The Meaning of The Verb 'Destroy' in the Balinese Language: A Natural Semantic Meta Language Approach
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p-ISSN: 2528-5076, e-ISSN: 2302-920X
Terakreditasi Sinta-4, SK No: 23/E/KPT/2019 Vol 25.3 Agustus 2021: 292-298
The Meaning of The Verb 'Destroy' in the Balinese Language: A Natural Semantic Meta Language Approach
Ni Wayan Swarniti
Universitas Dwijendra, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia Correspondence email: [email protected]
Keywords:
Lexicon, Verb, Collocation, Semantic
Abstract
This research focused on the discussion about the analysis of the lexicon of the verb 'destroy' in the Balinese language. The data of this research are taken from some verbs in one meaning field with the verb 'destroy' which is found in the Balinese language. After the data collected, the data are analyzed based on the entities, the tools the manners which are related to the lexicons of the verb 'destroy'. Then, the findings of the research are presented descriptively. Based on the analysis, the lexicons in the Balinese language which have the same meaning field with the verb 'destroy' are Ngencakin, Ngremukin, Nguwugang, Menyahin, Nglidekin, Ngededekang, Ngeregreg, Nyakcakin, Nyetset, Mesbes, Ngincuk, and Ngenyagin. They are in the same meaning field but has different meaning based on the context of usage.
INTRODUCTION
There are many verbs in Balinese that have collocations, for example, the verb 'destroy'. In the Balinese language, the verb 'destroy' has many contexts of use. There are several lexicons in the Balinese language that have the same meaning field as the verb "destroy" in English, namely Ngencakin, Ngremukin, Nguwugang, Menyahin, Nglidekin, Ngededekang, Ngeregreg, Nyakcakin, Nyetset, Mesbes, Ngincuk, and Ngenyagin. These lexicons have special semantic characteristics so that each lexicon contains different meanings even though they are in the same field of meaning. When we talk about language forms, we mean words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are
spoken and written (Swarniti, 2019). In this article, it is discussed the analysis of several lexicons of the verb 'destroy' in the Balinese language to find out the differences in the text of the lexicon usage. This will make the text nice and easy to read (Swarniti, 2021).
The existence of different verb forms with similar meanings, as well as the different objects and desired outcomes of the action of the verb are also naturally influenced by the manner of taking, the tools used, and some of them occurring due to the verbalization of the instruments used as the means of taking (Sudipa, 2012); (Widani, 2016). The verbs that populate the predicate function are derived from the nominated pickup tool (denominal verb) through the
implicit process (Wierzbicka, 1996); (Durst, 2004).
In general, researches on the theory of NSM exemplify all meanings, whether lexical, illocutive, or grammatical meanings (Goddard, 1997); (Goddard, C., & Wierzbicka, 2016); (Wierzbicka, 2007); (Farese, 2015). This theory has the distinctiveness of recognizing the special meaning system in a language and in the uniqueness, there is a set of a universal semantic structure called "natural semantic" (Goddard, 1997).
The studied field is more dominant outside the semantic field, such as its parallel sound correspondences (Dgglwlrqdo, R. U., Derxw, L., Duwlfoh, W., & Edwards, 2016); its position in the study of language ecology (Honours, B. A., Rsa, D., Rsa, C., & Ed, 2007); its formation of compound words (Budiarta, 2016); its typological nature of grammatical (Budiarta, 2012); its location at the linguistic world (Engelenhoven, 2010); and possibly there are many others. Apparently, separately conducted investigation on its meaning explication still remains as a prospective project (Sona & Budiarta, 2018).
METHOD AND THEORY
Sources of data in this research are taken from several Balinese language verbs which have the same meaning as the verb 'destroy' in English. The research approach explains that research is carried out solely based on existing facts or phenomena that are empirically alive in the speaker so that what is produced or recorded is in the form of a language that is usually said to be like a portrait or exposure as it is (Sudaryanto, 1993).
There is a theory that is used to solve the problem in this research theoretically. This research used the meta-language theory from Goddard
-
(2015) . His statement regarding language meta is as follows:
The Natural Semantic Meta Language (NSM) approach is a meaning-based approach to linguistic description, applicable to lexicons, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics (Goddard, 2015).
