Translation Methods And Techniques Applied In English Exposition Texts Into Indonesia
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https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/linguistika/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/ling.2023.v30.i01.p05
LINGUISTIKA, MARET 2023
p-ISSN: 0854-9613 e-ISSN: 2656-6419
Vol. 30 No.1
Translation Methods And Techniques Applied In English Exposition Texts Into Indonesia
Urbanus Laratmase1, I Nengah Sudipa2, Ni Wayan Sukarini3 Maluku1 English Department, Udayana University, Indonesia2, 3 e-mail: urbanuslaratmase@gmail.com, nengahsudipa@yahoo.co.id, wayan_sukarini@unud.ac.id
Abstract--The aims of this study are (1) to describe the translation method adopted by the translator in translating the exposition text, (2) to formulate the translation techniques applied in translating the expository text in the order of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences into Indonesian from English by applying translation procedures according to Molina and Albir (2002). This research uses a descriptive – qualitative approach with a case study design that is oriented towards the translation product. The data sources in this study are the document and exposition text “When Being Overweight Is a Health Problem” which was reviewed by Mary L. Gavin, MD and reviewed in 2018 as the object of the study, and the results of the translation from English which are summarized in this research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences of expository texts and their translations. Research data was collected by document analysis and analyzed by interactive analysis method. The research findings are as follows, first, seven translation methods are applied in translating expository texts, namely the word-for-word method, the faithful method, the semantic method, the adaptation method, the independent method, the idiomatic method, and the communicative method. Second, eight translation techniques are applied in translating expository texts, namely literal techniques, pure borrowing, natural borrowing, calque, transposition, modulation, omission and addition. Based on the frequency of use, the literal technique ranks first, followed by natural borrowing, pure borrowing, transposition, calque, modulation, omission, and addition techniques. Theoretically, literal, pure borrowing, natural borrowing, and calque techniques are oriented to the source language while transposition, modulation, omission, and addition techniques are oriented to the target language.
Keywords: translation technique, translation method, exposition text.
Abstrak--Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mendeskripsikan metode penerjemahan yang dianut oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan teks eksposisi, (2) merumuskan teknik penerjemahan yang diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan teks eksposis dalam tatanan kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia dari Bahasa inggris dengan menerapkan prosedur penerjemahan menurut Molina dan Albir (2002). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif – kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus terpancang yang berorientasi pada produk terjemahan. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumen dan teks eksposisi “When Being Overweight Is a Health Problem” yang diulas oleh Mary L. Gavin, MD dan ditinjau pada tahun 2018 sebagai objek kajiannya, dan hasil terjemahan dari Bahasa inggris yang terangkum pada data penelitian ini berupa kata, frasa, klausa dan kalimat teks eksposisi dan terjemahannya. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dengan analisis dokumen dan dianalisis dengan metode analisis interaktif. Temuan penelitian sebagai berikut, pertama tujuh metode penerjemahan diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan teks eksposisi yaitu metode kata-demi-kata, metode setia, metode semantis, metode saduran, metode bebas, metode idiomatis, dan metode komunikatif. Kedua, diterapkan delapan Teknik penerjemahan dalam menerjemahkan teks eksposisi yaitu Teknik harfiah, peminjaman murni, peminjaman alamiah, calque, transposisi, modulasi, penghilangan dan penambahan. Berdasarkan frekuensi penggunaannya diperoleh teknik harfiah menempati urutan pertama, yang diikuti oleh peminjaman alamiah, peminjaman murni, transposisi, calque, modulasi, penghilangan, dan teknik penambahan. Secara teori, teknik harfiah, peminjaman murni, peminjaman alamiah, dan teknik calque berorientasi pada bahasa sumber sedangkan teknik transposisi, modulasi, penghilangan, dan teknik penambahan berorientasi pada bahasa sasaran.
Kata Kunci : Teknik terjemahan, metode terjemahan, teks eksposisi.
