FORM, FUNCTION, AND MEANING OF “OVER” AND “ABOVE” IN TRANSLATION
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FORM, FUNCTION, AND MEANING OF “OVER” AND “ABOVE” IN
TRANSLATION
By
MADE BAYU SEGARA
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
ABSTRAK
Kata Over dan above merupakan kata dalam bahasa inggris yang lebih dikenal sebagai preposisi. Padahal sesuai teori yang ada kedua kata tersebut memiliki berbagai variasi dalam bentuk, fungsi dan makna dalam kalimat. Over dan above memiliki beberapa variasi bentuk dalam kalimat seperti menjadi kata sifat, preposisi, kata keterangan predikat, dan ungkapan kata kerja. Over dan above memiliki 4 variasi fungsi seperti tempat, waktu, alat, dan penyebab. Over dan above juga memiliki berbagai makna dalam terjemahan sebagai contoh yang ada dalam novel “Percy Jackson The Olympians, The Battle of Labyrinth” dan terjemahannya ditemukan variasi makna dari kata over seperti : ke, di atas, di, atas, dan setelah. Dalam novel tersebut juga ditemukan hanya satu variasi makna dari kata above seperti: di atas. Dalam penelitian ini, Kata over dan above dianalisis dalam aspek bentuk, fungsi, dan makna sesuai teori Larson (1998) dan Quirk et.al (1985).
Kata kunci: bentuk, fungsi, makna, dan preposisi
Starting from a need that translating skill is one important aspect in language. The English prepositions over and above have similarities in form, function, and meaning. Form, Function, and Meaning are three important factors in translation. The translator must discover the meaning of the source language and use the target language form that expresses this meaning in a natural way. In translation, meaning is more important than form. Because of that, many problems come up in translating a text. The translator should choose the most appropriate meaning of the key words namely, over and above which have more than one
meanings. This study analyzed two English words over and above found in the novel entitled “Percy Jackson The Olympians, The Battle of Labyrinth”.
Based on the background above, three problems are discussed in this study. They are:
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1. What are the forms and meaning of “over” and “above” in the novel?
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2. What are the functions of “over” and “above” in the novel?
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3. Aims of the Study
The aims of this study are:
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1. To classify the forms and meaning of “over” and “above” in the novel.
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2. To describe the functions of “over” and “above” in the novel.
To carry out a scientific research, the research method must be followed. The research method in this study can be explained in 3 main categories of points, data source, method of collecting data, and data analysis.
The data source of this study was taken from novel “Percy Jackson The Olympians, The Battle of Labyrinth”. This study analyzed two English words over and above that were explained before in the background. This source was used because words over and above have similarities in form and function that made this study interesting.
In collecting data, library research was applied. The library research was used to obtain information on translation theories, the concepts of form and function. It is relevant to be used in analyzing form and function. The data were collected from all text in novel. Then data were selected which ones are appropriate for the study.
The data were analyzed based on the theories applied in this study. The theories used are the theory of Translation from Larson (1998) and the theory of Preposition by Quirk et.al (1972).
First, the theory from Larson about meaning of translation was used to analyze and find out the meaning and types of translation of the words over and above. The theory from Hornby proposed by (2005) was used to find out the kinds of form of both words. Next, the functions of over and above were analyzed using the theory from Quirk et.al (1972).
In the novel were found some variations of form and meaning of over and above. Hornby (2005:1079) states that over is a word that can be adverb, preposition and noun. For special uses of over in phrasal verbs, look at the entries for the verbs. For example take something over is in the phrasal verb section of taking.
Hornby states that over can become 10 adverbs and 14 prepositions. Based on the data found there are form of over as 8 kinds of preposition, 2 kinds of adverb, 1 adjective and 6 phrasal verbs. Hornby (2005:4) also states that above can become 5 kinds of prepositions and 3 adverbs. Above becomes only preposition 1 that has meaning: somebody/something that is at a higher place of position than another. It shows the function of above as place that found in the novel.
Table 1. The Variations Form of Over Becomes Prepositions found in the
Novel.
|
No |
Source Language |
Target Language |
Page |
|
1 |
, The way she brushed her hair over her shoulder, |
, caranya menyibakkan rambut ke bahunya, |
215/265 |
|
2 |
Swooping over the woods. |
Terbang diatas hutan |
21/26 |
|
3 |
Over at the Aphrodite cabin. |
Di pondok Aphrodite. |
32/41 |
|
4 |
Ranging all over the Atlantic |
Berkobar di seluruh samudra atlantik |
35/44 |
|
5 |
But over the years it has come to mean all. |
Tapi setelah bertahun tahun artinya berubah menjadi semua |
316/390 |
|
6 |
You have no power over me. |
Kau tidak punya kekuasaan atas diriku. |
287/352 |
|
7 |
I couldn’t develop these over the last few millennia. |
Aku tidak bisa mengembangkan ini selama beberapa milenium terakhir |
334/411 |
|
8 |
, Then almost knocked Daedalus over with an enthusiastic leap. |
, kemudian hampir menjatuhkan Daedalus dengan lompatannya yang antusias |
283/347 |
In sentence (1) Over is classified as preposition (1). Over describes the hair resting on the surface of girl shoulder and partly or completely covering it. It refers to Place. In sentence (2) Over is classified as preposition (2). Over explains somebody that takes a position higher than but not touching somebody/something under it. It refers to Place. In sentence (3) Over is classified as preposition (4). Over explains the position of Aphrodite cabin that far and opposite side. In sentence (4) Over is classified as preposition (7). Over describes fire that spread on all area. It explains prepositional meaning of Place. In sentence (5) Over is classified as preposition (8). Over describes the condition that takes more than a particular time. It refers to Time. In sentence (6) is classified as preposition (9). Over explains somebody has not control or authority. It refers to Condition. In sentence (7) Over is classified as preposition (10). Over describes that condition that happen during something. It refers to Time. In sentence (8) Over is classified as preposition (13). Over explains somebody that using something as an
instrument/tool; by means of something. It refers to Instrument. There are some variations meaning of word over.
