ISSN: 2302-920X

E-Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya Unud

Vol 14.2 Pebruari 2016: 20-27

REFERENCE ITEMS FOUND IN THE SHORT STORY ENTITLED THE HORSE

DEALER’S DAUGHTER

I Gst. Ag. Mas Pramiutari email: [email protected]

English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture Udayana University

Abstrak:

Studi ini membahas mengenai kata ganti yang ditemukan pada cerita pendek yang berjudul “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter”. Kata ganti dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis menurut teori dari Halliday dan Hasan (1976). Ketiga jenis kata ganti tersebut ditemukan dalam cerita pendek “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter” yakni kata ganti personal, kata ganti demonstratif dan kata ganti komparatif. Sementara kata kanti yang paling banyak digunakan dalam cerita pendek “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter”adalah kata ganti personal. Semua jenis kata ganti yang ditemukan dalam cerita pendek “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter” direpresentasikan secara anaporik dan kataporik sesuai dengan teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis kata ganti tersebut.

Kata kunci: kata ganti, anaphorik, dan kataphorik

  • 1.    Background

Language plays important role in human’s life especially for communication. It means that language is the principle modality of human communication. In terms of the way language is used, it is very important to understand what the speaker means despite what they say through the language, and take part in the activity called conversation. Brown and Yule (1984:6) state,”we shall use text as technical term to refer to the verbal record of communication act. It can be written and spoken text. Written and spoken text has to be cohesive and coherent. The term cohesion has some devices to make a tight relation in a text namely cohesive devices including reference.

Reference is the specific nature of information that is signalled for retrieval. As part of cohesive devices reference has to be applied in the text since if the people read or hear passage which is more than one sentence in length, sometimes they are difficult to understand the information that refered by the text. Reference can helps

the reader understand the information along the text easily. Thus, it would be interesting to analyze the use of reference in the short story.

  • 2.    Problems of the study

    • 2.1    What types of reference are found and dominantly used in the short story entitled The Horse Dealer’s Daughter?

    • 2.2    How the reference items are presented in the short story entitled The Horse Dealer’s Daughter?

  • 3.    Aims of the study

    • 3.1    To find out types of reference found and dominantly used in the short story entitled The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

    • 3.2    To analyze the reference items presented in the short story entitled The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

  • 4.    Research Method

The data source were taken from the short story entitled The Horse Dealer’s Daughter by D.H Lawrence. Some sentences contain reference items were randomly chosen and presented as the data to be analyzed. Then, they were classified in terms of the types of referential cohesion as where it belongs to personal, demonstrative and comparative reference. The data would be analyzed using the theory of cohesion proposed by Halliday and Hassan (1976). Then, the short story was read intensively and continued by counting the reference item that lies in the short story. Then, identify the reference item that dominantly used in the short story. After that, it was continued by analyzing the information that refered by the reference item by using the theory of cohesion proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976)

  • 5.    Result and Disscussion

    • 5.1    Types of Reference are Found and Dominantly Used in The Short Story.

Reference is the information which is used to refer to a thing and the cohesion lies in the continuity of reference. Halliday and Hasan (1976:37) propose three types of reference, they are: personal reference, demonstrative

reference and comparative reference. Through this subchapter, the reference

item is analyzed in order to find types of reference found and dominantly used in

the short story.

  • a.    Paragraph I-V

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph is personal reference he.

  • b.    Paragraph VI-X

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph is personal reference he.

  • c.    Paragraph XI-XV

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph is personal reference I.

  • d.    Paragraph XVI-XX

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph is personal reference she.

  • e.    Paragraph XXI-XXV

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph is personal reference she.

  • f.    Paragraph XXVI-XXX

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph was personal

reference he.

  • g.    Paragraph XXXI-XXXV

The reference item most commonly found in these paragraph was personal reference he

  • h.    Paragraph XXXVI-XL

The reference item most commonly reference he

  • i.    Paragraph XLI-XLV

The reference item most commonly reference she.

  • j.    Paragraph XLVI-L

The reference item most commonly reference she.

  • k.    Paragraph LI-LV

The reference item most commonly reference he.

  • l.    Paragraph LVI-LX

The reference item most commonly reference she.

  • m.    Paragraph LXI-LXVI


found in these paragraph is personal


found in these paragraph is personal


found in these paragraph is personal


found in these paragraph is personal


found in these paragraph is personal


The reference item that most commonly found in these paragraph is personal reference she.

All types of reference are found in each paragraph of the short story. Those are personal reference including I, you, we, she, he, they and it. Demonstartive reference including this, these, that, the, there,here and now. Comparative reference including another, like and so. Besides types of reference are dominantly used in the short story are personal reference he and she. It could be seen on the table below.

