PERSONAL REFERENCE USING IN A PROSE ENTITLED “CALON ARANG”
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PERSONAL REFERENCE USING IN A PROSE
ENTITLED “CALON ARANG”
Ida Bagus Cahya Ambara Jaya
Jurusan Non-Reguler Sastra Inggris Fakultas Sastra Unud
Abstrak:
Makalah ini menganalisa tentang personal reference yang muncul dalam prosa Calon Arang. Prosa Calon Arang dikarang oleh Toety Herati dan diterjemahkan oleh Iwan Mucipto Moelinono and Kadek Khrisna Adidharma. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Cohession oleh Halliday dan Hasan dalam bukunya yang berjudul Cohession in English. Prosa Calon Arang sendiri kaya akan data yang dapat dianalisa baik dari segi cerita, gaya bahasa dan personal reference itu sendiri. Namun, Prosa tersebut haruslah dibaca secara intensif kemudian dibuatkan sebuah catatan pada data yang ditemukan kemudian dikualifikasikan sesuai dengan teori yang digunakan. Pemaparan makalah ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif. Berdasarkan analisa,terdapat bebagai macam contoh personal refrence yang ditemuka dalam prosa Calon Arang antara lain personal reference I, Her dan His, You, Their, We, dan One. Kepaduan penggunaan reference dalam prosa dapat merujuk pada penggunaan reference sebelumnya (anaforis) dan reference pengikutnya (eksoporis).
Kata kunci: reference, prose
1. Background of Study
Reference is means of cohesion. It can be differentiated from other cohesive relation such as, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion, since it purely semantic relations while the other is grammatical class relation (substitution and ellipsis), indirect semantic relation (conjunction), and selected vocabulary relation (lexical cohesion). Sometimes the reader feel confuse in understand the word they read. It is caused by the arrangement of sentences in a prose using a lot of various words which replace one word that related to the others. This means that one word in a sentence sometimes has meaning that refers to one word in the previous sentences or refers to the word in the next word.
Reference is divided into three types, they are, personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference. Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through category of person. Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on a scale of proximity. The last one is comparative reference in indirect reference by means of identity or similarity. (Halliday and Hasan. 1976:37)
The category of personal includes three classes of personal pronouns, possessive determiners (usually called 'possessive adjectives'), and possessive pronouns. There is no general name for this category in traditional grammar, because the members of it belong to different classes with diverse structural roles; but in fact they represent a single system. The significance of the person system is that it is the means of referring to relevant persons and objects, making use of a small set of options centering on the particular nature of their relevance to the speech situation. The principal distinction is that between the persons defined by their roles in the communication process, on the one hand, and all other entities on the other.
Literature as the creation of the writer’s imagination can be divided into three major genres they are poetry, drama, and prose. Prose is one of those genres that the most interesting to be analyzed. Prose can be divided into fiction and non-fiction. In term of type and organization, there are three types of fictions, such as a short story, short novel and novel. The earliest is one of the fictions which have simple plot and character. The later in terms of number of pages is in the middle, between short story and novel, and the latest is a story of someone life and mostly describes characters and introduces more than one impression, effect or emotion.
There is very interesting prose entitled “Calon Arang” narrated by Toeti Heraty. A prose is translated into English by Iwan Mucipto Moeliono and Kadek Krishna Adidharma (2006). I choose a translated work not the original English version because in development our young generations forget about our culture that gave big influence in our life’s as we knew that many
tourism came to Indonesia especially to Bali because they very interested to our cultures. In this study I want to remind our young generation we have many cultures that we should take care of due to make them everlasting generation to generation; not to forget them.
In Calon Arang prose there are a lot of reference can found and it is very interesting to be analyzed how the writer insert cohesion to convey the meaning of Calon Arang story to the readers. Based on the explanation above it is interesting to interpreting the cohesiveness and the message of the written text. For the further study, is to do study in interpreting the cohesiveness and the message of the text by looking at its cohesive devices especially, reference.
This research tries to reveal the message behind prose, cohesive device especially reference and its function which consist in it. From the background above, this study concern on the following problems:
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1. What types of personal references are found in Heraty’s Calon Arang prose?
The aim of study is to find out the types of personal reference in Heraty’s Calon Arang prose by applying the theories which have been learned.