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Translation activities have a very important role in today’s global communication as a change in the form of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT) where the meaning must remain the same. The translation consists of searching for the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language, analyzing to determine meaning and reconstructing the same meaning using a lexicon and a reasonable grammatical structure in the target language. In the target language while maintaining the semantic equivalent and style of the source language by referring to translation as a product (Larson, 1984:3).
In translating, translators carry out planned activities aimed at bridging two different cultural environments. The translated text is the embodiment of the procedures, rules, and principles that are the general conventions of writing certain types of discourse. This convention is reflected in the choice of lexical vocabulary and grammatical patterns that characterize certain areas of reality. Certain linguistic tools become regular features of discourse construction, which helps translators to recognize them. This orderly nature is the basis of the text, which is important in translation activities (Hartono, 2017).
Apart from the difficulty and complexity of the problem and the translation process, the importance of translation as a catalyst for science and technology experts is felt especially for developing countries. Massive translation efforts carried out by translators have resulted in the rapid development of science and technology in addition to the same benefits, both the translation as a quality translation product is no less important to be studied further.
This translation gap is the starting point for choosing books as the main data source for this research. In addition, texts related to exposition are sensitive argumentative texts. Translators are required to be more careful in analyzing the source text and transferring it into the target text. By referring to three typologies of text: informative, expressive, and operative which was initiated by Reiss (2000:160), the object text of this research is included in the typology of informative text. In
other words, translators are required to transfer the content or message of the source text as accurately as possible. This demand departs from the function of the text which emphasizes more on accurate information. when using a pragmatic concept, the maxim of quality is the most prominent maxim.
The translation efforts carried out by translators have resulted in the rapid development of science and technology. The transfer of science and technology through translation works was carried out by those in the field of Health, including by Mary L. Gavin, MD, 2018 book title “When Being Overweight Is a Health Problem”. Who has translated the terms obesity into English. This book is recommended as a reference for translators themselves in creating quality translation agents using the calque technique which consists of the same arrangement of phrases between ST and TT as the target text applied in the English–Indonesian translation. In addition, in ST can be understood the Menerangkan – Diterangkan (MD). The gap in the translation of the title became the starting point for choosing the book as the primary data source for this research. In addition, the text related to the exposition text is an argumentative text initiated by Otong Setiawan Djuharie, 2009 entitled “ Teknik dan Menulis Melalui Eksplorasi Model dan Latihan, Essay Writing” publisher Yrama Widya.
The type of text used in this research is the type of analytical exposition text. This text is a type of text that is studied at the high school and college level. Judging from its generic structure, this text is quite easy and clear so it is very suitable for translators to translate because it contains a lot of information written in English which is still an obstacle for many people, the ability to translate is one of the alternative keys to open a wider space for interaction between people. Users of different languages to master information, science and technology which basically needs to be done to see how the ability to translate analytical exposition texts from English to Indonesian is.
Theoretically, the exposition text is a reflection not only of linguistic conventions but also issues related to social and cultural issues, gender, age, and so on. Therefore, regular features in the construction of discourse and in the selection
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of vocabulary and grammatical structures in a particular discourse, translators can recognize them and then transfer them into the translated text. Translators must, of course, consider the characteristics of similar discourse in the target language. As a translator, of course he cannot simply ‘replace’ the words in the source text, because translation is not just an activity of changing words.
In this research study, researchers are interested in analytical exposition text because this type of text is included in the type of argumentative text which contains the author’s detailed thoughts about a phenomenon that is around him. The social function of this expository analytical text is to convince the reader that the topic presented is an important topic to discuss or get attention by providing arguments or opinions that support the idea or topic.
The qualitative descriptive approach used in this study is based on several considerations. First, the data studied are qualitative data, in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences, which come from document data sources. The data is then described and adapted to the purpose of this study. Second, this qualitative research approach makes the natural setting a tool for understanding the nature of phenomena, by referring to the descriptive data provided by triangulation for analysis so as to produce a holistic understanding based on the perspective of the participants in accordance with the context. (Moeloeng 2010: 6) qualitative research is research that produces analytical analysis procedures or other qualification methods. In a qualitative descriptive study the data collected is in the form of words, images and not numbers so the research report will be exclude data citations to illustrate the presentation of the report.