Table 2. The Variations Form of Over Becomes Adverbs found in The Novel
|
No |
Source Language |
Target Language |
Page |
|
1 |
I brought Grover over |
Aku mengajak Grover ke sini |
45/56 |
|
2 |
All I saw were two overlapping ears and mirrorimage sideburns |
Yang kulihat hanyalah dua telinga yang menutupi satu sama lain dan cambang yang identik seperti bayangan cermin |
98/124 |
In sentence (1) Over is classified as adverb (3). Over explains a subject that brings Grover/somebody across an open space, and a street. It refers to Place. In sentence (2) Over is classified as adverb (7). Over describes an action/something that repeated. It refers to Instrument.
Table 3. The Variations Form of Over Becomes Phrasal Verb found in Novel
|
No |
Source Language |
Target Language |
Page |
|
1 |
, Knocking over a row of trombones. |
Menjatuhkan sederet trombon. |
13/16 |
|
2 |
Then I looked over my bunk… |
Lalu aku memandang tempat tidur… |
34/43 |
|
3 |
Mrs. O’Leary came over, |
Nyonya O’Leary datang menghampiri, |
76/96 |
In sentence (1) knocking + over = knocking over is phrasal verb. Over describes somebody that made something downwards and away from a vertical position. It refers to Condition. In sentence (2) looked + over = looked over is phrasal verb. Over describes an action that moves from one side to another side. It
refers to Condition. In sentence (3) came + over = came over is phrasal verb. Over describes an action that across open space, and a street. It refers to Condition.
Source Language: Then you’re overdue!
Target Language: Berarti sudah saatnya
The example from novel page (13/16) phrase over + due = overdue has form of adjective. Over describes the time that ended. It has function of Time.
Based on all explanation of variation form of over, the result is they are five variations of meaning of English word over. It is translated into ke, di atas, di, atas, and setelah.
Table 5. Explanation Form of Above Becomes Prepositions found in Novel.
It is found that there is only one kind of preposition of above.
Source Language: I could see the scorpions above us,
Target Language: Aku bisa melihat kalajengking kalajengking di atasku
The example from novel page (58/72) above is classified as preposition (1). It has meaning at or to a higher place or position than something/somebody. It refers to Place. Above only has one variational meaning, that is: di atas
Preposition has 4 types of function such as: place, time, instrument, and cause (Quirk et.al, 1972:43). The function of preposition refers to the use of preposition in the sentence. There are 3 functions of English preposition of over and one function of above is found in novel. For examples:
Table 4. The Variation of Function “Over”.
|
No |
Source Language |
Target Language |
Page |
Function |
|
1 |
Swooping over the woods |
Terbang diatas hutan |
21/2 6 |
Place |
|
2 |
But over the years it has come to mean all. |
Tapi setelah bertahun tahun artinya berubah menjadi semua |
316/ 390 |
Time |
|
3 |
, Then almost knocked Daedalus over with an enthusiastic leap. |
, kemudian hampir menjatuhkan Daedalus dengan lompatannya yang antusias |
283/ 347 |
Instrument |
In example (1) over has function of place. Over as function of place describes the position of somebody that swooping above the woods. In sentence (2) over has function of time. Over as function of time explains the period of condition that happens for several phase. The prepositional phrase over with is translated into dengan. It explains the function over marking of instrument. Over in sentence (3) describes the enthusiastic leap as an instrument that used by subject to knock another person/Daedalus.
There is only one function of above found in the novel.
Source Language: Above his head
Target Language: Di atas kepalanya
The example from novel page (20/25) above has function of place. The word above is translated into diatas. It explains position that takes space over another object/his head.
This journal discusses the form, function and meaning of the word “over” and “above” in Indonesian as the target language. The use of word “over” and “above” is presented here as found in the novel “Percy Jackson The Olympians, The Battle of Labyrinth” (2008) by Rick Riordan and translated into Indonesia by
Reni Indardini. The number of English word over is found more than above in source language. The data is distinguished by modifying the analysis to make it more incisive. The data mostly analyzed in full-modified literal translation. It is found that there are 8 kinds of preposition, 2 kinds of adverb, 1 adjective and 3 phrasal verbs the forms of over. The English word above only becomes preposition (1) that has meaning: at or to a higher place or position that something/somebody. It is found that over has function as place, time, and instrument. It is found that the function of above is as place in the novel.
Hornby, A.S. 2005. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Larson, Mildred L. 1998. Meaning-Based Translation. United States of America: University Press of America.
Quirk, Randolph et.al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Ltd.
Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Hongkong: Longman Group Limited.
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