HORTICULTURAL, MEDICINAL AND CEREMONIAL PLANTS IN PETIGA VILLAGE, TABANAN BALI PROVINCE
on
HORTICULTURAL, MEDICINAL AND CEREMONIAL PLANTS IN PETIGA VILLAGE, TABANAN BALI PROVINCE
NyomanAdiputra
School OfMedicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia. Bali Human Ecology Study Group (Bali-HESG)
Email: nadip2003@yahoo.com
Abstract
Sustainable development is a must for Bali. It is due to the fact that one of the negative impacst of development is the change of the land use from agriculture into other functions. As a result, most of medicinal plants will be extinct. In another hand there is a trend of people to plant horticultures in their house yards. The main issue: is there any relationship between horticulture and sustainable development? In answering it, a field study was conducted in Petiga Village, Tabanan, Bali Province. Observation and interview were carried out to respondents consisted of five Balinese farmers who nurse cultivate the horticultural plants for their daily activities. Results show that: 1) there are about 159 kinds of plant totally used as horticulturalplants; 2) amongst those plants, about 67 plants belong to the medicinal plants and 80 plants belong to ceremonial plants; 3) number of horticultural plants in every house sampled ranged from 63-94 kinds; 4) the popularity of any horticultural plant is Offected by the market s demand. The conclusion which could be drawn was that the medicinal plants as well as the ceremonial plants were used for horticultural plants. It was due to their wonderful colors, nice stems, flowers or leaves, special odors, economical values and magical values as well. Horticulture could be used as a strategyfor preservation and conservationprogram of the medicinal plants in Bali. It was recommended that for the sustainability, all medicinal plants which exist in Bali should be invented and planted in a form of medicinal plant park.
Key words: horticulture, medicinal plants, ceremonial plants, sustainable development.
1. Introduction
Petiga Village is located around 40 km, southwest of Denpasar. This village consists of three parts which are called banjar, namely: Petiga kangin, Semingan and Blumban. The main income of people there are agriculture, civil servants and doing small businesses. Just started since ten years a go, a new attempt was established, cultivate and nursery the horticulture. At the moment most of people in Petiga Village are actively engage in this activity. Therefore, in Petiga Village there are three kinds of villager, namely: people who are earning from agriculture, from agriculture and horticulture, from civil servant and horticulture. Another interesting thing is that the horticulture planted there belong to the traditional medicinal plants.
There is a great worry on the sustainability of the Balinese traditional medicinal plants (dePadua et al, 1999; Warren, 1998; Warren & Tettioni, 1999), because some of the traditional medicinal plants will be extinct. It is due to the following reasons: 1) there is a lost of land used for agriculture for about 1,500 hectare annually (Manuaba, 1995). 2) ignorance, the people did not know why the traditional medicinal herbs must be protected. 3) on the other hand research carried out on active components of traditional medicinal plants is very limited. It is still unknown, what are active components of the traditional medicinal plants used from generation to generation. To uncover such things preservation and conservation of the traditional medicinal plants are needed.
Table 1. Respondent of Balinese farmers in Petiga Village and number of horticultural plants cultivated.
|
No. Respondent |
Number of horticultural plants cultivated |
|
1. Respondent 1 2 Respondent 2
|
94 74 63 64 71 |
Table 2. Horticultural, medicinal and ceremonial plants found in Balinese farmers in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency.
|
Horticultural plant |
Medicinal plant |
Ceremonial plant |
|
159 |
67 (42.13%) |
80 (56.60%) |
Table 3. Distribution Ofhorticultural plants in the respondent house in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency, 2005
|
No |
. Local name of horticultural plants |
F |
% |
|
1. |
Andong bang, andong ijo, brojolintang, dipenbakia, jepun, gamal, pepaya, cemcem, kopi, lengkuas bang nyuh, pakis aji, puring nuri, puring Bangkok, pucuk, pisang, tapak bela, uduh (18) |
5 |
100 |
|
2. |
Bergu, dapdap, jaum-jaum, juwuk, jatropa, kembang-kertas, pucuk lilin, keladi, nangka, pandan, puring Bali, Puring bor kuning, pidpid, rambutan, rosalia, sandat, tumpang sari (17) |
4 |
80 |
|
3. |
Bongkot, belimbing, tabia, dukut, kayu manis, kayu-tulak, kayu sugih, kesela sawi, kaladium, kepuh, kaliasem, pandan arum, palem raja, padang ijo, padang putih, rumput bambu, samblung, srirejeki, suweg (19) |
3 |
60 |
|
4. |
Alamanda, anggrek, bawang-bawangan, base, bakung blacing, bayem, brokot ungu, bungur, cepaka, dracaena, duren, jagastaru, jempiring, nyambu, gegirang, kerasi, kecarum, kuping bikul, kesisat, kepundung, manggis, melati jepang, nyuh gading, palem kuning, pangkas ijo, pisang tegak, pisang sorga, pisang kribia, poh, parigata, sigsag, sotong, temen ungu, tiying gading, tibah (36) |
2 |
40 |
|
5. |
Aba, advokat, andong putih, asem, antap, bagu, base-base, bingin, brokot gading, braksok, buah, buhu, bunga desember coklat, delundung, daluman, don teh-teh, don mangkok, don karuk, ikuh bikul, jinten, jarak pager, jarak bang, jepang, gadung, gumitir, kayu sisih, kayu urip, kembang-bugang, kembang siang, kembang siang berdiri, ketapang, kelor, kedondong, kejenggotan, kumis kucing, kucai, kumbang, kesimbukan, lemputu, minyana bang, majagau, mawar, palem putrid, palem rotan, palem kipas, pucuk-lilin, pacah, pangkas kuning, penitian kuning, pisang kapur, pecah beling, salak, sembung, simbar jenggot dewa, simbar-menjangan, singpur, silik, spatopilum, siulan, suplir, tebu, temen kuning, vanili, waru (63) |
1 |
20 |
Table 4 Distribution of medical; plants in the yard of respondent house in Petiga village, Tabanan Regency, 2005.