In this study, researchers used library research to obtain data related to research. To maximize research results, researchers also use primary and secondary data sources, for the first data, primary data related to research in the process of analyzing translation results, researchers refer to translation methods and techniques including
categories of words, phrases, clauses and sentences contained in the text. exposition and for the second data, the researcher refers to the internet as a means of intertextual search in analyzing the translation results. Researchers are interested in exposition texts because this type of text is included in the type of argumentation text which contains the author’s detailed thoughts about a phenomenon that is around. The social function of this exposition text is to convince the reader that the topic presented is an important topic to discuss or get attention by providing arguments or opinions that support the idea or topic.
Yin in Sutopo, 2006:81 says that in content analysis, researchers do not only record important contents written in documents or archives. The data collection technique used in this research is document analysis, this analysis technique is carried out through reading, comparing and notetaking techniques. This note-taking technique is also used in taking notes, the first step is reading the ST in its entirety, then marking the word or phrase from the ST version into the ST. The next step is to sort and organize the data to be analyzed by grouping it based on data from the source text and translated text (TT).
According to Patton (cited in Moleong, 2001: 103), data analysis is the process of arranging data sequences, organizing them into patterns, categories and basic descriptions. The data analysis methods and techniques used in this study were carried out in accordance with the following steps; (1) Analyzing the translation methods and techniques applied by the translator in translating the exposition analytical text using the theory of the translation method by Newmark (1988) and the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002); (2) Verifying the data by observing and noting the emergence of translation techniques and methods applied by the translator in translating the analytical text of the exposition. The application of translation methods and techniques are presented in the form of a description.
The results of data analysis in this study are presented using formal and informal methods. According to Sudaryanto (2015: 241), the formal presentation method is the formulation with
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numbers, tables, graphics, signs and symbols, while the informal presentation method is using ordinary words, even though it uses technical terminology. Presentation of data in this study using a formal method, the research data is presented in the form of a table consisting of a column of assessment and scoring criteria on the results of the translation of the analytical exposition text. Furthermore, this research uses an informal method, by the use of words and sentences on the analysis methods and techniques used in translating the analytical exposition text.
The element of analytical exposition text
The elements of analytical exposition text are : The general statement of topic discussed Example : The Problem of Being Too Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fast inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of healt problem. Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack.
Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serious discase. Besides all of that, being too fat is often avolded by many young woman. They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty appenrence. More serious studies are necessary to see effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that overweigh is not good enough for healthy life.
Molina and Albir (2002: 509) define
translation technique as a procedure for analyzing and classifying how translation equivalence takes place and can be translated in various lingual units.
Single Techniques
In this study, 6 single techniques were identified, namely literal translation, pure translation, natural borrowing, calque, modulation,
and disappearance
Table 4.1 Single Translation Technique
|
Technique |
Single Technique Variant |
Quantity |
|
Literal translation |
128 | |
|
Pure translation |
18 | |
|
Single |
Natural borrowing Calque |
9 22 |
|
Modulation |
1 | |
|
Disappearance |
1 | |
|
Quantity |
179 |
The application of each of these single techniques to the research data is described below.
By applying the literal technique, the translator tries to adapt the translation to the Indonesian sentence structure and keeps the translated sentence meaning passive.
Data 089
ST : The client are encouraged to lose weight.
TT : Pasien disarankan untuk menurunkan berat badan.
Data 098
ST : This should be reported to the physician immediately.
TT : Hal ini harus dilaporkan segera kepada dokter.
Data 153
ST : The antibiotic discovered bay Alexander Flaming 1928 succeeded in reducing the deat rate.
TT : Antibiotik ditemukan oleh Alexander Flaming pada tahun 1928 berhasil menekan angka kematian karena infeksi.
