ISSN: 2302-920X

Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud

2017: Vol 19.1 Mei 2017: 310-316

Personal and Demonstrative References in the Fiction Story “The Frog Prince” and Nonfiction Story “The Hero”

Ni Komang Ida Laxmita Dewi1*, I Ketut Tika2, I Gede Sadia3 [123]English Department Faculty of Arts – Udayana University 1[email: ida_laxmita@yahoo.com] 2[email: ketut_tike@yahoo.com] 3[email: gede.sadia@unud.ac.id]

*Coressponding Author

Abstrak

Skripsi ini berjudul “personal dan demonstrative reference di dalam cerita fiksi berjudul “The Frog Prince” oleh Brothers Grimm dan nonfiksi “The Hero” oleh Sue Raglan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis jenis – jenis referensi yang digunakan di dalam cerita pendek fiksi dan nonfiksi dan menemukan jenis referensi personal dan demonstratif yang banyak digunakan di dalam cerita. Data dianalisis menggunakan metoda deskriptif kwalitatif berdasarkan teori cohesion oleh Halliday dan Hasan (1976)). Sumber data penelitian ini diambil dari internet dalam cerita fiksi berjudul “The Frog Prince” oleh Brothers Grimm dan cerita nonfiksi berjudul “The Hero” oleh Sue Raglan.

Di dalam penelitian ini, hanya dua jenis referensi yang dianalisis yaitu referensi personal dan demonstratif. Referensi personal lebih banyak ditemukan di dalam cerita fiksi berjudul The Frog Prince. Di dalam cerita nonfiksi berjudul The Hero referensi yang lebih banyak digunakan adalah referensi demonstratif.

Kata kunci: Referensi Personal, Referensi demonstratif,cerita pendek.

  • 1.    Background of the study

Reference is a part of cohesion meaning. In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between noun or pronouns and objects that are named by them. In the short stories there are many references and has many functions, such as to avoid the repetition of the word and also to make the text interesting. Reference is a participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text. It has relationship between words, things, and also has relationship in meaning. The two short stories texts are interesting to analyze. It is useful to indicate the structure and how the content of the story impacts the reader’s understanding and interpretation through the texts that is used. Stories texts entitled “The Frog Prince” by Brothers Grimm and “The Hero” by Sue Raglan are chosen as a data source. Based on their function, there are two

kinds of references can be analyzing, among those: personal reference and demonstrative reference. The reason why this topic is chosen due to the fact that this topic is very interesting to discuss and it can give more knowledge about the function of reference on the texts.

  • 2.    Problems of the study

The problem based on what has been described in the background section. In this research, can be formulated as follows:

  • 1.    What types of personal and demonstrative references are used in the fiction short story entitle “The Frog Prince” by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction short story entitle “The Hero” by Sue Raglan?

  • 2.    What types of personal and demonstrative references are mostly used in the two short stories entitle “The Frog Prince” by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction short story entitled “The Hero” by Sue Raglan?

  • 3.    Aims of the study

In writing this paper, there are two specific aims to be achieved.

  • 1.    To find out the types of personal and demonstrative references in the fiction short story entitle “The Frog Prince” by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction short story entitle “The Hero” by Sue Raglan.

  • 2.    To find out what types of personal and demonstrative references that are mostly used in the two short stories “The Frog Prince” by Brothers Grimm and “The Hero” by Sue Raglan.

  • 4.    Research method

The data in this study were taken from fiction short story entitled “The Frog Prince” by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction short story entitled “The Hero” by Sue Raglan. The collecting data was done by reading and understanding carefully the short stories, finding the references in the fiction and nonfiction short story, and then note taking the stories that are related to the topic. The data was analyzed based on theory

proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976) in their book entitled Cohesion in English. The data was analyzed by using descriptive technique. There are three steps in analyzing the data. The first step started from numbering and listing the word that contain of reference. The second step is conducted by classifying the word that contain of reference according to their characteristics. The third step is conducted by analyzing the data using the theory proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976) in their book entitled Cohesion in English. Then find out the types of references are mostly used in the short stories. This study would be done with the conclusion of the analysis and become the answer of the problem being mention above.

  • 5.    Findings and discussions

The discussions of personal and demonstrative references were describing in paragraphs. Firstly, before describing in paragraph, on each types of reference were typed in column.

  • 1.    The Frog Prince (Text 1)

Paragraph 1

In paragraph 1, there are five lines. In line a, reference is shown by her. Her is personal reference that belongs to possessive determiner and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in the preceding text.

In line b, are shown by two types of references, those are herself and she. The first, herself in line b is personal reference that belongs to possessive pronoun and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a which is standin the preceding text. The second, she in line b is personal reference that belongs to subject personal pronoun and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a which is standin the preceding text.

