Figurative Senses In The Giver And Their Translation Procedures In Sang Pemberi

ISSN: 2302-920X

Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud

Vol 16.3 September 2016: 15 - 21

Figurative Senses In The Giver And Their Translation Procedures In Sang Pemberi

Desak Putu Ari Noviadewi^1* Frans I Made Brata² I Gusti Ngurah Parthama³

¹²³English Department Faculty Of Arts, Udayana University

¹[[email protected]] ²[[email protected]] ³[[email protected]]

*

Corresponding Author

Abstrak

Makna kias bisa ditemukan di dalam bentuk – bentuk ujaran dan biasanya digunakan pada karya fiksi, seperti novel. Dalam penerjemahan makna kias tersebut terdapat prosedur – prosedur yang diterapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna kias dalam novel ʻThe Giverʼ dan bagaimana prosedur penerjemahan dipakai untuk menerjemahkan makna kias tersebut dalam novel ʻSang Pemberiʼ. Makna kias dalam bentuk ujaran tersebut diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan teori dari Larson (1998), dan prosedur penerjemahannya dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dari Vinay dan Darbelnet (1995). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada makna kias yang digunakan dalam tujuh bentuk ujaran. Dalam penerjemahan makna kias tersebut, ada dua prosedur yang diterapkan, yaitu terjemahan langsung dan terjemahan tak langsung.

Kata kunci: makna kias, prosedur penerjemahan, terjemahan langsung, terjemahan tak langsung

• 1.    Background of the Study

To change the form of one language into another language is sometimes difficult for some translators. The reason is that translation involves the change in the form of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) (Larson, 1998:3). It is like serving the same dish with different plates, a translator tries to transfer the same meaning but in different styles based on the target language into which it is translated.

Nowadays, especially in Indonesia, there are many translated novels. The Indonesian translators have succeeded in changing the form of one language (SL),

especially that written in English into Indonesian (TL) so that the readers in the receptor language can enjoy the same literature as the readers of the source language. Figurative senses are mostly found in literary work such as fiction, prose, and novel. The biggest challenge is to find the equivalent meaning to make it acceptable to the TL readers. Figurative senses cannot usually be translated literally (Larson 1998:121). Translating a text which contains figurative senses might be difficult as the translators need to find the closest translation equivalent in the TL. Thus, the translated text will sound acceptable and does not sound strange.

• 2.    Problems of the Study

There are two problems regarding translation to discuss. They are:

• 1.    What figurative senses occur in the novel The Giver?

• 2.    What translation procedures are applied to the translation of the figurative senses in Sang Pemberi?

• 3.    Aims of the Study

The aims of this study are:

• 1.    To identify and classify the figurative senses occurring in The Giver as the SL.

• 2.    To analyze the translation procedures applied to the translation of figurative senses in Sang Pemberi as the TL.

• 4.    Research Method

The data were taken from two novels. The Giver, written in English by Lowry in 1993, was selected as the SL; while its translation in Bahasa Indonesia by Tarman (published in 2014) was selected as the TL. The novels, both the original and the translated ones, were chosen as data sources because they are interesting and contain the data needed in this study. As translation needs to find the closest equivalent meaning, this novel contains some figurative senses, such as social, sex and death.

In composing this study, library research method was applied as the method of collecting data since the data source is novel. It was done using several techniques. First, reading the English version novel as the SL to get a better understanding of the story. The next step was taking note of any words or phrases containing figurative senses in SL novel. Subsequently, their translations in the TL novel were noted to find out the translation procedure. Ultimately, the data were classified to be analyzed using the theories concerning this topic.

Qualitative method was applied in this study to give an actual explanation descriptively. The analysis was done by identifying and classifying words and phrases where the figurative senses occurred by applying the theory proposed by Larson in his book entitled Meaning-Based Translation (1998) about figurative senses in figures of speech. Furthermore, the translation procedures in the translation of figurative senses were analyzed by applying the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in their books entitled A Methodology for Translation (1995).

• 5.    Result and Discussion
  
  5.1    Figurative Senses Occurring in The Giver

The figurative senses in novel The Giver were classified into figures of speech, namely: metonymy, synecdoche, euphemism, idioms, hyperbole, metaphor and simile based on the types of figure of speech proposed by Larson (1998).

• 1.    Metonymy

Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense involving association. It means that one word substitutes another word but they are not synonymous. In sentence He had been permitted an additional month in which to complete the hours…(Lowry, 1993:28), the noun phrase the hour is used in a figurative way. It is used to show certain amount of time in the story, a time for doing volunteer work, as well as showing temporal relationship.

• 2.    Synecdoche

Synecdoche is figurative senses based on part-whole relationships (a part of something which is being substituted for the whole part). It can be described as using part of something to mean the whole of it. In sentence NEEDLESS TO SAY, HE WILL BE RELEASED, the voice had said…(Lowry, 1993:8), the expression the voice refers to 17

the speakerʼs voice, a person who was in charge of giving information. Voice is a part of human’s whole body and it is used in a figurative way to refer to a person in charge.

