ISSN: 2597-8012 JURNAL MEDIKA UDAYANA, VOL. 12 NO.12,DESEMBER, 2023

DOAJ


DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS



Diterima: 2023-08-16 Revisi: 2023-11-08 Accepted: 25-11-2023

RELATED FACTORS TO GIVING OF IPV (INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE) POLIO IMMUNIZATION TO BABY IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE PAUH HEALTH CENTER, CENTER OF PARIAMAN DISTRICT, PARIAMAN CITY Marisa Lia Anggraini, Hartati Deri Manila, Fanny Jesica

Sekolah Tinggi Kesehatan Syedza Saintika

  • 1.2 Departement of Bachelor Midwifery

3Departement of Midwife Professional Education e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The IPV Polio immunization program has been introduced since 2015 as part of the national immunization program. Coverage of IPV Polio immunization in Indonesia has decreased since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, including in the working area of the Pauh Community Health Center, Central Pariaman District, Pariaman City. This study aims to analyze factors related to the implementation of IPV Polio immunization. A cross sectional study was conducted in the working area of Pauh Community Health Center, Pariaman District, Pariaman City Center, on 93 mothers who have a baby aged 3-20 months. The understand the related factors, the data was analyzed both using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The result of the study showed that IPV Polio immunization was associated with motivation (p=0,017) and family support (p=0,025). Suggestions for future researchers, to be able to research other than the factors above.

Keywords: Factor., Immunization., IPV Polio., Baby

INTRODUCTION

Determination of Indonesia’s status as a Polio KLB (Extraordinary Event) where one case of polio was discovered in Pidie Regency, Aceh. This polio case found in a child aged 7 years and 2 months. From the test results, the child suffered from Polio Virus Type 2 and Sabin Type 3, with initial symptoms of fever, pain in the joints and weakness in the limbs1-2.

From data the Ministry of Health, Polio immunization coverage in Indonesia has decreased since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic.Therefore, 30 provinces covering 415 city districts are at high risk of being affected by polio2-3. There has been a decline in polio vaccine coverage, both OPV and IPV, over the last 2 years1-2, 3-5. In 2020 for example, OPV vaccination coverage reached 86,8%, then decreased in 2021 to 80,2%. It cannot be denied that there are many areas with vaccination coverage of less than 50% since 2020. Because of this, the Ministry of Health is promoting mass immunization for all children aged 0-13 years in Aceh, starting from Pidie Regency and followed by other provinces throughout Indonesia and the Government as well increase routine immunization nationally6-8.

Polio is an infectious disease that has caused a stir in the past. Polio has existed since ancient times and was a dangerous and deadly disease at that time8-10. The most widespread outbreak occurred in the first half of the 19000s,

until the polio vaccine was introduced in 195511-12. However, now polio can be prevented through IPV immunization. In fact, polio can be fatal and endanger the sufferer’s life. The best way to treat polio is to prevent it from happening. This is why the polio vaccine is included in the mandatory immunization for children13-15.

At the peak of the polio epidemic in 1952, nearly 60.000 cases with more than 3.000 deaths occurred in the United States. However, with the issuance of the IPV vaccination recommendation, polio has been eliminated in the United States since 1979. This condition was followed by other countries throughtout the world16-18.

Polio or poliomyelitis is a disease caused by a viral infection that attacks the brain and spinal cord19-20. This disease can cause paralysis in people who experience it and threaten the sufferer’s life. Threfore, the best way to trat polio is to prevent it early. Thanks to technological advances, polio can be prevented by IPV immunization from infancy16-18, 21-23.

The polio virus is also categorized as very dangerous, because it can be spread from one person to another23-24. Most people infected with the polio virus (about 72 out of 100) will not show any symptoms. However, the symptoms of polio can be seen at a glance like flu, namely sore throat, fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, stomachache25-27.The symptoms usually last for 2-5 days, then disappear by themselves. However, children who appear to have fully

recovered from polio may experience muscle pain, weakness, or paralysis as adults, at the age of 15 to 40 years. This persistent effect is also called post-polio syndrome13-15, 27-30.

There are two types of polio vaccine, namely the drop vaccine and the injection vaccine. The drip vaccine or oral vaccine is known as the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), while the injectable vaccine is known as IPV immunization or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)31-32. These two vaccines are equally effective in maintaining a child’s immune system. The polio vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines and must be given from childhood. The IPV immunization schedule is usually recommended for children from the ages of 2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months, 4-6 years, and up to 59 months.

IPV immunization works by producing antibodies in the blood to ward off the polio virus33-34. The goal is to RESULTS

protect the body from paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralysis is the most severe symptom associated with polio, as it can cause permanent disability and death35-37. Between 2 and 10 out of 100 people who experience paralysis due to polio virus infection die, because the virus affects the muscles that help them breathe. The way IPV immunization works is that the antibodies that have been formed can fight the virus and prevent it from entering the central nervous system37-40.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence parents’ decisions to provide polio immunization using IPV to their children. The type of research that will be used is descriptive analytic research with an observational study design, cross sectional study approach. Data will be analyzed univariately and bivariately.

Univariate Analysis

To find out the frequency distribution of each variable (independent and dependet variables) research can be seen in table 1.

