Translation Procedures Applied in Translating Immigration Terminologies
on
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/linguistika/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/ling.2020.v27.i02.p07
LINGUISTIKA, SEPTEMBER 2020
p-ISSN: 0854-9613 e-ISSN: 2656-6419
Vol. 27 No. 2
Translation Procedures Applied in Translating Immigration Terminologies
Wayan Shanti Nilayani 1Denpasar, Bali 1e-mail: shanti.nilayani@gmail.com
Abstract--Translating technical terminologies that belong to special field is challenging, especially to those who are not mastering the field. In translating the immigration terminologies found in the regulations concerning immigration, the translators applied various translation procedures in order to maintain the meaning. The aim of this research is to identify the translation procedures applied in translating the immigration terminologies found in the data source. The data were collected from Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian, Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 104 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 69 Tahun 2015 tentang Bebas Visa Kunjungan, along with their translations. Qualitative research approach is applied in this writing. The theory used to analyze the data is the theory of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. The result of the research showed that in translating the immigration terminologies found in the data source, the translator applied 5 (five) out of 7 (seven) translation procedures. These 5 (five) procedures are borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, and modulation. The other 2 (two) translation procedures that were not applied are equivalence and adaptation.
Keywords: translation, immigration, terminology
Abstrak--Menerjemahkan istilah teknis yang terdapat dalam bidang khusus merupakan sebuah tantangan, terutama bagi mereka yang tidak menguasai bidang tersebut. Dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah keimigrasian yang ditemukan dalam beberapa peraturan tentang keimigrasian penerjemah menerapkan berbagai prosedur penerjemahan untuk mempertahankan makna. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah keimigrasian yang ditemukan dalam sumber data. Data dalam penulisan ini bersumber dari Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian, Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 104 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 69 Tahun 2015 tentang Bebas Visa Kunjungan, beserta dengan terjemahannya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan untuk menaganalisis data adalah teori penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam menerjemahkan istilah keimigrasian yang ditemukan dalam sumber data, penerjemah menerapkan 5 (lima) dari 7 (tujuh) prosedur penerjemahan. Kelima prosedur ini adalah borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, dan modulation. Dua prosedur penerjemahan lainnya yang tidak digunakan adalah equivalence dan adaptation.
Kata Kunci: penerjemahan, keimigrasian, istilah
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Bali as one of the tourism destinations in Indonesia is visited by more than 10.000 foreigners in a day for various purposes. Although Bali is a small island, its international airport named I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport is one of the busiest airports in Indonesia besides Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta and Juanda International Airport in Surabaya. The international airport is considered as a gate since it connects a country to the other countries and also as the lane for foreigners to enter and exit the territory of a country.
In an international airport, there are several institutions that must exist such as CIQ that stands for customs, immigration, and quarantine. These institutions are responsible to control and secure the flow of people and goods entering or exiting the territory of a country. Immigration, as one of the CIQ elements, deals with the traffic of people entering or exiting the territory of a country. The responsibility of immigration is to conduct a clearance to people who enter or exit the country. This clearance procedure involves the travel document and stay permit examinations.
Matters concerning immigration in Indonesia are regulated by several regulations. The main regulation used as a guidance in regulating immigration matters is the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2011 concerning immigration. To accommodate the need for information in society regarding immigration matters, the Government of Indonesia, in this case is the Directorate General of Immigration as the authorized institution, has provided the law and other regulations concerning immigration on their official website (www.imigrasi.go.id) to be freely downloaded. Besides, the Directorate General of Immigration has also provided the translation of the laws in several foreign languages such as English and Chinese for foreigners who do not speak the Indonesian language. This writing discusses the translation procedures applied in
translating the immigration terminologies found in the regulations in Indonesian and its translation in English.