Personal Reference

Demonstrative Reference

Comparative Reference

I

You

They

He

She

We

It

This

That

The

There

Now

another

so

like

Par. 1-5

-

-

6

14

4

-

4

2

-

4

-

-

-

-

-

Par. 6-10

3

4

8

26

4

-

3

-

-

12

-

3

1

-

-

Par. 11-15

23

21

-

16

12

2

2

-

1

16

-

3

-

-

-

Par. 16-20

-

-

-

5

32

-

3

-

-

10

-

4

-

-

-

Par. 21-25

-

-

-

6

20

-

3

-

-

-

1

1

-

-

-

Par. 26-30

-

-

2

42

15

-

7

-

-

-

1

1

2

-

1

Par. 31-35

-

-

-

36

8

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Par. 36-40

-

-

-

29

21

-

2

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

Par. 41-45

12

7

-

33

42

-

2

-

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

Par. 46-50

2

3

-

30

36

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

Par. 51-55

1

1

1

45

19

-

5

-

-

-

-

3

-

-

-

Par. 56-60

7

5

2

38

50

-

3

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

Par. 61-65

8

4

1

19

21

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

  • 3.2 The Reference Items Presented in The Short Story.

In terms of reference items presented in the short story, it can be divided into two: exophora and endophora. Endophora can function either cataphoric or anaphoric. Anaphoric is reference which refers to the preceding text. Meanwhile cataphoric is reference which refers to the following text.

  • 3.2.1 Personal reference I

‘I don’t see what else you can do,’ persistedFred Henry. (49)

Example (a) above, personal reference I cataphorically refers to Fred Henry. It belongs to cataphoric reference because reference I refers to the word that stands on the following text.

  • 3.2.2    Personal reference you

‘What are you going to do, then, Miss Pervin?’ asked Fergusson.(137)

Example (e) above personal reference you is classified as cataphoric reference because personal reference you is said by Fergusson and it refers to Miss Pervin which is located in the following clause.

  • 3.2.3    Personal reference we

‘What’s doing?’ asked the newcomer, evidently addressing Fred Henry.(96)

‘Same. We’ve got to be out by Wednesday. (97)

Reference we here is identified as anaphoric reference since it refers to the information in the previous text.

  • 3.2.4    Personal reference they

‘Let Lizzie and May miss their night for once, eh?’(160)

Personal reference their refers anaphorically to the information which occurs in the previous clause.

  • 3.2.5    Personal reference he

The doctor smiled faintly.(150) ‘What’s she going to do, then?’he asked.(151) Personal reference he refers anaphorically to the doctor which is located in the preceding sentence.

  • 3.2.6    Personal reference she

For months, Mabel had been servantless in the big house, keeping the home together in penury for her ineffectual brothers.(171) She had kept house for ten years.(172)

Personal reference she is identified as anaphoric reference because reference she refers to Mabel which is located in the preceding sentence.

  • 3.2.7    Personal reference it

The house was large, but it was servantless now, and desolate.(163)

It belongs to anaphoric reference because it refers to the information which is located in the preceding text.

  • 3.2.8    Demonstrative reference this

This wasthe last time.(16)

Demonstrative reference this above is identified as cataphoric reference since it refers to the information which is located in the following clause.

  • 3.2.9    Demonstrative reference that

‘That’s the orders,’ replied the other.(124)

Demonstrative reference that is identified as cataphoric reference since it refers to the information in the following clause.

  • 3.2.10    Comparative reference

He seemed to see her in the midst of such obscurity, that he was like a clairvoyant, seeing rather with the mind’s eye than with ordinary sight.(255)

In example (e) above comparative reference like is identified as cataphoric reference since it refers to the information in the following clause.

  • 6.    Conclusion

Three types of reference that occur in the short story are personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. The first type is personal reference including I, you, we, she, he, they and it. The second type is demonstrative reference including this, that and the. The third types is comparative reference including another, like, and so. Besides, personal reference he and she are most frequently used in the short story. The reference items are presented in both ways, exophorically and endophorically. The reference items which is used in this short story are presented as anaphoric reference and the others are presented as cataphoric reference.

  • 7.    Bibliography

Brown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Halliday, M.A.K and R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London and New York: Longman

Jaya, Ida Bagus Cahya Ambara. 2012. The Analysis of Reference in A Prose Entitled Calon Arang. (thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University

Lawrence, D.H. 2013. The Horse Dealer’s Daughter. United States: Blackthorn Press.

Available from: http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lawrence/dh/l41en/chapter9.html

McCarthy, Michael. 1991. Language Analysis for English Teacher. Cambridge: Cambridge University press

Nunan, David. 1993. Discourse Analysis. London: Penguin Books

Prabayanthi , Desak Made Dewi. 2008. Reference items in The Deceitful Monkey and The Smart Snail Folkores. (thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University

Sarkar, S.N. 1992. English Text: System and Structure of Reference Available from : http://accurapid.com/journal

Semi, M. Atar. 1993. Metode Penelitian Sastra.Bandung: Angkasa

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