In this study, the data was taken from the story entitled “Calon Arang”, by Toety Heraty (2000) and translated into English by Iwan Mucipto Moeliono and Kadek Krishna Adidharma (2006). “Calon Arang” is a Balinese
folktale, which is the original language was Indonesian. In its development, the story of “Calon Arang” is translated into English and it is reasonable to analyze it as the object of this study. The word selection in those prose is has idiomatic meaning. It is not just a good prose, but it also can give the readers a positive moral teaching.
The prose as the data source was read through a close reading, that is by reading it repeatedly and intensively in order to find out the compiled and classified based on each reference that constructing the prose. After reading the prose, the following process was taking notes and finally listing or grouping the data source related to the points which were discussed.
The data was analyzed qualitatively and descriptively based on Halliday’s concept of cohesiveness of the text. The analysis was start by finding out the types of reference used in a prose, and then followed by analyzing how they are presented in the prose. Those sub classification were analyzed and explained descriptively based on the concept of cohesion specially reference items which proposed by M.A.K Halliday and Riquaiya Hasan, (1976), in their book entitled Cohesion in English, and also supported by other discourse theories.
Example 1:
“Ah, now I understand how she became a victim of patriarchy, anger and fury consuming her. No need for a holy priest, she burned with such vengeance, her brittle body engulfed by fire.” (Heraty;2006:4)
‘I’ in the sentences is referring to something by specifying its function or role in the situation. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976) this system of reference is known as person. In the sentence above ‘I’ is referring to the writer, since it refers outwards this personal reference can be categorized as exophoric reference.
Example 2:
“Calon Arang – so people called her Bali symbol of evilopposing Barong, his victory never assured the witch’s matted hair hanging loose tongue protruding, fangs and claws grasping pendulous breast a-sway. She is just an old woman a crone with anger overflowing (Heraty; 2006:1)
Generally, personal reference she is used to refer to singular female person. Personal reference she is categorized as other roles in subject participant. If it is non-subject, it is changed into her. Meanwhile, as possessor, it is changed into her which function as modifier or head. This type of reference can be categorized as an anaphoric reference because her in the sentence is refers back to Calon Arang.
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Example 4:
“Oh Calon Arang, what an unhappy fate an entire country punished for love’s sake but your own child betrayed you for love – you became a fury for love – you were destroyed by a priest.” (Heraty;2006:4)
Here we can see that you is referring to the person which is Calon Arang. The changing happens due to the change of speaker roles. The reference itself can be categorized as cataphoric reference.
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Example 5:
“Their dancing gladdens Calon Arang’s heart the dancing over, she sends them on their tasks in five directions: Si Lendi – south, Si Larung – north, Si Guyang –east, Si Gandi – west. Calon Arang, Si Weksira and Mahisawardana in the centre. Then Calon Arang goes to the cemetery – (Heraty;2006:17)
The determiner their serves function referring to different person which are Si Lendi, Si Larung, Si Guyang and Si Gandi. The changing
happens due to the change of speaker roles. The reference itself can be categorized as cataphoric reference.
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Example 6:
“Again we glimpse the kingdoms history eight centuries ago Singosari, Majapahit and Kediri embodying the enchantment of bygone days. Priest Baradah giving counsel to Erlangga to divide his kingdominto Kediri and Jenggala.” (Heraty;2006:13)
In the example above, we is categorized as exophoric reference since it refers outwards. The source of identification not lies in the text. The meaning of we in the text is referring to the writer and the reader of the book.
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Example 7:
“ A widow is a woman left by her loved one. Somewhere between maiden in love and mourning widow, gapes a chasm – the widow lies on her bed, emptiness beating in her vagina, embraces the bolster – so, perchance did the grieving Calon Arang. ” (Heraty;2006:7)
One is a generalized personal form for human reference, it make specific reference to persons or things. In the example above we can see that one is referring to man which in the sentences is outside the text. This mean it can be categorized as exophoric.
Based on the analysis and discussion in the previous chapter, the following points can be drawn as conclusion:
The Reference in the data is of three types; those are the personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. The kinds of personal reference that occur in this prose are: I, her, his, it, you, we, one and their. This is related to prose which is about that reference. Reference shows its cohesiveness in the prose by referring back to the preceding reference (or
called anaphoric) and the following reference (or called cataphoric). Exophoric is not simply a synonym for retrieval meaning. It is one which does not name anything; it signals that reference must be made to the context of situation. Exophoric is a relation which refers ‘outward’, the relation that refers to some person or object in the environment not to the text itself. Meanwhile, endhoporic is a reference when the source of identification lies in the text.
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