The Translation Procedures for the Cultural Terms in French-Indonesian Novel
on
e-Journal of Linguistics
Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index
Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2023, pages: 68--70
Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586
https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2024.v18.i01.p07
Translation Procedures for the Cultural Terms in French-Indonesian Novel
1Bima Kurniawan
Trunojoyo Madura University, Bangkalan, Indonesia, [email protected]
2
2M. Masqotul Imam Romadlani
Trunojoyo Madura University, Bangkalan, Indonesia, [email protected]
Article info
Received Date: 3 May 2023
Accepted Date: 31 Mei 2023
Published Date:1 January 2024
Keywords:*
Translation procedures; cultural terms; novel; Madame Bovary
Abstract*
The translation process does not only deal with language structure and semantic meaning, but it is also highly influenced by social and cultural meaning. Furthermore, besides transferring the meaning from SL to TL, translation also attempts to carry over the message contained in SL texts to the TL texts with readable and acceptable consideration. This research aims to reveal the translation procedures applied in the French-Indonesian novel, Madame Bovary, especially in translating culture-specific terms. The data were taken from the French novel Madame Bovary written by Gustave Flaubert in 1972 and its translation version written by Santi Hendrawati in 2010. Borrowing with calque and transference, literal translation, cultural equivalent, addition, omission, generalization, descriptive equivalent, naturalization, transposition, and modulation are the translation procedures used by the translator. Different languages with different cultures potentially lead the translator to face some crucial problems in translating texts. One of the best ways to solve that problem is by using appropriate translation procedures.
The translation process heavily depends on the context as the main aspect to produce acceptable and readable translated texts. It means that the translator cannot always express the meaning of a text with the help of a dictionary alone, without being supported by deep knowledge enough about the context to make meaningful translations clear and precise. One of the crucial factors in the process of transferring meaning referred to by Newmark (1988) is the cultural context. Translating cultural terms is a process of adaptation from one language to another by considering both cultural aspects of each language. The translator must be able to read and interpret the values contained in a text as carefully as possible based on cultural differences in each language, both in terms of habits, tastes, styles of thinking, and behavior. Therefore, translators need to learn and master both the source language and the target language. Moreover, general and cultural knowledge of both the source and target language are highly needed to reach the equivalency in translation. Noftariani (2019) asserts that a successful translation maintains an
69 equivalent meaning or message from the source language to the target language. (Noftariani, 2019).
Language as classified by anthropologists as a concrete cultural product can be considered an important element to symbolize a particular culture. Every culture in this world has its characteristics as well as the language. Because of these characteristics, the translator may face significant problems in equivalently transferring the source language into the target language. To overcome that translation problem, appropriate translation procedures as one of the important elements in translation process are needed. Several previous studies focusing on the translation procedure in movie subtitles are written by Ananda, Hasan, & Thamrin (2019); Asriana & Hartono (2019); and Hasiyanti & Maisarah (2022). Besides analyzing subtitles, translation study can be applied to various sources such as novel conducted by Lina (2019); motivational book by Siregar (2016); legal document by Buansari, Supriatno, & Pangestu (2020); song lyrics by Irawan & Mundriyah (2022); and translation procedure even in social media conducted by Sujianti, Simbolon, & Luardini (2020).
Newmark (1988) differ method and procedure in translation. The translation method relates to the whole text, translation procedures deal with sentences and the smaller units of language. Some problematic case faced by translators is how to translate different languages with different cultures. The difficulty in translating cultural terms lies in the personal word culture. This word culture is only owned by certain countries, even certain tribes that are not owned by other tribes such as blangkon, keris, and geblak which are only owned by the Javanese. To address this issue, Newmark (1988) further categorizes the cultural terms into five categories such as ecology, material culture, social culture, organization, customs, concepts, and gestures and habits. To reach an equivalent translation, the translator needs to consider a workable translation procedure in solving the transferring process of cultural specific terms such as conducted by Hilman (2015); Yablonsky (2017); Purnomo & Baharuddin (2018): Yesi, Juniardi, & Bihaqi (2021); and Salsabila & Sajarwa (2022). They focused on investigating the procedure of translation in novels. Moreover, Kurnia & Bram (2021) and Putra (2022) also investigate the translation procedure found in different data sources such as poems and local folktales.
