The Analysis of Semantic Types of Adjective Classes in Adjective Noun Collocation with Reference to the Novel Victims of Violence
on
ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 21.1 Nopember 2017: 24-30
The Analysis of Semantic Types of Adjective Classes in Adjective Noun Collocation with Reference to the Novel Victims of Violence
Vina Witri Noviana
English Department, Faculty Of Arts -Udayana University [[email protected]]
Abstrak
Penelitian ini berjudul“Analisis tipe-tipe semantik dari kelas kata sifat pada kolokasi kata sifat yang mengandung kata benda dengan mengacu pada novel Victims of Violence” bertujuan meneliti dan menganalisis tipe-tipe semantik pada kolokasi kata sifat yang mengandung kata benda.Data penelitianini di ambildari novel yang berjudul Victims of Violence.Novel ini dipublikasikan pada 7 April 2003. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode perpustakaan dan dianalisis dengan metode kualitatif.Teori yang digunakan adalah teori yang diusulkan oleh Quirk (1973) tentang tipe semantik pada kata sifat. Ada delapan tipe semantik pada kelas kata sifat yaitu;mengintensifkan kata sifat, pusat penentu dan pembatas kata sifat, ukuran subjektif, ukuran objektif,menunjukkan usia, menunjukkan warna, menunjukkan material dan menunjukkan asal atau gaya. Ada 42 contoh data yang dimasukkan dalam analisis ini.Selain itu, untuk menganalisis makna pada data ada tiga tipe utama yang terdapat pada kolokasi yaitu based wholly on the meaning of the item,based on the range and based on the strictest sense. Menurut analisis pendukung, pada analisis ini ditemukan sebagian besar contoh masuk kedalam kolokasibased wholly on the meaning of the itemdimana maknanya diambil dari kata-kata individual.Dua contoh dimasukkan kedalam kolokasibased on the strictest sense yaitu berdasarkan konteks situasi tertentu yang mendukungnya. Contoh lainnya dimasukkan kedalam kolokasi based on the range karena mereka dapat bersama dengan jenis kata yang memiliki bebarapa fitur semantik yang sama.
Kata kunci: semantik,kolokasi,kata
Semantic is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. To link a word with another word is very important to create a meaning. A word cannot stand by itself because it does not have meaning. A word can have meaning when it entries a sentence or a clause. The individual words combine together as phrases and sentences in a language. The word combination comes from the two words or more which combine and linked eachother. As we know, there are many kinds of word combinations. However, this study focuses on collocation.
The collocation is concerned with how words go together (Larson, 1984:155). The collocation is categorized into six different types, they are; verb + noun, adjective + noun, noun + noun, adverb + adjective and verb + adverb. Collocation is concerned with how words are combined together here; a word cannot just combine with other words without looking at the meaning carried by a word. However, this study only focuses on adjective noun. Adjective noun means in some instance, more than one adjective (or more than one form of the same adjective) can collocate with the same noun. For example, the colocation light
bag. The word light denotes weight which means the bag is light. In this case, thenoun adjective collocation can be found in many literary works. One of them is a novel entitled Victims of Violence by Joan Jonker.
Based on the background stated above, the problem addressed in research can be formulated into following questions:
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1. What semantic types of adjective classes in adjective noun collocation are found in the novel entitled Victims of Violence?
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2. What meanings of adjective noun collocation are found in the novel entitledVictims of
Violence?
In this writing, there are two aims, they are:
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1. To find out the semantic types of adjective in noun adjective collocation found in the novel entitled Victims of Violence.
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2. To explain the meanings of the adjective nouncollocations
found in the novel
entitledVictims of Violence.
Data source is all of the information about of the research object from which the dataare taken. In this study, the data were taken from the novel entitled Victims of Violence. This novel was written by Joan Jonker. This novel was first published in April 7, 2003. The data which were taken from this novel are the collocations formed in adjective noun combination which
support this study.The researcher chose this novel as the data source because there are many data correlated to the main topic of this research which is about the adjective noun collocation.
Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The data were collectedby reading the novel in narration, conversations and notes. The textswere collected to find out the collocation forms. The collocation was only limited to adjective noun. The words were noted or quoted in the texts which show the adjective noun collocation. The data chosen are relevant to semantic types. The data were identified, grouped and classified according to their types. The meaning could be found and explained based on the theory used. Afterwards, the data were grouped based on three types of collocation.
