PENGARUH MODEL PELATIHAN DIRECT INSTRUCTIONAL TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN KETERAMPILAN PERSIAPAN MENYUSUI PADA IBU HAMIL DI KLINIK IDAMAN PADANG
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JMU
Jurnal medika udayana
ISSN: 2597-8012 JURNAL MEDIKA UDAYANA, VOL. 12 NO.10,OKTOBER, 2023
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Diterima: 2023-08-16 Revisi: 2023-09-30 Accepted: 01-10-2023
THE EFFECT OF DIRECT INSTRUCTIONAL TRAINING MODEL ON BREASTFEEDING PREPARATION KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT IDAMAN PADANG CLINIC
Fitra Afrida Amna1, Meldafia Idaman2, Marisa Lia Anggraini3
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Background: Preparation for breastfeeding is the knowledge and skill in pregnant women to give breast milk to the baby without any additional food or drink except drugs and vitamins, for 6 consecutive months. Cases of low knowledge and skills of breastfeeding preparation in pregnant women every year increase. Based on Data and Information on Indonesia's Health Profile in 2022, the coverage of Exclusive Breastfeeding increased to 55.4%, but data from the Padang City Health Office in 2022 the coverage rate of Exclusive Breastfeeding was 73.7%. This is far below the national target of 80%. Preparation for breastfeeding should be started when pregnant women are physically by paying attention to nutrition, getting enough rest, and preparing the breasts by doing breast care. Psychological preparation by believing that she is ready to breastfeed, able to produce enough milk for her baby and getting support from the surrounding environment and health workers. Objective: To improve the knowledge and skills of pregnant women about breastfeeding preparation using the Direct Instructional Training model which is one way to improve the knowledge and skills of pregnant women about breastfeeding preparation, so that pregnant women have basic knowledge to produce good breast milk. Method: This study used quasi-experiments. Data using questionnaires and observation sheets. Statistical tests using t-tests. Data analysis was presented to illustrate the Effect of Direct Instructional Model Training on the Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women on Breastfeeding Preparation at Idaman Clinic in Padang City. Result: The results showed that there were differences in knowledge and skills of pregnant women in preparing for breastfeeding after being given direct instructional training (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Research is expected to provide direct benefits by increasing the knowledge and skills of pregnant women in preparing themselves for breastfeeding before giving birth, as well as increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for infants in Indonesia.
Keywords : Knowledge; Skills; Direct Instructional
INTRODUCTION
The readiness of pregnant women to exclusively breastfeed is a serious problem in Indonesia. Knowledge and skills of breastfeeding preparation in pregnant women are still low, thus impacting the nutritional status of children. According to Basic Health Research, only 55.4% of infants receive exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months, while the national target is 80%.1,2 Although in Padang City, the achievement of exclusively breastfed babies reached 73.7%, but the rate dropped dramatically at the Padang dream clinic in 2022, with an exclusive breastfeeding coverage rate of 34.7%.3,4 This is due to the lack of knowledge and skills of pregnant women in preparing themselves for breastfeeding before giving birth. Therefore, the study aims to examine the effect of direct instructional training model on knowledge and skills of breastfeeding preparation in pregnant women in Padang dream clinic. This emphasizes the importance of knowledge and skills of pregnant women in preparing exclusive breastfeeding.5 Preparation for breastfeeding should be started when the mother is physically pregnant by paying attention to nutrition, getting enough rest, and preparing the
breasts by doing breast care.6 Psychological preparation by believing that she is ready to breastfeed, able to produce enough milk for her baby and get support from the surrounding environment and health workers.7 Based on observational data at the dream clinic, there has been an increase in cases of low readiness of pregnant women in breastfeeding. In 2020 there were 12 cases, in 2021 there were 15 cases and in 2022 it increased again to 19 new cases. In January and February 2022, they experienced poor growth and nutrition in toddlers.8, 9, 10 The problem-solving approach in this study is to provide a direct instructional training model to pregnant women at the Padang dream clinic to improve knowledge and skills of breastfeeding preparation, in the hope of increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for infants. Thus, the research is expected to provide solutions in overcoming the problem of low levels of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia, especially in Padang City.