In line c, are shown by four types of references, those are the, it, she, and herself. The first, demonstrative reference the in line c in the quotation above has neutral function. Demonstrative reference the in line c classified into noun, because reference the in line c above has mentioned to the middle. Demonstrative reference the in line c categorized as exophoric reference. The second, personal reference it in line c is refer to cool spring of water in line b and classified as anaphoric reference in the preceding text. The third, she in line c is personal reference that belongs to subject personal pronoun and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a in the preceding text. The fourth, herself in line c is personal reference that belongs to possessive pronoun and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a in the preceding text.

In line d, are shown by three types of personal references The first, she in line d is personal reference that belongs to subject personal pronoun and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a in the preceding text. The second, her in line d is personal reference that belongs to possessive determiner and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a in the preceding text. The third, she in line d is personal reference that belongs to subject personal pronoun and it classified as anaphoric reference refers to young princess in line a in the preceding text.

In line e, there are three personal references it. Personal references it in line e in the sentence above anaphorically refers to the ball in line d in the preceding text. Demonstrative reference the in line e in the quotation above has neutral function. Demonstrative reference the in line e classified into noun, because reference the in line e above has mentioned to the air. Demonstrative reference the in line e categorized as exophoric reference.

  • 2.    The Hero (Text 2)

    Paragraph 1

There are six lines in the paragraph 1, those are a, b, c, d, e, and f. In line a, are shown by two personal references my. Personal reference I is changed into my in line a as a possessor determiner and has function as a modifier. These references are kind of anaphoric reference refers to the speaker “Sue Raglan”.

In line b, are shown by two types of references, those are his and he. The first, reference he is changed its form into his in line b form regarded to its function as modifier and its position as possessor. Personal reference his in line b is referring to Grandfather in line a in the preceding text. This reference is a kind of anaphoric one. The second, personal reference he in line b refers to grandfather in line a. Reference he in line b can be categorized as subject male in the utterance above. Reference he in line b is called as anaphoric reference.

In line c, are shown by three types of references, those are the, it, and he. Demonstrative reference the in line c in the quotation above has neutral function. Demonstrative reference the in line c classified into noun, because reference the in line c above has mentioned to the other languages and categorized as exophoric reference. Reference it in line c is categorized into other roles because reference it in line c above

is non generalized human and make a specific thing. Reference it in line c is called anaphoric reference because reference it in line c refers to “the other languages he spoke” in the preceding text. Reference he in line c can be categorized as subject male in the utterance above. Reference he in line c is called as anaphoric reference refers to Grandfather in line a.

In line e, are shown by three types of references, those are his, he, and the. The first, reference he is changed its form into his in line e form regarded to its function as modifier and its position as possessor. Personal reference his in line e called as anaphoric reference refers to Grandfather in line a in the preceding text. The second, personal reference he in line e refers to grandfather in line a. Reference he in line e can be categorized as subject male in the utterance above. Reference he in line e is called as anaphoric reference. The last is demonstrative reference the in line e in the quotation above has neutral function. Demonstrative reference the in line e classified into noun, because reference the in line e above has mentioned to German Language Newspaper and categorized as exophoric reference.

  • 3.    Type of Personal and Demonstrative Reference are mostly used in the texts

Based on analysis of types of personal and demonstrative references in the stories texts, can be noted that the types of personal and demonstrative references that are mostly frequently used is reference by the writer. The domination of reference in the story is presented by personal reference in fiction short story and demonstrative reference in nonfiction short story.

  • 6.    Conclusion

Based on the analysis and discussion in the previous chapter, the following points can be drawn as conclusion:

In the fiction short story “The Frog Prince” written by Brothers Grimm and nonfiction story “The Hero” by Sue Raglan, two types of references appear in it, namely: personal reference, and demonstrative reference. Personal and demonstrative references employed in 264 times in the fiction short story The Frog Prince. The types of personal and demonstrative references that are mostly used in fiction short story ispersonal

reference. Based on the nonfiction short story, personal and demonstrative references employed in 131 times in the story The Hero. The types of personal and demonstrative reference that are mostly used is demonstrative reference is occurred by 64 times.

  • 7.    Bibliography

Brown, G and Yule G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. London : Cambridge University.

Grimm, Brothers. The Frog Prince. http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks /FrogPrin.shtml (Downloaded in 11May 2016).

Halliday, M.A.K and R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. New York : Longman.

Halliday, M.A.K and R. Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: Aspect of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective.VictoriaDeakin University Press.

Raglan, Sue.The Hero. http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Hero .shtml(Downloaded in 11 May 2016).

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