Method and Technique of Analysing Data
The collected data were analysedusing the qualitative method based on the explanation of the theory in theoretical framework. The theory of semantic type of adjective used to analyze thenoun collocation is proposed byQuirk (1973). The theory used to get the meanings of adjective noun collocation is proposed by Palmer (1976:76).
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5. Analysis
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1. The Semantic Types of Adjective Classes
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A. Intensifying Adjectives
Intensifying adjectives have a heightening or lowering effect on the noun they modify. Some adjectives are considered intensifying adjectives, such as loud. These words can co-occur with words to form collocation.
Examples [3-1]:
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a) If he’d been here, ‘she said in a loud voice,... (Jonker, 2003: 70) The adjectiveloudin the example above collocates to some nouns and create the meaning both based wholly on the meaning of the item.
Post determiners and limiter adjectives are used to particularize the reference of nouns. This class commonly co-occurs with nouns to specify the noun itself. The adjective, which belongs to this type isonly. The following is the collocational pattern of post determiner and limiter adjective class.
Examples [3-2]:
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a) Her only answer was a shrug og the shoulders... (Jonker, 2003: 76)
The adjective onlyin the
example above collocates to some nouns and create the meaning basedon the strictest sense.
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C. Semantic Type of General Adjective Susceptible to Subjective Measure
This kind of adjective is commonly used to denote feelings, ideas and experiences. Itis based on personal taste or opinions. It makes this adjective susceptible. There are some adjectives found in the novel that belong to subjective measure, one of which isgood.
Examples [3-3]:
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a) They deserve a bloody good hiding, but they don’t get it. (Jonker, 2003: 29)
The adjective good in the examples above collocate to
somemeans andcreate the meaning bothbased on the strictest sense.
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D. Semantic Type of General
Adjective Susceptible to
Objective Measure (Size orShape)
This kind of adjective is denoting size or shape. It is susceptible which is commonly used to denote size of an object. Big, is an example of this type of adjective class. This adjective commonly collocates with nouns to form collocation.
Example [3-4]:
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a) ...‘As long as there are no big words.’ (Jonker, 2003: 73)
The adjective big in the examples above collocate to some nouns and create the meaningbased on the range.
The word age means the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed;the letter part of life; period of history with special characteristics; a very long time (Hornby, 1995: 22).
Adjectives that are commonly used to denote age areold and young.
Examples [3-5]:
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a) Nor did they mention the fear that must have been in those young hearts. (Jonker, 2003: 101)
The adjective young in the examples above collocate to some nouns and create the meaning based on the range.
Color is determined as a visible quality that objects have, produced by the way they reflect light. Here, by using the words of color, a person can specify something in term of its color.
There is only one example of adjective denoting color. They are black.
Examples [3-6]:
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a) ...and underneath, in heavy black print, ‘The Facts and the Frenzy’. (Jonker, 2003: 216)
The adjective black in the example above collocate to some nouns and create the meaning based wholly on the meaning of the item.
This type of adjective is used to show the substance that things can be made from. The common adjectives used to denote material are plastic, wooden, golden, glass, etc. In the novel Victims of Violence, there are two adjectivesthat denote material and modify some nouns and collocate each other. The adjective iswooden.
Examples [3-7]:
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a) ...he could see that wooden box and visualize the body...
(Jonkerr, 2003: 147)
The adjective wooden in the example above collocates to some nouns andcreate the meaning based on the range.
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H. Semantic Type of Denominal Adjectives Denoting Provenance or Style
This type of adjective is used to show the division country of someone or design of something. In the novel Victims of Violence, there are three adjectives that denote provenance or style and modify some nouns and collocate each other exemplified by the word British.
Examples [3-8]:
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a) I contacted British Rail and booked several coaches on the
London train.(Jonker, 2003: 190)
The adjectivesBritish, American, and Irish in the examples above collocate to some nouns and create the meaning based wholly on the meaning of the item.
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2. The Meaning of Collocations A. The Meaning of Collocation
Based Wholly on the Meaning of the Item
The collocation loud voice comes from the combination of adjective loud and the noun voice. Loud means producing much noise, easily heard, forcing people to notice them or it (Hornby, 1995: 698).Voice means sounds produced through the mouth by a person speaking or singing. As this collocation belongs to the type based on the whole meaning. The meaning is derived from the combination of the two words of adjective and noun. So, the collocation loud voice means sound produced by a person speaking which much noise, easily heard.