Table 1 Frequency Distribution

Variable

F

%

Giving of IPV Polio Immunization

-   Not given IPV Polio Immunization           62

66,7

-   Given IPV Polio Immunization              31

33,3

Motivation

-   Poor Motivation

15

16,1

-   Good Motivation

78

83,9

Family Role

-   Doesn’t play a role

22

23,7

-   Play a role

71

76,3

Myth

-   Believes

16

17,2

-   Not believes

77

82,8

From the results of the research analysis in the table 1

16,1% of respondents

had poor motivation, 23,7% had

above, it can be seen that there were 66,7% of respondents

families who did not have a role, and 17,2% of respondents

who did not provide IPV polio immunization to their babies,

believes in myths.


Bivariate Analysis

The Relationship between Motivation and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Table 2 The Relationship between Motivation and IPV Immunization


Motivation

Giving   of  IPV  Polio

Immunization

Total

p

Not Given

Given

n

%

n

%

n

%

Poor Motivation

14

93,3

1

6,7

15

100

Good Motivation

48

61,5

30

38,5

78

100

0,017

Amount

62

66,7

31

33,3

93

100


Relationship between Family Role and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Table 3 Relationship between Family Role and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Family Role

Giving of IPV Polio Immunization           Total         p

Tidak     Diberikan

Diberikan n    %    n   %    n   %

Doesn’t play a role Play a role Amount

12    85,7     2     14,3    14    100

50    52,7    29    26,3    79    100     0,101

62    66,7    31    33,3    93    100


Relationship between Myth and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Table 4 Relationship between Myth and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Myth

Pemberian Imunisasi Polio IPV                Total        p

Not Given      Given

n    %    n    %   n    %

Believes

Not believes

Amount

50    64,9     27    35,1    77    100

12     75      4      25    16     100     0,437

62    66,7     31     33,3    93     100


DISCUSSION

The Relationship between Motivation and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Based on the research results, it was concluded that majority (83,9%) of respondents had good motivation and a small portion (16,1%) of respondets had poor motivation. With a value of p = 0,017 (p<0.05), it means that there is a significant relationship between motivation and giving IPV polio.

The researcher’s assumption is that, although the research results show that there are more mothers who have good motivation in giving IPV polio immunization, the provision of IPV polio immunization is still very low (33,3%). This can be caused by many factors, some of which are the mother’s knowledge and attitude. If the mother’s knowledge is good in understanding and knowing about IPV polio immunization, and this have an impact on the mother’s better motivation towards IPV polio immunization.

Relationship between Family Role and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Based on the research results, it was concluded that the majority (76,3%) of respondents had families who played a role and a small percentage (23,7%) of respondents whose families did not play a role. With a value of p = 0,025 (p<0,05), it means that there is a significant relationship between the role of the family and the provision of IPV polio.

The researcher’s assumption is that, although the research results show that there are more mothers who have families who play a role in giving IPV polio immunization compared to mothers who do not have a family role in giving IPV polio immunization, there are still many who do not provide IPV polio immunization to their children (33,3%). This is caused by several factors, namely

knowledge, motivation and environment. This may be due to the presence of family members who suggest and/or giving exclusive breast milk alone which is enough for baby’s immune system. These family members are of the opinion that if with breast milk alone the baby is already healty why should they be injected with immunizations or other substances which are not necessarily halal and they also said that children are already healthy, why should they be made sick because they are given immunizations that make children feverish and fussy.

And if we look at the research results, families who play a role in giving IPV polio immunization but still do not immunize their children by the mother, this could by the mother’s lack of motivation to immunize her baby in a timely and complete manner, coupled with an unsupportive environment, such as information provided by neighbors that immunizations make children disabled, paralyzed, sick and even die.

Relationship between Myth and Giving IPV Polio Immunization

Based on the research results, it was concluded that the majority (82,8%) of respondents did not believe in myths and a small portion (17,2%) of respondents believed in myths. With a value of p = 0,437 (p>0,05), it means that there is no significant relationship between myths and giving IPV polio immunization.

One of the obstacles for mothers in giving IPV polio immunization is believes in myths. In fact, the truth of what is called a myth cannot be proven. Myths are the result of ancient ideas where analysis of condition still has very limited tools. In line with the term ‘not all myths are wrong’, not all myths can be held to be true. Moreover, with increasingly modern life, there are many differences between the symptoms of mothers and babies today and in

the past. This may be due to a lifestyle that could be said to be far from ancient times41.

The researcher’s assumption is that, even though the research found that a small percentage of respondents believed in the myth, there were still many mothers who did not give their babies IPV polio immunization. This condition can be caused by several factors, due to environmental influences so that the mother’s motivation in giving IPV polio immunization is not good, causing low IPV polio immunization coverage rates.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

There is a significant relationship between motivation and IPV polio immunization, there is a significant relationship between family role and IPV polio immunization, and there is no significant relationship with IPV polio immunization.

Suggestions for future researchers, to be able to research other than the factors above.

THANK YOU NOTE

In carrying out this research, I would like to thank the Pauh Pariaman Health Center, especially the Head of the Pauh Pariaman Health Center and all his staff who have given permission to carry out research in his work area, as well as all the Sir/Mom at the Pauh Pariaman Health Center, all Village Heads, all village midwives, all cadres, and all respondents, I would like to thank you very so much the research process. To the Chairman of Stikes Syedza Saintika and his staff who have supported and granted research permission. Thank you to my husband and my doughter for everything, who are my extraordinary support system. Thank you also to my parents, in-lawas and all my family, as well as my colleagues who have supported and helped me all this time.

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