As it is believed that Indonesian Language and English could not be having the same linguistic system, therefore it is not possible to produce a translation that has the same form as the source text. However, meaning is the most important thing that should be maintained by the translators. Finding a lexical in the target language (TL) that has the closest meaning as in the source language (SL) is a challenge for the translator, especially in translating a technical terminology that does not exist in the TL. Translators, especially those who are not mastering the field, will face a problem in translating a text belongs to a special field consist of a great number of technical terminologies.
In translating the terminologies of a particular field, the translator is challenged with several problems. One of them is the absence of the word in the TL. As stated by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014), there is certainly no reason to expect that all languages will have words corresponding in meaning exactly to the English words. However, the absence of the word does not prove the absence of a concept. The fact that the words are never be able to capture fully or perfectly is not a good reason not to try to get as close to them as possible (Goddard and Wierzbicka, 2014).
Most people know and understand very well what visa or passport is, but not many people know what is meant by Surat Perjalanan Laksana Pasport, Surat Perjalanan Lintas Batas, Tindakan Administratif Keimigrasian, etc. These terminologies are rarely used by people unless they are legal practitioners, immigration officers, or people who often deal with immigration matters. The mentioned terminologies are the immigration products issued by the Indonesian Government that may not exist in other countries, therefore there is a possibility that the terminologies are not available in other countries. In translating these
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terminologies, the translator is expected to be able to transfer the meaning into TL without changing or shifting its meaning or message. For this purpose, translators apply various translation procedures in the process of translating the terminologies to maintain the meaning in TL. This writing discusses about the translation procedures applied by the translator in translating the immigration terminologies found in the data source. The theory that is used to analyze the data is the translation theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000). According to Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), there are 7 (seven) translation procedures that are divided into 2 (two) methods, direct and oblique translation. This writing is expected to be helpful and useful as a reference for the similar research that will be conducted in the future. It is also expected to give a contribution to the studies of translation.
Methodology is an essential part in a research since it shows the way how the research is conducted. This study belongs to qualitative research that applies the theory of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) to analyze the data. The data in this study are primary data taken from several regulations concerning immigration. The regulations both in Indonesian language and its translation in English were observed and the terminologies related to immigration were identified. The data were collected through documentary method taken from Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian and Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 104 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 69 Tahun 2015 tentang Bebas Visa Kunjungan that are translated into Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration and Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 104 of 2015 on the Amendment to the Presidential Regulation Number 69 of 2015 on the Visit Visa Exemption. The data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative method then presented by formal and
informal method which mean the data are presented in a form of table and paraphrase using complete explanation or description.
The theory of translation used in analyzing the data is the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) that is supported by the theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) categorized 7 (seven) translation procedures into 2 (two) methods. The first method is direct or literal translation and the second method is oblique translation. Direct translation consists of several procedures such as borrowing, calque, and literal translation while oblique translation consists of transposition, modulation, adaptation, and equivalence.
In some translation tasks, it is possible to transpose the SL message element by element into TL, because it is based on either (i) parallel categories, in which case we can speak of structural parallelism, or (ii) on parallel concepts, which are the result of metalinguistic parallelisms. But translators may also notice gaps, or “lacunae”, in the target language (TL) which must be filled by corresponding elements, so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages.
To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one (e.g. a new technical process, an unknown concept), borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. This procedure is usually used by the translators to create a stylistic effect in the translation product. The decision to borrow a SL word or expression for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style and consequently of the message. The borrowing procedure is applied in translating the following terminologies.
