bagi
Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
Penerjemah. Bandung: Kaifa.
Maula, N. (2021). Category Shift
Translation In Toy Story 4 Subtitles From English Into Indonesian. Semarang: Walisongo Islamic University
Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Putri, V. M. (2021). Translation Shift Analysis of ANTARA News. Sumatera: Padang University.
Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. (1985). A University Grammar of English. Harlow: Longman Group Ltd.
Sasmito, R. Y. (2021). Translation Analysis of Category Shift in Short Story “The Call of Cthulhu”. ENLIT Journal, 1(2), 120-128.
Availablefrom:
https://jurnal.stkipbjm.ac.id/index. php/enlit/article/view/1404 [Accessed March 18, 2022]
Sneddon, J.N. Adelaar, A. Djenar D.N. Ewing, M.C. (2010). Indonesian Reference Grammar. New South Wales: Allen dan Unwin.
Availablefrom: https://www.pdfdrive.com/indone sian-reference-grammar-d185164694.html
[Accessed March 18, 2022]
Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta
Sumiyaryono. (2003). Makalah
Penelitian Kualitative, Langkah Operational. Surabaya: Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Discussion and feedback