Dealing with the cultural specific terms, this research focuses on examining the translation procedure of cultural terms identified in Madame Bovary Novel by Gustave Flaubert. This novel was written in 1850 and finished in 1856. Before being published in 1857, this novel was published serially in a literary magazine. Flaubert as the writer in 1857 was charged with defaming religious norms with his controversial literary work, Madame Bovary. Flaubert was acquitted of all charges against him by the assistance of a lawyer from Rouen Marie-Antoine Jule and to him, this golden work of Madame Bovary was dedicated. The novel, with its controversy, then translated into Indonesian. Readers who do not understand French can easily enjoy this French literary work. The existence of problems in the publication of the novel contains a controversial culture regarding local religious norms in its century. The equivalency concept can be examined by looking at carefully the translation procedure applied to the novel. Newmark's (1988) theory of translation procedure is applied to complete this cultural terms translation research. He proposed and divided translation procedures into literal translation, transference,
naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, transposition, compensation, couplet, and notes.
Focusing on the procedures of the translation process, this research applied qualitative research with the descriptive approach. This research enquires about the translation of cultural terms found in Madame Bovary novel, a French novel translated into Indonesian. The data were obtained from the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert (Paris, Librarie Générale Française, 1972) and its translation by Santi Hendrawati (Jakarta, Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2010). The data collected included words and phrases contained in the French translation of Madame Bovary novel and its Indonesian translation. Reading both the novel written in French and Indonesian is the first step to accomplish this research. Then, the researchers found out and marked the cultural terms in those novels based on Newmark’s idea about cultural categories. The third step was finding and annotating the equivalent cultural terms in the target language. the researchers then analyzed cultural terms and their equivalents in target language to reveal the procedures of translation involved to translate that French novel into Indonesian.
This research focuses on translating cultural terms from a French novel into Indonesian in Madame Bovary's novel to reveal the procedures used by the translator. Hilman (2015) and Braçaj (2015) assume that culture is a challenging task for a translator in translating a text and the translator should have enough knowledge of cultures particularly the cultural terms both from the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). The translator needs to be able to handle what Adhikary (2020) called cultural gaps in translation which means the loss of meaning in translation. To solve the cultural terms problem in translation, translators need to consider an appropriate translation procedure to achieve readable and acceptable translation. Several procedures are identified in Madame Bovary novel translated into Indonesian such as borrowing, literal translation, cultural equivalent, addition, omission, generalization, descriptive equivalent, naturalization, transposition, and modulation.
Borrowing
The translator does not always find the target language culture term appropriately to express the source language culture term. To solve this problem, translators sometimes choose to apply the borrowing procedure. This researcher found two kinds of borrowing procedures used in the translation of Madame Bovary novel. The two kinds of procedures are calque and transference. In borrowing cases, the translator did not directly borrow French terms, the translator borrowed a third language, namely English for several cultural terms that were equivalently not found in Indonesian.
|
Table 1 |
Examples of Borrowing Procedure - Calque
|
SL |
TL |
|
Un lévrier Des pélerines Des habits Des redingotes Des vestes |
Anjing greyhound Selendang tippet Tail coat Frock coat Long jacket |
The procedure of the examples above is commonly known as a calque. This procedure will work well if the term borrowed is already popular among the Indonesian people. Besides, If it does not, the translators do not provide a translation solution, but they create a new translation problem indeed. The translator borrowed the English words greyhound for lévrier; tippet for pélerines; tail coat for habits; frock coat for redingotes; and long jacket for vestes. On the other hand, the borrowing procedure which carries over the SL terms into the TL is called transference. Transference is more direct or what Kurnia & Bram (2021) mention it as a loan word. The translator directly puts the word in source language to the target language. this procedure can be adopted if there is no equivalent word in TL (Salsabila & Sajarwa, 2022). The words casserole, bonnet, la chambre des députés, and tilbury below are several words borrowed by the translator to the TL.
|
Table 2 |
Examples of Borrowing Procedure - Transference
|
SL |
TL |
|
De veau à la casserole En bonnet |
Daging kambing casserole Memakai bonnet |
|
Sa candidature à la Chambre des deputes |
Mengikuti pemilihan umum guna merebut kursi di la Chambre des députés |
|
Un tilbury |
Kereta tilbury |
Literal Translation
Newmark (1988) defines literal translation or word-for-word translation as directly transferring the grammatical construction of SL to the nearest TL equivalence. A literal translation is done when translating simple source language sentences that have almost the same structural components as the target language sentences. Even though it seems easy to translate general cultural terms, translators often make mistakes or distort meanings. This research found several cases in how literal translation is used in Madame Bovary as follows:
Table 3
Examples of Literal Translation Procedure
|
SL |
TL |
|
Une tourterelle |
Burung Merpati |
|
Au bord des golfes |
Di sepanjang pantai sebuah teluk |
|
Une immense pelouse |
Hampatan rumput yang membentang luas |
|
La maisonnette de bambous |
Pondok bambu |
The translator literally translates the term une tourtelle for burung merpati; au bord des golfes for di sepanjang pantai sebuah teluk; une immense pelouse for hamparan rumput yang membentang luas; and la maisonnette de bambous for pondok bambu. Adhikary (2020) states that literal translation is the basic procedure in doing a translation. It indicates that the terms in SL are literally available in TL.