Table 1 – The Application of Borrowing Procedure
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|
No |
SL (Indonesian) |
TL (English) |
|
1. |
Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor untuk warga negara Indonesia dikeluarkan bagi warga negara Indonesia dalam keadaan tertentu jika Paspor biasa tidak dapat diberikan. (Pasal 27 Ayat (1), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) |
Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor for the Indonesian citizen shall be issued for the Indonesian citizen in a specific circumstance in case of ordinary Passport can not be given. (Article 27 Paragraph (1), Law Number 6 of 2011) |
|
2. |
Menteri atau Pejabat Imigrasi yang ditunjuk berwenang melakukan penarikan atau pencabutan Paspor biasa, Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor, dan surat perjalanan lintas batas atau pas lintas batas yang telah dikeluarkan. (Pasal 31 Ayat (1), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) |
Minister or a designated Immigration Officer shall be authorized to withdraw or revoke an Ordinary Passport, Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor, and Surat Perjalanan Lintas Batas or Border Crossing Pass issued. (Article 31 Paragraph (1) Law Number 6 of 2011) |
Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor (SPLP) is a document in lieu of passport that is provided in a specific state that is valid for a certain period of time. SPLP is one kind of travel document that has the same function as a regular passport. This document is given to Indonesian nationalities to replace their lost or damaged passport. Besides, it is also given for certain cases such as the unavailability of the regular passport application form in the Indonesian Embassy or Consulate abroad, repatriation, and etc. In other countries,
this kind of travel document has similar function as emergency passport or temporary passport. The SPLP types are divided into SPLP for Indonesian Citizen, SPLP for foreigners, and Surat Perjalanan Lintas Batas (SPLB) or Pas Lintas Batas (Border Crossing Pass).
Surat Perjalanan Lintas Batas (SPLB), also known as Pas Lintas Batas (PLB), is a kind of travel document issued by the Government of Indonesia for Indonesian citizen who live on the borders between Indonesia and the neighboring countries, such as in the areas between Kalimantan and Malaysia, NTT and East Timor, also West Papua and Papua New Guinea. In other countries, this document is known as Border Crossing Pass.
Both data 1 and 2 are translated by borrowing procedure. The documents that have the same function as SPLB and SPLP actually exist in other countries or in TL. However, the translator opted to apply borrowing procedures for various considerations. First, the data source used in this writing is a legal text that uses frozen language. Frozen or static language is a language that is always the same and predictable. It is usually related to the religions, laws, or customs of the community. In translating such a text, a translator tends to be attentive and accurate in choosing the term in TL since a mistake in translating the term may cause a serious issue in the future. Second, even though these products do exist in TL, there must be several features of these documents that similar documents in TL do not have, vice versa. Therefore, to avoid any meaning or message shifting, the borrowing procedure is applied to translate the terminologies.
A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. Calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word, or root-for-root translation. Calque expressions consist of imitating the manner of
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expression of the SL in the TL (cited in Sharei, 2017).
Table 2 – The Application of Calque Procedure
|
No |
SL (Indonesian) |
TL (English) |
|
3. |
Selain Kantor Imigrasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), dapat dibentuk Rumah Detensi Imigrasi di ibu kota negara, provinsi, kabupaten, atau kota. (Pasal 4 Ayat (4), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) |
In addition to Immigration Office as referred to in paragraph (1), an Immigration Detention House can be established in State capital, province, district, or municipality. (Article 4 Paragraph (4) Law Number 6 of 2011) |
|
4. |
Bebas Visa Kunjungan yang telah diberikan kepada Orang Asing warga negara dari negara tertentu dan pemerintah wilayah administratif khusus dari negara tertentu berdasarkan …. (Pasal 6 Ayat (1) Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 104 Tahun 2015) |
The Visit Visa Exemption has been issued to the Foreigner of certain countries and special administrative regions from particular country under the …. (Article 6 paragraph (1), Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 104 of 2015) |
Rumah Detensi Imigrasi that is translated into Immigration Detention House is the institution under the authority of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. Its function is as the temporary shelter for the foreigners who are imposed punishment (Immigration Administrative Action). In other countries, Immigration Detention House is known
as Detention Centre or Detention Facility. In the United States of America, this institution is called Detention Centre, Detention Facility, or Prison. While in the United Kingdom, it is known as Immigration Removal Centre (IRC). Even though the terminologies used in Indonesia and other countries are different, these institutions serve the same function.