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Data 216
ST : Green tea contains many antioxidants which are good for preventing cancer.
TT : Teh hijau mengandung banyak antioksidan yang baik untuk mencegah penyakit kanker.
However, the risk remains that translations often feel unnatural. Source data 122, 184, and 296, for example, are nominal sentences which are translated literally into nominal sentences as well. Indonesian speakers will feel that the translation feels less natural.
Data 122
ST : It is one of the most common heart conditions ini obese people and requires treatment.
TT : Hal ini merupakan salah satu keadaan jantung yang paling umum terjadi pada orang gemuk dan memerlukan penanganan.
Data 184
ST : It may be congenital in inflants and children.
TT : Hal ini merupakan penyakit bawaan pada bayi dan anak-anak.
Data 296
ST : It is the leading cause of obesity in the elderly
TT : Hal inilah yang menjadi penyebab utama kegemukan pada orang berusia lanjut.
In this study identified 9 data belonging to this category, namely data numbers 054, 120, 160, 181, 182, 200, 212, 221, and 316. The data is also the title of the subsection and becomes the topic of the subsection. The difference with the previous data is that the borrowing technique applied tries to adjust the pronunciation of this technical term in the health sector with Indonesian pronunciation.
|
Data |
Source Text (ST) |
Target Text (TT) |
|
054 |
Cholelithiasis |
kolelithiasis |
|
120 |
Cholesterol |
Kolesterol |
|
160 |
cardiovascular |
kardioveskuler |
|
182 |
Acarbose |
Akarbose |
|
200 |
Hidrofobic |
Hidrofobik |
|
212 |
Glaucoma |
Glaukoma |
|
221 |
Metabolism of |
Metabolisme |
|
Carbohydrate |
Karbohidrat | |
|
316 |
Effect of obesity |
Efek obesitas |
In this research, there is one data which is translated by applying modulation technique. below is sample data;
Data 176
ST : High lipid levels may cause the condition
TT : Penyebabnya adalah kadar lemak yang tinggi.
In the source sentence, the main problem to be conveyed is the high fat content, while in the translated sentence, the topic is the cause. Changes in point of view like this are basically arbitrary in the sense that these changes are not mandatory.
The combination of the two translation techniques intended is a combination of literal and pure borrowing, literal and natural borrowing, literal and transposition, literal and modulation, literal and omission, and literal and addition.
Table. 4.2 Couplet translation technique
|
Technique |
Couplet Technique Variants |
Quantity |
|
1. Literally + pure borrowing |
37 | |
|
Couplet |
2. Literally + natural borrowing |
52 |
|
3. Literally + transposition |
17 | |
|
4. Literally + modulation |
3 | |
|
5. Literally + Calque |
14 | |
|
6. Literally + dissapearance |
2 | |
|
7. Literally + addition |
4 | |
|
Quantity |
129 |
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The seven variants of the couplet technique are described below.
Based on the analysis of some words and phrases that are purely borrowed are:
|
Data |
Source Text (ST) |
Target Text (TT) |
|
065 |
apnea |
apnea |
|
078 |
Leptin |
leptin |
|
082 |
fibrinogen |
fibrinogen |
|
092 |
insulin |
insulin |
|
101 |
Glukeneogenesis |
Glukeneogenesis |
|
145 |
lipase |
lipase |
|
145 |
Mobilizable |
mobilizable |
|
Lumen |
Lumen | |
|
Abdomen |
Abdomen | |
|
Hydrocarbon |
Hydrocarbon |
From the description above, it is clear that almost all words and phrases borrowed are purely related to technical terms in the field of Health.
In many cases, the application of the literal technique is also accompanied by the application of natural borrowing techniques as shown by the following example:
Data 298
ST : In the past, the nurse’s job was only to check if the electrocardiogram was still on and then hand the device over to the doctor, but that has ended.
TT : Di masa lalu tugas perawat adalah hanya memeriksa apakah electrocardiogram tetap menyala dan selanjutnya menyerahkan alat tersebut pada dokter, namun hal itu telah berakhir.