The state of the art regarding this research is that low rates of exclusive breastfeeding for infants are still a serious problem in Indonesia.11 This has an impact on children's nutritional status, which can lead to a variety of health and developmental problems.12 Despite efforts to increase the rate of exclusive
breastfeeding, the resulting achievements are still far from the national target.13, 14 One of the efforts that has been made is to provide education and training to pregnant women on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding skills.15 The novelty of this research lies in the use of a direct instructional training model aimed at pregnant women at the Padang dream clinic. The Direct Instructional Training Model is one way to improve the knowledge and skills of pregnant women about breastfeeding preparation, so that pregnant women have basic knowledge to produce good breast milk.16, 17 In addition, the direct instructional method uses modules as a way of delivering material, where the material is arranged in such a way that participants are active in learning it.18 The Direct Instructional Training Model (DITM) is a comprehensive approach to help pregnant women prepare for breastfeeding.19 This involves providing expectant mothers with information and support about breastfeeding, as well as practical skills training to help them develop the confidence and knowledge they need to successfully breastfeed their babies.20, 21 Through DITM, expectant mothers can learn about the benefits of breastfeeding, how to properly attach the baby to the breast, and how to deal with common problems that may arise during breastfeeding.22
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used quasi-experiments. This study was conducted to determine the knowledge and skills of prospective mothers before and after being given treatment in the form of providing training with direct instructional techniques. This study compared two groups of expectant mothers, namely the intervention group (the group given direct instructional training) and the control group (the group that was not given direct instructional training). Quasi-experimental research is aimed at revealing the effect and intervention / treatment on subjects and
measuring the results of the effect of the intervention.23 Taking research data by taking all prospective mothers who are in the Idaman Clinic area of Padang City. The intervention and control group research technique was carried out by giving a lottery to prospective mothers then made in the intervention group and control group, who got the intervention lot into the intervention group and who got the control lot into the control group. Data using questionnaires and observation sheets. Statistical tests using t-tests. Data analysis was presented to illustrate the Effect of Direct Instructional Model Training on Pregnant Women's Knowledge and Skills on Breastfeeding Preparation at Idaman Clinic in Padang City.
RESULT
This study used the research design "Quasi Experimental Pre-Post Test With Control Group" with direct instructional intervention. Simple Random Sampling research technique, namely the intervention and control group research technique is carried out by giving a lottery to 30 people samples then made in the intervention group and control group, who gets the intervention lot into the intervention group and who gets the control lot into the control group. So that it can be divided into both intervention groups of 30 people and control groups of 30 people.
The characteristic variables of pregnant women have 3 subvariables, namely age, education level and occupation, the three sub-variables are categorical data so that they are analyzed using percentages and displayed with frequency distribution tables. The overall characteristic results can be seen in table 1.
Table 1.Frequency distribution of characteristics of control group respondents and intervention group based on age, education level and occupation of pregnant women at Idaman Padang Clinic (n = 30)
No |
Characteristics of Respondents |
Control Group |
Intervention Group | ||||
f |
% |
f |
% | ||||
1 |
Age | ||||||
a. |
20-24 |
18 |
60,00 |
15 |
50,0 | ||
b. |
25-30 |
7 |
23,3 |
8 |
26,7 | ||
c. |
31-35 |
5 |
16,7 |
7 |
23,3 | ||
2 |
Education Level | ||||||
a. |
Elementary Graduation |
School |
1 |
3,3 |
9 |
30,0 | |
b. |
Junior Graduation |
Secondary |
5 |
16,6 |
9 |
30,0 | |
c. |
High Graduation |
School |
22 |
73,3 |
11 |
36,6 | |
d. |
College Graduation |
2 |
6,6 |
1 |
3,33 |
The hypothesis can be formulated as follows :
-
1. Whether the knowledge and skills of pregnant women before and after following the direct instructioanal training model differ significantly?