Cultural Equivalent
This procedure is used to re-express the meaning of the cultural message of the source language into the meaning of the cultural message of the target language. The culture of the source language is adapted to the culture of the target language. This researcher found that the cultural equivalent procedure was used by translators to re-express French words, which did not find a cultural equivalent (personal culture), into equivalent target language words. Equivalence means that the cultures share common elements such dukun in Indonesian which translated to English as a medicine man or palace for keraton (Hilman, 2015). This procedure is also found in Madame Bovary French-Indonesian translations such as:
Table 4
Examples of Cultural Equivalent Procedure
SL TL
|
Des cloportes à pattes nombreuses |
Banyak serangga kaki seribu |
|
Paire de bottes |
Sepatu lars |
|
Un bourg |
Kota dagang |
|
Au counseil général |
Di sidang komisi |
Newmark (1988) classifies the culture-specific terms into general culture (universal) and local culture (personal). The term general culture can be translated literally because basically the term SL culture can be found in its equivalent in TL cultural terms. One way to see the culture of a society is to identify the various kinds of cultural terms they have. For example, Indonesia's ecological culture recognizes different terms for padi, beras, gabah dan nasi for different entities, while English only has rice to express all of them and so does French with riz. To address this problem, translators can use cultural matching procedures with the help of component analysis,
73 namely by looking at the similarities of kingdoms, classes, functions, and characteristics. The cloporte à pattes nombreus, for instance, is translated as kaki seribu even though it literally means something or an animal that has many legs. This procedure encourages the translator to transfer the SL culture-related expression with the TL culture related expression (Ayyad & Mahadi, 2021).
Addition
Kuleli (2019) asserts that the gap between two cultures should not be considered a nightmare that cannot be solved. Some borrowing terms may semantically be complex and difficult for readers to understand. One of the translation procedures to serve more information is by embedding additional annotation. This procedure is intended to make it easier for readers to understand the loan terms. This procedure is also found in Madame Bovary as in the following table:
|
Table 5 |
Examples of Addition Procedure
|
SL |
TL |
|
Les clochottes |
Bunga bellflower Empat sosis besar yang terbuat dari isi |
|
Quatre andouilles à l’oseille |
perut babi yang berwarna kemerahan |
|
Des pélerines Vieux cabriolets sans capote Gentilshommes sous la révolution |
Selendang tippet Kereta kuda old gig Bangsawan kolot yang dihancurkan oleh Revolusi |
It can be seen from the table above how the translator utilized this addition procedure to make the translation understandable. The word clochottes, for instance, is translated as bunga bellflower. The translator borrowed the foreign (English) term bellflower to transfer the French term les clochettes. les clochettes is a type of campanula flower. It is called bellflower because the shape of the flower resembles a bell, bell (in English), and la cloche (in French). To make it clearer, the translator added the word flower to the term bellfower. That is because, in fact, the term bellflower is not only used to refer to the name of a flower but also to name a city in California and the name of a hotel. The translator also gave additional information for quatre andouilles à l’oseille; des pélerines; vieux cabriolets sans capote; and gentilshommes sous la révolution. The advantage of this procedure is to provide clearer understanding for the translation text (Hilman, 2015) and (Sipayung, 2017).
Omission
Resemble the addition procedure, omission procedure also modifies the source language by deleting or omitting words or phrases to provide understandable meaning. The translator does not convey the whole meaning based on the syntactical form. This procedure omits the linguistic forms that are not so important and effective (Sipayung, 2017) and (Adhikary, 2020). The most
fundamental consideration of doing this procedure is how this process does not deviate from the whole meaning of the text.