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative because this research focused on the explanation of some lexicons in the Balinese language which have the same meaning as the verb "destroy" in English. To collect the data in this research used the observation method to obtain a variety of data. Then the data is analyzed by looking for entities, tools, and methods associated with the verb "destroy" which is located in the Balinese language. After being analyzed in detail, the findings of this research are presented descriptively.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this subchapter, an analysis of several lexicons in the Balinese language which has the same meaning field as the verb “destroy” in English is explained, namely Ngencakin, Ngremukin,
Nguwugang, Menyahin, Nglidekin,
Ngededekang, Ngeregreg, Nyakcakin, Nyetset, Mesbes, Ngincuk, and Ngenyagin. The analysis of the lexicons is as follows:
Encik - Ngencakin
The lexicon Ngencakin has a destroying meaning in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Ngencakin is egg (taluh). The lexicon Ngencakin is done without tools by being dropped or banged on something hard. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Ngencakin are as follows:
-
1. I Meme ngencakin taluh siap
Mother destroy a chicken egg
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2. Talur bebek encakina teken I Meme
A duck egg is destroyed by mother The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X do something to Y with something (hand)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Remuk - Ngremukin
The lexicon Ngremukin means crushing in English. Entities that can be said to be objects of the lexicon Ngremukin are chips or things that are hard but easy to destroy. The lexicon Ngremukin is carried out by hand or by means of a crusher as if beating it with a stone. The lexicon Ngremukin is done by kneading it into pieces or crumbling it. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Ngremukin are as follows:
-
1. I Meme ngremukin kripik bang I Pekak
Mother crushed the chips to give to grandfather
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2. Kripik remukina teken I Meme
The chips are crushed by mother
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y with something (hands or with hard things)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Uwug - Nguwugang
The lexicon Nguwugang has a devastating meaning in English. Entities that can be said to be objects of the lexicon Nguwugang are all things including a place, a finished work, but this lexicon cannot be used for a plan or event. The lexicon Nguwugang can be done with any tool such as wood or without tools. The lexicon Nguwugang is carried out by destroying by slamming or destroying. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Nguwugang are as follows:
-
1. Made nguwugang pegaen bapane
Made ruined something that had been completed by his father
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2. Pegaen bapane uwugina teken Made Something that had been completed by his father is ruined by Made
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y
with something
(any tools such as wood or without tools)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Benyah - Menyahin
Lexicon Menyahin has a devastating meaning in English. Entities that can be said to be objects of lexicon Menyahin are all things including a place or a plan. Lexicon Menyahin can be done with or without tools. The lexicon Menyahin is carried out by destroying it without remains or shattered into pieces completely. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Menyahin are as follows:
-
1. Agus menyahin abian memene
Agus destroyed his mother's farm
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2. Abian memene benyahina teken Agus
His mother's farm is destroyed by Agus
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y
with something
(tools or without tools)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Lidek - Nglidekin
The lexicon Nglidekin has a destructive meaning in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Nglidekin is the rice plant. The lexicon Nglidekin can be done without tools. The lexicon Nglidekin is carried out by stepping on or destroying rice plants using animal feet. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Nglidekin are as follows:
-
1. Sampine nglidekin padine
Cows destroyed the rice plant
-
2. Padine lidekina teken Sampine
The rice plant are destroyed by cows The implications:
-
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y with something (without tools or animal legs)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Dekdek - Ngededekang
The lexicon Ngededekang has a meaning of destroying in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Ngededekang is rice. The product of the lexicon Ngededekang is flour. The lexicon Ngededekang can be used as a mortar or pounding tool. The lexicon Ngededekang is done by pounding the ingredients using a pounder until they crumble and change shape. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Ngededekang are as follows:
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1. Wayan ngededekang baas di paon
Wayan pounded rice in the kitchen
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2. Baasne dedekina teken Wayan
The rice is pounded by Wayan
The implications:
-
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Good thing happened to something I feel it’s good
X does something to Y with something
(mortar or pounding tool)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Regreg - Ngeregreg