Table 2.Distribution of Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women Before and After Attending Direct Instructioanal Training Module for Pregnant Women at Idaman Padang Clinic Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences |
t |
dt |
Sig. (2tailed ) | ||||
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Eror Mean |
95% Confidence Inverval of the Differences Lower Upper | ||||
Pair 1 Pretest Intervention – Postest Intervention |
-46.10000 |
11.34825 |
2.0719 7 |
-50.33751 -41.86249 |
-22.250 |
29 |
.000 |
Pair 2 Pretest Control – Postest Control |
-13.80000 |
11.72292 |
2.6880 3 |
-19.33096 -833570 |
-5.146 |
29 |
.000 |
RESEARCH QUESTION 1
The results of the analysis show that p-value = 0.000, so HO is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that the knowledge and skills of pregnant women Before and After using the direct instructioanal training module differ significantly.
2. Is the knowledge and skills of pregnant women Before and After without following the direct instructioanal training model significantly different?
Table 3.Average Score of Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women Before and After Without Attending Direct Instructioanal Training Module for Pregnant Women at Idaman Padang Clinic Paired Samples Statistics
Mean |
N |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Eror Mean | |
Pair 1 Pretest |
38.5333 |
30 |
7.17146 |
1.30932 |
Intervention | ||||
Postest |
84.6333 |
30 |
7.28477 |
1.33001 |
Intervention | ||||
Pair 2 Pretest Control |
37.8000 |
30 |
10.19263 |
1.86091 |
Postest Control |
51.6333 |
30 |
8.17685 |
1.49288 |
Paired Samples Correlations | ||||
N |
Correlations |
Sig. | ||
Pair 1 |
Pretest Intervention & |
30 |
-.232 |
.216 |
Postest Intervention | ||||
Pair 2 |
Pretest Control & |
30 |
-.276 |
.140 |
Postest Control
RESEARCH QUESTION 2
The results of the analysis show that p-value = 0.000, so HO is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that the knowledge and skills of pregnant women Before and After without using direct instructioanal training modules differ significantly.
-
3. Is the knowledge and skills of pregnant women before without following the direct instructioanal training model significantly different?
Table 4.Average Score of Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women Before Without Attending Direct Instructioanal Training Module for Pregnant Women at Idaman Padang Clinic Group Statistics
Modul Direc Instructional |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Eror Mean | |
Initial Skill Knowledge |
Modul Direc Instructional |
30 |
38.5333 |
7.17146 |
1.30932 |
Without Direc Instructional Modules |
30 |
84.6333 |
10.19263 |
1.86091 | |
Final Skill Knowledge |
Modul Direc Instructional |
30 |
37.8000 |
7.28477 |
1.33001 |
Without Direc Instructional Modules |
30 |
51.6333 |
8.17685 |
1.49288 |
RESEARCH QUESTION 3 treatment in the form of modules during the initial test both do not
The results of the analysis show that p-value = 0.748. This have knowledge and skills about breastfeeding preparation.
indicates that the p-value > 0.05, so H0 is accepted. Thus, it can
be concluded that the knowledge and skills of pregnant women 4. Is the knowledge and skills of pregnant women after
Before treatment between the intervention group and the control following the direct instructioanal training model
group did not differ significantly. Because the knowledge and significantly different?