It is also clear that in it there is a natural borrowing of technical terms in the health sector, namely electrocardiogram, which in the source data is written electrocardiogram. Sample snippets of the results of data analysis of words and phrases
borrowed naturally are as follows:
|
Data |
Source Text (ST) |
Target Text (TT) |
|
071 |
Diabetic retinopathy |
Retinopati diabetic |
|
086 |
Hemodynamics Population |
Hemodinamik Populasi |
|
097 |
Continuously |
Kontinyu |
|
099 |
Frequency |
Frekuensi |
|
298 |
Electrodiagram |
elektrodiagram |
|
209 |
Oxygen Outlet |
Saluran keluar oksigen |
|
221 |
Temperature |
Temperature |
Although, category shifts are commonly applied, the application of this technique can lead to the distortion of meaning or messages because the focus of the conversation or the topic of the sentence has changed.
Data 017
ST : Decreased ability of the heartbeat to focus (accommodate) a pumping system (syiring pump) know as Electrocardiogram Bradycardia (EKG).
TT : Penurunan kemampuan detak jantung untuk memfokuskan (mengakomodasikan) suatu sistem kerja pemompaan (syiring pump) dikenal dengan sebutan Bradikardia Elektrocardiogram (EKG).
Data 057
ST : The swelling is firm to the touch but not painful
TT : Pembengkakan terasa keras namun tidak sakit.
Data 117
ST : Suction should be available during this time. TT : Penghisap (suction) sebaiknya digunakan dalam waktu ini.
The same case also occurred in the target data 224 which experienced the addition of words tindakan, and in the target language 228 which has additional words si anak to further clarify that the
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health background that is meant by the author is the background of the child, not the background of the mother. The addition of lexical elements like that is commonly referred to as explicitization which aims to make something implicit to produce a translation that is not taxa and a translation that is easily understood by the target reader.
Data 160
ST : The heart also give important physical clucs to the specific health of the body.
TT : Kesehatan jantung juga sebagai tanda kondisi fisik yang penting bagi kesehatan badan secara khusus.
Data 216
ST : Complications from specific diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) result in recognizable structural heart damage.
TT : Selain itu, komplikasi dari penyakit khusus seperti hipertensi dan diabetes mellitus (DM) dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan struktur jantung.
Data 224
ST : Every second counts in preventing damage to the stomach from strong caustic agents such as acid, alkalis, and cleaning agents.
TT : Setiap hitungan detik tindakan tersebut dapat mencegah kerusakan lambung dari agen penyebab kuat semacam asam, basa dan agen pembersih.
Data 228
ST : The nurse practitioner takes a health history from the mother.
TT : perawat meminta keterangan dari ibunya mengenai latar belakang kesehatan si anak.
Departing from the research objectives, the research data were then collected and analyzed. From the results of the data analysis of this study, several conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) In this study, data were identified that were translated not only by a single technique but also by multiple techniques. From 308 data sources analyzed, 179 data were identified which were translated by
applying a single technique, 129 data using the multiplet technique. Based on the frequency of occurrence or use in the overall data of this research, it is known that literal translation ranks first (257), followed by natural translation (61), pure translation (55), calque (36), transposition (17), disappearance technique (5 ) modulation (4) and additions (3); (2) In this study, it was
identified that the use of the selection of translation methods and translation techniques was more based on the ideology of foreignization although in certain cases it was also supported by the ideology of domestication. In other words, translators tend to adhere to the ideology of foreignization in translating the health text that is the source of the data for this research.
From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the translator of this text really needs to work together with linguists to improve the quality of the translation. The success of a translation is largely determined by the translator's expertise in utilizing and synergizing the five parameters of translation competence, namely linguistic, textual, scientific, cultural, and transfer competencies. The selection and application of the right technique, understanding the source language message and its transfer with reasonable expression in the target language greatly determines the quality of the translation.
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