• 3.    Idioms

Idioms are expressions of ‘at least two words which cannot be understood literally and which function as a unit semantically’ (Beekman and Callow, 1974:121). In the sentence I made friends on a new level, friends of all ages. (Lowry, 1993:18), the expression made friends means to become a friend (Hornby, 2010:177). The sentence means that Jonas’s mother became friends with people of all ages in her new office.

• 4.    Euphemism

Euphemism it is used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable or unpleasant (Beekman and Callow, 1974:119). In sentence a time of celebration for a life well and fully lived; and release of a new child (Lowry, 1993:7), the expression new child is considered acceptable in the story to avoid the use of word like baby.

• 5.    Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche used by the author intended to understand Beekman and Callow (1974:118). The exaggeration words or phrases are used to emphasize the sense of a sentence. In the sentence Frightened meant that deep, sickening feeling…(Lowry, 1993:6), the expression deep, sickening feeling is exaggerated to emphasize the meaning of word frightening.

• 6.    Metaphor

Metaphor is an analogy between two objects or ideas. It means that one object is compared to another object that has similarity; usually in terms of characteristic. In the sentence it was a disaster for them (Lowry, 1993:144), the sentence it was a disaster means that the situation (it) is compared with a disaster, a state of sudden misfortune (Hornby, 2010:126).

• 7.    Simile

Simile is a figure of speech that compares two things using the conjunction such as like, as or than. In sentence They acted like ... like animals." (Lowry, 1993:11), the expression means that the other group (they) acted without thinking, because animal means a living creature that can feel and move (Hornby, 2010:14).

• 5.2    Translation Procedures Used to Translate Figurative Senses

There are seven procedures divided into two, namely direct translation and oblique translation. The translation procedures applied in the translation of figurative senses are as follows.

• 5.2.1    Direct Translation

• 1.    Borrowing

Borrowing means a word taken directly from another language. In other words, it is considered the simplest procedure of translation. In the sentences above where some figurative senses were classified, there are no examples of borrowing found in the translation into Sang Pemberi.

• 2.    Calque

Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another language and each of its elements is translated literally. The result could be a lexical calque, a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL while introducing a new mode of expression, or a structural calque that introduces a new construction into the language (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:32). The example is the expression new child which is translated into anak baru (Tarman, 2014:19) in TL. The expression is translated literally in TL that is considered equivalent. Subsequently, it introduces a new expression in TL. Thus, it is categorized as a lexical calque.

• 3.    Literal Translation

Literal translation is the transfer of SL to TL literally or word-for-word translation, the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:33). The example is the translation of it was a disaster into itu menjadi bencana in TL (Tarman 2014:172). The translation is grammatically correct.

• 5.2.2 Oblique Translation

• 4.    Transposition

Transposition is a method of translation that includes the change of word class without changing the actual meaning of the message (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:36). It also involves grammatical change that occurs in the translation, such as: position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech. It can be seen in the translation 19

deep, sickening feeling into perasaan memualkan jauh di dalam tubuh in TL (Tarman, 2014:11). The word deep is a word, but it is translated into jauh di dalam tubuh which is a phrase.

• 5.    Modulation

In modulation, there is a change in point of view when the SL is translated into the TL. This change can be justified when translation results in a grammatically correct utterance but it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:36). The example is the translation of the expression the hour into waktu kerja sukarelanya in TL (Tarman, 2014:41). The equivalent is based on the context in the story.

• 6.    Equivalence

Equivalence as a translation procedure is used to describe the same situation using different style or structural methods. The striking cases of equivalences are the onomatopoeia of animal sounds. The method of creating equivalences is also frequently applied to idioms (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:38). The example is the translation of the idiom made friends into memiliki pertemanan in TL (Tarman, 2014:11). The translation undergoes equivalence as friendship cannot be ‘made’ like when someone ‘makes a pancake’ or something else. The meaning of the idioms in the sentence above is having friends.

• 7.    Adaptation

Adaptation is the final procedure in which the translators have to create a new situation in the TL that can be considered being equivalent. It is used in cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in TL culture (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:39). This translation procedure cannot be found in any of the translation of figurative senses in Sang Pemberi.

• 6.    Conclusion

It can be concluded that the figurative senses occurring in TL novel are: metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism, hyperbole, metaphor and simile. In analyzing the translation procedures of the figurative senses, there are five translation procedures applied, namely: calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation and equivalence. The translation procedure is dominated by the direct translation (calque and literal 20

translation). This is done to make the reader understand the situation in the SL better. One method of direct translation and one method of oblique translation are absent in the translation of figurative senses, namely, borrowing and adaptation.

• 7.    Bibliography

Beekman, John, and John Callow. (1974). Translating the Word of God. Grand Rapids MI: Zondervan.

Hornby, A.S. (2010). Oxford Advance Learnerʼs Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press Ltd.

Larson, Mildred L. (1998). Meaning-Based Translation “A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence”. New York: University Press of America.

Lowry, Lois. 1993. The Giver. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Tarman, Ariyantri Eddy. (2014). Sang Pemberi. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Vinay, Jean-Paul and Darbelnet, Jean. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation Volume 11. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

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