The collocation only answer comes from the combination of adjective only and the noun answer. Only is used to give a limitation of something in term of its number. The adjective only refers to no one or nothing else that exists or present when it is used in isolation (Hornby, 1995: 810). Answer means the thing said or written in response to reply or solution (Hornby, 1995: 115). As this collocation belongs to the type based on the whole meaning, the meaning is derived from the combination of the two words of adjective and noun. So, the collocation only answer means limitation of thing said in response to reply.
The collocation black print comes from the combination of the adjective black and the noun print.
Black means the color that has the very dark color, like night or coal (Hornby, 2010: 138). Print means producingletters, on paper using a machine that puts ink on the surface (Hornby, 2010: 649). As this collocation belongs to the type based on the whole meaning, the meaning is derived from the combination of the two words of adjective and noun. So, the collocation black print means producing letters in paper using a machine with a dark color.
The collocation British rail comes from the combination of adjective British and the noun rail. British means relating to Great Britain or the United Kingdom, or to its people or language (Hornby, 2010: 1132). Rail means steel bar on which trains run (Hornby, 2010: 662). As this collocation belongs to the type based on the whole meaning, the meaning is derived from the combination of the two words of adjective and noun. So, the collocation Britis rail means steel bar on which trains runs located at England.
The collocation big words comes from the combination of adjective big and the noun words. This adjective noun belongs to the based on the range because the meaning which is created is derives from the secondary meaning. The adjective big means large in size, extent or intensity (Hornby, 1995:105). The noun words means written or spoken unit of language or thing that you say (Hornby, 2010: 613). The adjective noun big words mean words that arent in someone’s limited vocabulary in which he or she would be accused as trying hard to sound intellegent. In other words, it end up as nonsense.
The collocation young hearts comes from the combination of adjective young and the noun heart. This adjective noun is based on the range because the meaning which is created is derived from the secondary meaning. The adjective young means not far advanced in life, growth, development, etc. (Hornby, 1995:1389). The noun heart means organ that pumps blood around the body (Honby, 2010: 306). The adjective noun young heart points to the children as they are typically innocent.
The collocation wooden box comes from the combination of the adjective wooden and the noun box. This adjective noun belongs to the range because the meaning which is created is derived from the secondary meaning. The adjective wooden means made of wood; the hard material that the trunk and branches of a tree are made of (Hornby 2010: 512). The noun box means container made of wood, cardboard,etc., usually with a lid, used for holding solid things (Hornby, 2010: 147). The adjective noun wooden box has the similar meaning to coffin. Coffin means box in which a dead body is buried or cremated.
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C. The Meaning of the Collocational Based on the Strictest Sense, Involving Neither Meaning Nor Range.
The collocation good hiding comes from the combination of the adjective good and the noun hiding. This collocation is considered collocation based on the strictest sense because the words which collocate each other suit the context it occurs. The adjective good has the meaning of showing the high quality of something or pleasant; that you enjoy or want (Hornby, 1995:512). The noun hiding
means physical punishment of being beaten (Hornby, 2010:309). It shows that the collocation good hiding naturally means term for the act of threatening someone by hitting or slapping. The context supports that the collocation means that way. The adjective good means the sarcasm. The collocation good hiding is easily understood since they occur each other by the context. In contrary, the adjective nice which has the same meaning to good cannot collocate with hiding to create the same meaning as it is not easily understood and does not sound natural eventhough they are synonyms.
After analyzing the data which were taken from the novel Victims of Violence, it canbe concluded that there are some semantic types of adjective classes found in the novel. As this study focuses on the adjective noun combination from the collocation, the data are limited to fulfill the collocation restrictions on the adjective noun collocation.
There were eight semantic types of adjective classes analyzed as the data. They were intensifying adjective there some combinations of adjective noun collocation found such as loud. In post determiner and limiter adjective, the collocation which was found is only. In the subjective measure, the collocation which was found isgood. In the objective measure, the collocation which was found isbig. In denoting age, the collocation which was found
isyoung. In denoting color, the
collocation which was found isblack. In denoting material, the collocationwhich was found iswooden. In denoting
provenance and style, the collocation which was found isBritish.
Furthermore, the categorized collocations above were divided into three collocation restrictions to reveal the meaning of each collocation. They are collocation based wholly on the meaning of the item in which the meaning is taken from the individual words such asloud voice, black print,and British rail.The second type is collocation based on the range such as big words, young hearts,and wooden box. The last type is collocation based on the strictest sense, involving neither meaning nor range such as last straw and good hiding. Moreover, the adjectives that modify the noun cannot be replaced by other adjectiveseven though they are synonyms.
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