The lexicon Ngeregreg has a devastating meaning in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Ngeregreg is clothing or skin. The lexicon Ngeregreg can be done with knife or without tools. The lexicon Ngeregreg involves shredding or crushing things. Example sentences from the lexicon Ngeregreg are as follows:
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1. Adine ngeregreg bajun-bajun beline
The sister tore her older brother's clothes
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2. Bajun-bajun beline regregina teken adine
Her older brother's clothes are torn by the sister
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y
with something (knife or
without tools)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Cakcak - Nyakcakin
The lexicon Nyakcakin has a devastating meaning in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Nyakcakin is everything. The lexicon Nyakcakin can be done by hand or hard thing. Doing this activity, can be similar with the word “fight or hit”. Example sentences from the lexicon Nyakcakin are as follows:
-
1. Bapane nyakcak base genep
His father destroyed complete ingredients
-
2. Adi cakcakine teken bapane
Adi is hit by his father hardly
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y with something (hand or hard thing)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Setset - Nyetset
The lexicon Nyetset has a destructive meaning in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Nyetset is clothes. The lexicon Nyetset
can be done by hand or without tools. The lexicon Nyetset is carried out by tearing clothes using hands. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Nyetset are as follows:
-
1. Ayu nyetset bajune
Ayu tore her clothes
-
2. Bajune setsetina teken Ayu
Her clothes are torn by Ayu
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y
with something (hands or without tools)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Besbes - Mesbes
The lexicon Mesbes has a destructive meaning in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Mesbes is clothes or foods. The lexicon Mesbes can be done by hand or without tools. The lexicon Mesbes is carried out by tearing clothes or foods into pieces. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Mesbes are as follows:
-
1. I Meme mesbes be siap
Mother tore chicken meat
-
2. Be siap besbesina teken I Meme
Chicken meat are torn by mother
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Good thing happened to something I feel it's good
X does something to Y
with something (hands or
without tools)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Incuk - Ngincuk
The lexicon Ngincuk has the meaning of destroying in English. The entity that can be said to be the object of the lexicon Ngincuk is kitchen herbs. The product of the lexicon Ngincuk is foods. The lexicon Ngincuk can be done using a tool, namely a mortar or pestle. The lexicon Ngincuk is done by pounding the ingredients using a pounder until they crumble and shape changed. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Ngincuk are as follows:
-
1. Wayan Ngincuk base di paon
Wayan pounded kitchen herbs in the kitchen
-
2. Basene incukina teken Wayan
The kitchen herbs is pounded by Wayan
The implications:
-
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Good thing happened to something I feel it’s good
X does something to Y with something
(mortar or pounding tool)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
Nyaag - Ngenyagang
The lexicon Ngenyagang has a devastating meaning in English. Entities that can be said to be objects of the lexicon Ngenyagang are all things including a place, a finished work, a hard thing, a plan or event. The lexicon Ngenyagang can be done with any tool such as wood or without tools. The lexicon Ngenyagang is carried out by destroying. Examples of sentences from the lexicon Ngenyagang are as follows:
-
1. Made Ngenyagang kursi kayune Made ruined wood chair
-
2. Kursi kayune nyaagina teken Made Wood chair is ruined by Made
The implications:
X does something to Y
Something happened to Y
X thinks like:
Bad thing happened to something I feel it's bad
X does something to Y with something
(any tools such as wood or without tools)
Y becomes deformed
X does something like this
CONCLUSION
From the explanation above, it is concluded that several lexicons in the Balinese language have the same meaning field as the verb "destroy" in English, namely Ngencakin, Ngremukin, Nguwugang, Menyahin, Nglidekin,
Ngededekang, Ngeregreg, Nyakcakin, Nyetset, Mesbes, Ngincuk, and Ngenyagin. Some of these lexicons exist in the same field of meaning but have different meanings depending on the context in which they are used.
To know and understand more about the natural semantic metalanguage approach, it is needed to make some researches about this topic. Before analyzing the topic, it is needed to find the main theory that will be used in research.
Therefore, the suggestions here are the topic natural semantic metalanguage approach must be discussed as research in future. This is to make the languages have many various forms based on a different context. The other suggestion is as a student when the research will be made. There are some things that must be prepared. The first is choosing a topic
that is understood clearly. The second is finding the main theory and supporting theory to support the research. Lastly, make sure of the validity of the data that will be used. It will be easy to make research if the things above knew clearly.
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