Table 6
Examples of Omission Procedure
SL TL
Du veau à la casserole Daging kambing (Ø) casserole
Dans quelque vieux manoir Di dalam (Ø) istana bangsawan
The translator transfers du veau as daging kambing and à la casserole as casserole. Before discussing this issue, firstly we need to look at its contextual and situational meaning. Those contexts related to Charles and Emma's wedding. Emma's father, Monsieur Rouaulta, invited his relatives and close relatives whom he had not seen for a long time to celebrate his daughter's wedding. Monsieur Rouault prepared various and delicious food. Casserole, in the French dictionary is defined as ustensile de cuisine cylindrique, à fond plat et à manche, pour faire cuire son contenu. The food is called casserole because in the initial cooking or for the process of tenderizing (meat) using a roasting pan. To maintain the readable translation, the translator omitted à la in the Indonesian version. Another example can be seen in dans quelque vieux manoir. The translator omitted the word quelque which refers to an undetermined amount. In Indonesian, to express an indefinite number, the translator may use the word beberapa or sejumlah. However, the translator prefer deleting the word quelque in Madame Bovary novel.
Generalization
This procedure is a translation procedure carried out to express the specific meaning of the source language term into the general meaning of the target language term. This procedure is often used by translators instead of finding equivalents in the source language text. Martendi, Setiawan, & Ashadi (2022) adopted this procedure to highlight the pharse anak ingusan in the Indonesian version to just a child in the English version. Anak ingusan refers to someone, children in particular, with very limited knowledge or experience. The translation just a child provides more a general meaning with general sense. This case is also found in Madame Bovary such as in the following examples:
Table 7
Examples of Generalization Procedure
|
SL |
TL |
|
Trois gigots |
Tiga kaki kambing |
|
Un joli cochon de lait roti |
Daging babi guling |
|
De petits fichus de couleurs |
Selendang kecil warna-warni |
Several cultural terms in Madame Bovary novel are translated into Indonesian by choosing general terms for the specific terms in SL. This procedure can be used if the translator cannot find the equivalent TL word that can represent the SL word. The word fichus, for instance, is difficult to find the equivalent meaning in Indonesian. It does not matter if the translator
75 rephrases it with the word selendang as the general word. The generalization procedure is also found in the case of gigots and cochon translated as kaki kambing and babi. Gigots in France tradition highly relates to a traditional food cooked by roasting. During the roasting process, the meat is doused with the best wine to produce an extraordinary taste. The translator generalized that concept of the France traditional food by transferring giggots as kaki kambing in Indonesian version of Madame Bovary novel. This procedure indirectly also examines the translator’s cultural knowledge of SL and TL (Kemala & Indrianty, 2019).
Descriptive Equivalent
One of the biggest deals faced by the translator is how to recognize the cultural terms that have been popular in the TL language. The inappropriate term used in translation leads the reader to misunderstanding of the message in the text. This is what Sipayung (2017) defines about acceptance and readability in translation, how the message in SL is well delivered to the TL.
-
Table 8
Examples of Descriptive Equivalent Procedure
SL TL
Six fricassées de poulets Enam ekor ayam dimasak fricassee
Mengikuti pemilihan umum guna
Sa candidature à la chambre de
merebut kursi di la chambre des
députés
députés
Salsabila & Sajarwa (2022) argue that this procedure describes the meaning of cultural terminology in a few words. Based on the examples above, the phrase six fricassées de poulets is translated to Indonesian as enam ekor ayam dimasak fricassee. There is a descriptive expression dimasak to make sense between poulets and fricassées in shaping the equivalent meaning in cultural terms. The same case can be seen in sa candidature à la chambre de députés. The translator embedded the additional description related to the la chambre de députés by adding mengikuti pemilihan umum guna merebut kursi di. This descriptive equivalent deals with the cultural activity in SL to find the equivalency in TL.
Naturalization
The translation of culture-specific words maintains a unique position because every language lives in its respective culture (Apandi & Afiah, 2019). In translating text, the translator sometimes naturalized cultural terms into TL culture for the specific items (Shaheri & Satariyan, 2017). This procedure was also adapted in Madame Bovary novel for several phrase such as Le catéchisme, La chapelle, and Sur le balcon des chalets suisses. The translator transfered the word katekismus for catéchisme, kapel for la chapelle, and balkon for balcon.
-
Table 9
Examples of Naturalization Procedure
SL TL
Le catéchisme
Katekismus
La chapelle
Sur le balcon des chalets
Suisses
Kapel
Di balkon di sebuah pondok Swiss
Transposition
Transposition related to grammatical categories, changing grammatical categories sometimes does not only occur in interlingual translation (source language to target language) but can also occur in intralingual translation (against the same language). As an example, je le lui dirais dés qu'il arrivera (verbal syntagme) can be transposed into je le lui dirais dés son arrivée (nominal syntagme). Transpositions are around grammatical categories. The transposition category verbe/péposition was found in the examples below.
