ISSN: 2302-920X

Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud

Vol 17.1 Oktober 2016: 257 - 264

Shift Of Noun Phrases In The Translation Of the Fault In Our Star Into Indonesian Version

Rico Yulianto Putro1*, Ni Ketut Alit Ida Setianingsih2, I Gusti Agung Istri Aryani3 123English Department Faculty Of Arts, Udayana University 1[ricoyuliantoputro150794@gmail.com] 2[alit_ida@yahoo.com] 3[ig_aryani@yahoo.com]

Corresponding Author

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tipe dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi category shift yang muncul pada novel The fault in Our Star. Data yang dikumpulkan setelah membaca kedua versi novel tersebut di klasifikasikan menurut tipe-tipe category shift. Data dikategorikan berdasarkan teori yang dikemukakan oleh Catford, dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan metode kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat empat tipe category shift dan empat faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya category shift pada novel The Fault in Our Star.Structure shift, unit shift, class shift dan intra-system shift adalah tipe-tipe category shift yang muncul pada novel. Munculnya category shift pada novel ini dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan struktur noun phrase, perbedaan kelas kata, perbedaan jumlah komponen, dan perbedaan kata plural dan singular dalam penerjemahan bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa target.

Kata kunci: translation,noun phrase,shift

  • 1.    Background of the study

Shift is very general in translation because translation is a place where shift occurs. Shift can be found when one language is compared with another language. Shift means departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language to the target language. Catford mentioned two types of shift that may occur in the process of translation. They are level shift and category shift. Category shift can be divided into four types of shift, namely structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intrasystem shift.

  • 2.    Problem of the study

The problems discussed in this present study are:

  • 1.    What types of category shift occurred in the translation of noun phrases in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Indonesian?

  • 2.    What factors contributing to the category shift in the translation of English noun phrases into Indonesian in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars?

  • 3.    Aims of the study

The aims of this study are:

  • 1.    To find out and explain the types of category shift occuring in the translation of noun phrases in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars.

  • 2.    To investigate and explain the factors determining the category shift in the translation of English noun phrases into Indonesian in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars?

  • 4.    Research method

The data were taken from the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars . Since this study is about translation, the data were also taken from English and Indonesian versions. This novel was used as data source because it has a lot of examples of category shifts.

In this study, the method of library research was applied assisted by some techniques: The data were taken by reading attentively sentence by sentence to find the category shift taking place in the translation of noun phrases. After reading the original version and the novel in Indonesian version, the noun phrases which were shifted were

underlined, thenthe data were typed. In searching for equivalent, the data found in the novel were compared and classified based on their types of category shift.

This writing is qualitative research. The data were collected and analyzed qualitatively. The data were analyzed qualitatively, meaning that the data were analyzed and description and explanation were given clearly. The comparative analysis was also applied to the collected data. The data in source language and target language were compared to comprehend and find out whatwords or phrases belong to what type of category shift.

  • 5.    Result and discussion

    • 5.1    Category Shift in Noun Phrase with Determinative as Modifier

      • 5.1.1 The analysis of Class shift and Structure shift

        NO

        Source Language

        Target Language

        1

        After i finished, there was along quite a long period of silence as i watched a smile spread all the way across Augustus’s face-not the little crooked smile of the boy trying to be sexy while he stared at me, but his real smile, to big for the face.

        Page:13

        Setelah aku selesai bicara, muncul keheningan cukup panjang. Aku mengamati senyuman yang mengembang lebar diwajah Augustus-bukan sedikit senyum miring yang berupaya tampak seksi ketika menatapku itu, tapi senyum aslinya, yang terlalu lebar untuk wajahnya.

        Page: 23

The first noun phrase stated in the sentence above is his real smile. It is clear from the sentence that the translation equivalent of this noun phrase is senyum aslinya. The noun phrase in source language consists of three constituents as well as its translation equivalent in target language. It seems that the translator made a good adjustment in the process of translating this noun phrase. However, the adjustment chosen by the translator represents structure shift.

His real smile has smile as head. It is modified by determiner his which is a possessive pronoun which functions as possessive marker, and adjective real as

premodifier. This means that the head is expanded to the left side. However, the translation equivalent of this noun phrase has head which is expanded to the right side. The diagram below shows the way of structure shift from head which is expanded to the left side to head which is expanded to the right side.

SL: His


real


smile



The diagram above shows that the formal correspondence of smile was senyum. But it is in a different sequence. This diagram also shows that real has asli as its formal correspondence. It reveals shift in word class. Real is an adjective and it is translated into asli which is considered a noun in target language. The translation real into asli is one phenomenon showing that it is an obligatory shift since the formal correspondence of adjective in source language is a noun in target language. This also becomes the reason why suffix –nya is stated in the end of asli. It is because senyum asli is a compound noun. Due to the language system, suffix –nya should be stated at the end of the noun -nya is formal correspondence of his. In source language, his functions as possessive marker, but it is stated at the end of noun.