Bebas Visa Kunjungan (BVK) that is translated into Visit Visa Exemption is a facility provided by the Government of Indonesia for tourists from certain countries who want to visit Indonesia for tourism purpose. They are exempted from having a visa to enter the Indonesian territory. By this facility, foreigners from certain countries can visit and stay in Indonesia for maximum 30 days. BVK can be obtained at the airport upon arrival by presenting the return or onward ticket. The return date must not exceed the validity period of the BVK. In other countries, the similar facility exists with different terminologies. It is known as Visa Waiver or Visa-Free Entry. These facilities enable foreigners from particular countries to visit and stay for certain period of time in the issuing country.
In translating both terminologies above, the translator applied calque procedure. These terminologies do exist in TL with different terminologies. However, instead of using the terminologies that are commonly used in TL, the translator opted to borrow the expression in SL then translated it literally to TL. This procedure may be applied since the TL is a legal text that uses frozen language, therefore the translator in translating the terminologies tends to be stricter and more attentive.
Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. It is most
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|
common when translating between two languages of the same family, and even more so when they also share the same culture. If literal translations arise between French and English, it is because common metalinguistic concepts also reveal physical coexistence with the conscious or unconscious imitation which attaches to a certain intellectual or political prestige, and such like. Table 3 – The Application of Literal Translation | ||
|
No |
SL (Indonesian) |
TL (English) |
|
5. 6. |
Menteri berwenang dan bertanggung jawab melakukan Pencegahan yang menyangkut bidang Keimigrasian (Pasal 91 Ayat (1), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) Menteri berwenang melakukan Penangkalan (Pasal 98 Ayat (1), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) |
The Minister shall be authorized and responsible for undertaking any Prevention with regards to Immigration sector (Article 91 Paragraph (1) Law Number 6 of 2011) The Minister shall be authorized to undertaken any Deterrence (Article 98 Paragraph (1) Law Number 6 of 2011) |
Based on Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, pencegahan that is translated into prevention means a temporary prohibition against people to exit the territory of Indonesia due to immigration or other reasons set forth by law. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) or Indonesian Language Dictionary defines pencegahan as the process, way, or action to prevent; prevention; rejection. Oxford Dictionary defines prevention as the action of stopping something from happening or arising. Prevention from leaving Indonesian territory may be imposed to both Indonesian citizens and foreigners due to immigration or other reasons.
Based on Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, penangkalan means prohibition against the foreigners to enter the territory of Indonesia due to immigration reasons. KBBI states that penangkalan is the process, way, action of preventing; rejection; deterrence. Prohibition cannot be imposed to Indonesian citizens, only to foreigners. As stated by the law, all Indonesian citizens must be allowed to enter Indonesian territory.
In translating SL into TL, translators might also notice gaps or “lacunae” in TL which must be filled by corresponding elements, therefore the overall impression is the same for the two messages. This method is applied to a case in which both SL and TL have several differences of structural or metalinguistic. These differences cause certain stylistic effects cannot be transposed into TL without upsetting the syntactic order, or even the lexis. In this case more complex methods have to be used. These procedures are called oblique translation methods.
The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. According to Molina and Albir (2002), transposition is a translation technique that involves the changing of grammatical category. This technique is similar to category, structural, and unit shifting, i.e. verb in SL is translated into noun in TL.
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) stated that the base and the transposed expression do not necessarily have the same value. Translators must, therefore, choose to carry out a transposition if a translation thus obtained fits better into the utterance, or allows a particular nuance of a style to be retained. There are two types of transpositions, obligatory and optional transposition. Obligatory transposition is when the TL has no other choices because of the language system but optional transposition is the translator’s choice and they use
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it when it is necessary and is better for the style (cited in Sharei, 2017).