skills of pregnant women before the direct instructioanal training
Table 5.Distribution of Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women After Attending Direct Instructioanal Training Module for Pregnant Women at Idaman Padang Clinic Independent Samples Test
Levene’s t-test for Equality of Means Test for Equality of Variances 95% Confidence Sig. Inverval of the (2- Mean Std. Eror Differences F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper | |
Initial Skill Knowledge |
Equal 2.776 .101 .322 58 .748 .7333 2.27537 -3.82132 5.28799 variances assumed Equal .322 52.061 .749 .7333 2.27537 -3.83241 5.29907 variances not assumed |
Final Skill Knowledge |
Equal 1.217 .275 16.505 58 .000 33.0000 1.99941 28.99775 37.00225 variances assumed Equal 16.505 57.243 .000 33.0000 1.99941 28.99663 37.00337 variances not assumed |
RESEARCH QUESTION 4 DISCUSSION
The results of the analysis show that p-value = 0.000. This
indicates that the p-value < 0.05, so H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be More effective treatment of the intervention group and
concluded that the knowledge and skills of pregnant women after control group before and after following the direct instructioanal
treatment between the intervention group and the control group training model in preparation for breastfeeding for pregnant
differed significantly. women at the Padang dream clinic. It is formulated using N-Gain.
Normalized gain or N-Gain score is used to determine the increase in knowledge and thinking skills of pregnant women
after being given pretest and posttest questions, also aims to determine the effectiveness of using a certain method or treatment (treatment) in research one group pretest posttest design (experimental design or pre-experimental design) or research using control groups (quasi experimental or true experiment). By calculating the difference between the pretest and posttest scores or gain scores, we will be able to find out whether the use or application of a particular method can be said to be effective or not.
Formula:
N Gain = |
Score Posttest – Score Pretest |
Score Ideal – Score Pretest |
Table 6.Increasing the Knowledge and Skill Score of Pregnant Women Before and After Following the Direct Instructioanal Training Model in Breastfeeding Preparation for Pregnant Women at Idaman Padang Clinic Group Statistics
Modul Direc N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Eror Instructional Mean | |
Improved Score |
Modul Direc 30 742.7333 136.01215 24.83231 Instructional Without Modul Direc 30 191.6333 236.05567 43.09950 Instructional |
Table 7.The Effect of Direct Instructional Training Model on the Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women in Breastfeeding Preparation at Idaman Padang Clinic Independent Samples Test
Levene’s t-test for Equality of Means Test for Equality of Variances 95% Confidence Sig. Inverval of the (2- Mean Std. Eror Differences F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper | |
Improved Equal Score variances assumed |
4.465 .039 11.079 58 .000 551.10000 49.74143 451.53170 650.66830 |
Equal variances not assumed |
11.079 46.343 .000 551.10000 49.74143 450.99567 651.20433 |
The results of the analysis showed that there was an Effect of Direct Instructional Model Training on the Knowledge and Skills of Pregnant Women about Breastfeeding Preparation at the Idaman Clinic in Padang City. This can be seen from sig. 0.000 < 0.05. The effect of the direct instructional training model on knowledge and skills before and after treatment and to see the contribution of patient characteristics to knowledge and skills in preparation for breastfeeding using the Wilcoxon Signed test. The level of significance (α) used is 0.05. Ho is rejected if ρ < 0.05 means that there is an effect of the direct instructional training model on knowledge and skills in preparation for breastfeeding in pregnant women. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the knowledge and skills of pregnant women about breastfeeding preparation after attending the Direct Instructional model training. The same study showed that pregnant women's knowledge and skills about breastfeeding preparation measured in the study included an understanding of the benefits of breast milk, breastfeeding techniques, breast care during pregnancy, and
correct breastfeeding practices.24 So do other studies, showing that the skills of pregnant women are measured by direct observation when pregnant women practice breastfeeding baby dolls.25 These observations include breastfeeding techniques, correct breastfeeding positions, and breast care during breastfeeding Thus, Direct Instructional model training can have a positive influence on pregnant women's knowledge and skills about breastfeeding preparation. This training can be an effective alternative training method to improve the knowledge and skills of pregnant women about breastfeeding preparation.
CONCLUSIONS AND ADVICE
Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that there are differences in knowledge and skills of pregnant women in preparing for breastfeeding after being given direct instructional training (p = 0.000).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments to the institution for assisting in this research.
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