  • 5.2 . Category Shift in Noun Phrase with Adjective as Premodification

    • 5.2.1 The Analysis of Structure Shift, Unit Shift, Class Shift and Intra-System

Shift

NO

Source Language

Target Language

2

So when I pointed out of pair of sandals that would suit her skin tone, she was like, “yeah, but...”the but being but they will expose the hideous second toes to the public

Jadi, ketika aku menunjuk sandalyang sesuai dengan warna kulitnya, dia berkata, “ ya, tapi...” kelanjutan nya adalah : tapi sandal itu akan memamerkan telunjuk kuku kaki yang menjijikkan

Page: 43


Page: 62

The second example above presents noun phrase which consists of three elements; the noun phrase is the hideous second toes. The isa constituent that functions as a determiner. This determiner is known as a definite article. Hideous is a constituent that functions as a determiner too; however, this is an adjective which functions as the predeterminer. Second toes are a compound word that functions as head.

The translation equivalent of this noun phrase istelunjuk kuku kaki yang menjijikkan. The head is telunjuk kuku kaki. This translation equivalent represents shifts. From its elements, it can be said that there is a change in the sequence of the head in source language and target language. The internal structure of noun phrase in source language shows that the head is presented after the modifier. In other words this translation equivalent shows the structure shift, namely, the change in the sequence of the head in source language and target language. Here is the diagram that shows the structure shift.

SL : the hideous second toes

M1 M2 H


TL: telunjuk kuku kaki yang menjijikkan

H            Q

The diagram above shows that the sequence of the head and second modifier or predeterminer is swapped in target language. This shift is, as the previous data being analyzed, is an obligatory shift because the language system of the source language is different from that of the target language .

Besides, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift also occur. Class shift is represented by the translation equivalent of hideous. Hideous is an adjective which

means something very ugly or unpleasant (Hornby 2010: 705). This adjective is translated into verb menjijikkan.

The unit shift is represented by the elements forming the head in target language. The head in target language is modified by clause, while in source language the elements modifying the head are lexicon. Besides, the word “toes” in source language and phrase “kuku kaki” in target language also represents unit shift. The unit shift is the change in the rank of the modifier in noun phrase in source language into clause.

The intra-system shift is represented by the word toes and its translation kuku kaki. Toes is plural while kuku kaki is singular. Intra-system shift occur when the source language and target language have a formally correspondent system, but choose a noncorresponding item as translation equivalent.

  • 5.3 Category Shift in Noun Phrase with Postmodifications by Prepositional Phrase

    • 5.3.1    The Analysis of Structure Shift and Unit shift

      NO

      Source Language

      Target Language

      3

      We all sat in a circleright in the middle of the cross, where the two boards would have met, where The heartof Jesus would have been.

      Page: 4

      Kami semua duduk membentuk lingkaran tepat ditengah salib itu,di tempat pertemuan dua papan yang membentuk salib,di tempat Jantungyesus berada.

      Page: 10

The third data in the table above present noun phrase with three elements in source language. Those are the as determiner, heart as head in this noun phrase and of Jesus as postmodifier. This noun phrase is translated into jantung yesus. this translation equivalent reveals shift in internal structure indicated by rank-shift in the structure of the source language. The diagram below shows the shift.

NP

Rank-shifted


NP


D       N        PP           N       N

P      N

The heart of jesus Jantung yesus

The shift in the internal structure between noun phrase in source language and noun phrase in target language can be seen in the relationship between each elements consisting of each noun phrase in source language and target language. In source language, the noun phrase consists of three constituents; they are modifier, head, and qualifier. The qualifier is in the form of prepositional phrase. This noun phrase is translated into noun phrase which consist of two constituents: both of the head and qualifier are words. Therefore, the shift is indicated by the rank-shift from phrase to single noun.

Besides, there is also a structure shift occurring. The structure shift is represented by the difference in the internal structure of noun phrase in source language and target language. The internal structure of noun phrase in source language is MHQ and the internal structure of noun phrase in target language is HQ.

  • 6.    Conclusion

There are several shifts occurring in the translation process the English noun phrase into Indonesian noun phrase especially category shift and the factors leading to category shift. There are some types of category shift found in the data. They are: structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. There are several factors which determine categories shift in the translation of English noun phrase and Indonesian noun phrase in this novel, such as: the different internal structure of noun phrases in the source language and target language, the different word class between source language and target language, when source language and target language have formally correspondent system, but choose a non-corresponding item as translation

equivalent and the different components between the source language and target language. It can be divided into two : from low to high units and from high to low units.

  • 7.    Bibliography

Catford, J. C.(1965): A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press.

Hornby, A S. 2010. Oxford advance Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Larson, Mildred L. 1998. Meaning - Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence, Lanham/New York/London: University Press of America.

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