Table 10
Examples of borrowing procedure - transference
|
SL |
TL |
|
En bonnet |
Memakai bonnet |
|
En confesse |
Melakukan pengakuan dosa |
Different forms of affixation concepts between the source language and the target language sometimes become an obstacle in finding equivalent words. The word en in French, for example, has multiple meanings such as in, into, and during. To overcome this problem, translators often use the transposition procedure. Oblique translation occurs because the structure of one language with another language has a different structure. The translator is no longer oriented to the structure of the source language. The translator translates the source language text according to the prevalence of the target language. Two examples above demonstrate how en was translated into two different forms, memakai for en bonnet and melakukan for en confesse. The translator was in attempt to find equivalent meaning of words and phrases in the target language (Rizalmi, Kemal, & Syafar, 2022).
Modulation
Modulation is the adaptation of the point of view. The source language text is restated in the target language text from a different point of view. In this study, changes in point of view often occur in source language phrases dealing with modifier and headword into the TL form. It can be in the form of lexical or structural (Yesi, Juniardi & Bihaqi, 2021).
Table 11
Examples of Modulation Procedure
SL TL
Une petite levrette d’Italie
De petits fichus de couleurs
Seekor anjing betina kecil jenis greyhound Italia
Selendang kecil warna warni
The source language text is expressed in the target language text with different perspectives. The difference between English and French, instant coffee, for instance, is expressed as café soluble. Modifier, in English comes before headword, as well as in French, in Indonesian language, the modifier comes after the headword. The French phrase une petite levrette and petits fichus structurally were transformed by Indonesian syntactical structure, seekor anjing betina for une petite levrette and selendang kecil for petits fichus.
Yamayanti (2020) considers translation as the art of transferring the meaning of one language to the other languages. Besides the meaning, the translator also needs to communicate messages, both implicit and explicit clearly, from the SL to the TL even in intercultural texts. Translation plays a crucial role in communicating intercultural text (Alwazna, 2014). A translated novel with different languages and cultural backgrounds between France and Indonesia entitled Madame Bovary makes this novel snooping how cultural terms are transferred from French as the SL to Indonesian as the TL. France and Indonesia are two countries with different cultural backgrounds, France represents European culture and Indonesia represents South-East Asia culture. This makes how interesting the translation process of this novel to be observed.
Language and culture are inseparable even in the translation process (Kuleli, 2019). The translation is an act of transferring the information contained in SL whether cultural, social, political, or religious, into TL without changing the meaning and the message. The translation process requires specific strategies and skills. In addition, translation always processes texts based on certain contexts such as law, politics, and religion. The translator must have good knowledge of the language and cultural knowledge both in the source language and the target language. The translation examination of cultural terms from French into Indonesian in Madame Bovary is conducted to reveal the translation procedure facing the cultural terms problems. The use of appropriate and accurate translation procedures will assist the translator in conveying the information contained in the ST to the ST. Various procedures are identified in the French novel, Madame Bovary, translated into Indonesian namely borrowing, literal translation, cultural equivlent, addition, omission, generalization, descriptive equivalent, naturalization, transposition, and modulation. The translator uses certain procedures to overcome problems that often arise in translation. The first problem is, of course, caused by the difference cultures between SL and TL. It makes the translator not find the appropriate cultural terms in the target language to express the cultural terms of the source language. The translator does not find an equivalent words or phrases in TL when translating specific SL cultural terms. The use of appropriate translation procedures for culture-specific terms aids the translator to produce an acceptable and readable tranlsation product.
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Biography of Authors
Bima Kurniawan was born in Madiun on December 18th, 1986. He is a lecturer at Trunojoyo Madura University, Bangkalan, Indonesia. He graduated his bachelor degree, French education, at Jakarta State University. He finished his master degree in magister program, French education, at Jakarta State University in 2014.
Email: [email protected] / phone number: 085311755858
M. Masqotul Imam Romadlani was born in Probolinggo on March 22nd, 1993. He is currently a lecturer in English Department, Faculty of Social and Cultural Science, Trunojoyo Madura University. He graduated his bachelor degree at Jember University. He also completed his master degree at Gadjah Mada University in 2021.
Email: [email protected] / [email protected]
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