Table 4 – The Application of Transposition Procedure
|
No |
SL (Indonesian) |
TL (English) |
|
7. |
Setiap Tempat Pemeriksaan Imigrasi ditetapkan suatu area tertentu untuk melakukan pemeriksaan Keimigrasian yang disebut dengan area imigrasi. (Pasal 22 Ayat (1), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) |
Every Immigration Checkpoint Venue shall be specified a specific area to perform Immigration check that referred to as Immigration area (Article 22 Paragraph (1) Law Number 6 of 2011) |
|
8. |
Menteri atau Pejabat Imigrasi yang ditunjuk berwenang melakukan penarikan atau pencabutan Paspor biasa, Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor, dan surat perjalanan lintas batas atau pas lintas batas yang telah dikeluarkan (Pasal 31 Ayat (1), Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2011) |
Minister or a designated Immigration Officer shall be authorized to withdraw or revoke an Ordinary Passport, Surat Perjalanan Laksana Paspor, and Surat Perjalanan Lintas Batas or Border Crossing Pass issued (Article 31 Paragraph (1) Law Number 6 of 2011) |
In translating both data 7 and 8 the translator applied transposition procedure. There is grammatical change category occurred in the process of translating these data. The data 7 shows that the change of head and modifier in the noun phrase both in SL and TL occured due to the different linguistic system between SL and TL. Tempat Pemeriksaan Imigrasi (TPI) that is translated into Immigration checkpoint venue is a
checkpoint venue that exists in the seaport, airport, border crossing post, or other places. TPI is used as an entrance or exit point of the territory of Indonesia. Every people who enter or exit the Indonesian territory are obliged to pass the Immigration clearance conducted by the Immigration Officer at the Immigration Checkpoint Venue. Person in charge of transport tool (plane, boats, etc.) who enter or exit the Indonesian territory with transport tool are also obliged to pass the immigration check at Immigration Checkpoint Venue.
In translating data 8, the change of word class occured. Penarikan that belongs to noun is translated into to withdraw that belongs to verb. Based on KBBI, penarikan means the process, way, action of withdrawing something. In Immigration, penarikan is the activity of travel and/ or other immigration document withdrawal conducted by the immigration officer based on various reasons.
Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. According to Molina and Albir (2002), modulation is a technique in which the point of view, focus or the cognitive category of the source text are changed. The change of point of view can occur in the lexical or structure.
Table 5 – The Application of Modulation Procedure
No SL
(Indonesian)
-
9. Pemberian Visa
diplomatik dan Visa dinas merupakan kewenangan Menteri Luar Negeri dan dalam
TL
(English) Provision of diplomatic and official Visa is an authority of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and in the
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|
pelaksanaannya |
operational is |
|
dikeluarkan oleh |
issued by foreign |
|
pejabat dinas luar |
service officer in |
|
negeri di Perwakilan |
the Representative |
|
Republik Indonesia |
of the Republic of |
|
(Pasal 37, Undang- |
Indonesia (Article |
|
Undang No. 6 |
37, Law Number 6 |
|
Tahun 2011) |
of 2011) |
|
10. Setiap orang yang |
Every people who |
|
masuk atau keluar |
enter or exit the |
|
Wilayah Indonesia |
Indonesian |
|
wajib melalui |
Territory shall be |
|
pemeriksaan yang |
obliged to pass |
|
dilakukan oleh |
through a check |
|
Pejabat Imigrasi di |
conducted by the |
|
Tempat pemeriksaan |
Immigration |
|
Imigrasi. (Pasal 9 |
Officer at the |
|
Ayat (1), Undang- |
Immigration |
|
Undang No. 6 |
Checkpoint Venue. |
|
Tahun 2011) |
(Article 9 Paragraph (1) Law Number 6 of 2011) |
Based on KBBI, pemberian means something that is given; the act or process of giving something. In the data 10, pemberian is translated into provision that means the act of supplying somebody with something that they need or want; something that is supplied. In the process of translating this lexical, there is change of point of view occured. Pemberian that means the act of giving something was translated into provision that means the act of providing something.
Based on Article 1 Number 7, Ministerial Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia Number 30 of 2016 concerning Immigration Intelligence, Pejabat Imigrasi is defined as the officer who has passed a special training program of immigration with a technical expertise of immigration and has an authority to undertake the duties and responsibilities based on the Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration.
Based on KBBI, pejabat is defined as a government employee who holds an important
position (leader) in an institution. In Indonesian Immigration, these important positions are held by pejabat struktural. Pejabat struktural (lit. structural official) in Immigration institution are such as the Director General of Immigration, the board of directors, the Head of Immigration Office, the head of department, the head of section, etc. Pejabat struktural is a terminology to call high ranking employee who holds important position.
In translating the data 10, the translator applied modulation procedure. Instead of translating the lexical pejabat literally into official, the translator opted to translate it into officer in order to maintain the meaning. Pejabat Imigrasi is a terminology used to call the immigration officers who have passed a special training program. Even though it is called pejabat, it does not mean pejabat imigrasi is high ranking officials. However, compared to the other employees at the same level, pejabat imigrasi has more authority and power. The change of point of view occurred in translating the lexical pejabat into officer. Pejabat that is usually associated with a position with more power and authority is translated into officer.
Based on the conducted analysis, it is found that in translating the SL into TL the translator applied only 5 (five) out of 7 (seven) translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000). The 5 (five) translation procedures are borrowing, calque, literal translations, transposition, and modulation. These translation procedures were applied to maintain the message in SL. Like the other legal texts, the data source used in this writing also uses frozen or static language that means a language that is always the same and predictable. It is usually related to the religion, laws, or customs of the community. In translating frozen language, the translator tends to be attentive and accurate. The other 2 (two) procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) that were not applied are equivalence and adaptation. These procedurees were not applied
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since adaptation and equivalence procedures are usually used to translate movie title, idiom, or proverbs. By all means, these procedures seem not applicable to be used to translate legal texts such as the data source used in this writing.
Anonim. 2011. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2011 Concerning Immigration. Available from: URL:
http://www.imigrasi.go.id/index.php/en/polic ies/law (Downloaded on 18 December 2016)
Anonim. 2011. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tentang Keimigrasian. Available from: URL:
http://www.imigrasi.go.id/phocadownloadpa p/Undang-Undang/uu-6-tahun-2011.pdf (Downloaded on 14 October 2016)
Anonim. 2015. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 104 Tahun 2015 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 69 Tahun 2015 Tentang Bebas Visa Kunjungan. Available from: URL:
http://www.imigrasi.go.id/index.php/en/polic ies/presidential-regulation (Downloaded on 20 October 2016)
Anonim. 2015. Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 104 of 2015 on the Amendment To The Presidential Regulation Number 69 of 2015 on The Visit Visa Exemption. Available from: URL: http://www.imigrasi.go.id/index.php/en/polic ies/presidential-regulation (Downloaded on 21 October 2016)
Anonim. 2016. Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia Nomor 30 Tahun 2016 tentang Intelijen Keimigrasian. Available from: URL: http://
http://www.imigrasi.go.id/phocadownloadpa p/PeraturanMenteri/Tahun2016/permenkumh
am%20no%2030%20tentang%20intelijen%2 0keimigrasian.pdf (Downloaded on 31 December 2019)
Anonim. 2016. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Available from: http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary, accessed on
December 23, 2016 at 09.29 p.m.
Goddard, Cliff and Anna Wierzbicka. 2014. Words & Meanings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Molina, L & A.H. Albir. 2002. “Translation Technique Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach”. Dalam Meta, Vol. XLVII, No. 4. Hal. 499-512
Sharei, Vahideh. 2017. “A Comparative Study of the Strategies Employed in “The Old Man and the Sea” Translated from English into Persian on the Basis of Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model”. Theory and Practice in Language Studies: Volume 07, Number 04, 281 - 286
Vinay, Jean-Paul and Jean Darbelnet. 2000. A Methodology for Translation. In Venuti (ed.) 2000. London and New York: Routledge
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