|
No. Local name of plants |
f |
% | |
|
1. |
andong bang, jepun, gedang, kecemcem, kopi, lengkuas bang, nyuh, pucuk, pisang, tapak-bela (10) |
5 |
100 |
|
2. |
dapdap, jaum-jaum, juwuk, keladi, nangka, pandan, pidpid, sandat (8) |
4 |
80 |
|
3. |
belimbing, bongkot, kayu manis, keselasawi, kepuh, kaliasem, rumput bambu, samblung (8) |
3 |
60 |
|
4. |
base, blacing, nyambu, gegirang, kesisat, kepundung, manggis, nyuh gading, sotong, tiying gading, tibah (11) |
2 |
40 |
|
5. |
asem, belatung, buah, buhu, delundung, daluman, isen, don karuk, jinten, jarak pager, jarak bang, gempinis, gumitir, kayu urip, kelor, ketapang, kejenggotan, kesela, kumis kucing, kesimbukan, pacah, sente, sembung, silik, siulan, tebu, waru (26) |
1 |
20 |
Popularity of ceremonial plants almost similar to the medicinal plants (see Table 5).
The name of plants used for horticultural plants is presented in Table 6. There are local (Bali) name, Indonesian name and scientific name for the plants. But, it is not always easy to find. Some of their names
are unable to trace even for the local, Indonesia as well as their scientific name. It is due, in some ways, to the limited literature, they are imported plants or local origin, or have not been classified scientifically
Table 5. Distribution of ceremonial plants in the yard of respondent house in Petiga Village, TabananRegency, 2005.
|
No |
. Local name of plant |
f |
% |
|
1. |
andong bang, andong ijo, jepun, kecemcem, kopi, lengkuas bang, nyuh, pucuk, pisang, tapak bela, uduh (11) |
5 |
100 |
|
2. |
bregu, dapdap, jaum-jaum, juwuk, kembang kertas, keladi, nangka, pandan, puring Bali, pidpid, rambutan, sandat (12) |
4 |
80 |
|
3. |
bongkot, belimbing, tabia, dukut, kayu manis,, kayu tulak, kayu sugih, keselasawi, kepuh, kaliasem, pandan arum, samblung, suweg (13) |
3 |
60 |
|
4. |
base, blacing, cepaka, duren, jagasatru, nyambu, jempiring, gegirang, kepundung, manggis, nyuh gading, sotong, temen ungu, tiying gading, tibah, poh (16) |
2 |
40 |
|
5. |
asem, belatung, buah, buhu, bingin, delundung isen, jinten, jarak pagar, jarak bang, gadung, gumitir, kayu urip, kesela, kumbang, kelor, majagau, mawar, pacah, sembung, simbar-menjangan, siulan, salak, silik, sotong, suweg, tebu, waru (28) |
1 |
20 |
Table 6. The local name, Indonesian name and scientific name of plants found in PetigaVillage, Tabananregency, 2004.
|
No. Local name |
Indonesian name Scientific name |
|
Honjuang Cordyline fruticosa A.Chev. Honjuang Hijau Honjuang putih Anggrek Dendrobium/Vanda Advokado Persiana Americana Mill Bodi Ficus Religiosa L. Asam Tamarinda indica L. |
|
No. Local name |
Indonesian name Scientific name |
|
Goni Yucca aloifoila “Marginata” Bakung Crinum Asiaticum L. Sirih Piper betle L. Sirih-sirihan Peperomia griseo argentea Bawang-bawangan Zephyranthus candida Herb. Belimbing Averhoa belimbi L. Palem wregu Rhapis excelsa Beringin Ficus benjamina L. Blacing/pacing Costus speciosus J.Sm Kecombrang Nicolae speciosa Horan Pandan suara Dracea Wirld Anggur bandung Belamcanda chinensis (L) DC. Brokot ungu Brokot gading Pinang Areca catechu L. Buhu Albizia procera Benth. Bunga desember Haemanthus multiflorus Mart. Bunga tangi Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. Cempaka Michelia champaca L. Kecemcem Spondias pinata KURZ. Alamanda Allamanda cathartica L. Dedap Erythrina hypaphorus BOERL. Daluman Cyclea barbara M. Dadap Erythrina crista-galli L. Dipenbakia Dipenbachia Daun mangkok Nothopanax cutellarium Drakaena Dracaena SP. Kadaka Asplenium nidus Gadung Dioscorea hispida Roxb. Papaya Carica papaya L. gegirang Leea angulata Korth. Bung kotok Tagetes erecta L. Ekor tikus Ekor kera Acalypha hispida Jarak merah Jatropha sp. Jarak pagar Jatropha curcas L. Jambu Eugenia malacensis L. Siantan/soka Ixora stricta Roxb. |
|
No. Local name |
Indonesian name Scientific name |
|
Kacapiring Gardenia jasminoiea Kamboja Plumeria acutifolia Jetropa Jetropha SP. Jinten Nigella sativa L. Jeruk Citrus SP. Gowok Eugenia polycephala Miq. Daun katu Saurapus androgynus Mert. Kayu sisih Phyllanthus buxifolius (BL.) MA. Kayu sugih Pleomele SP. Kayu tulak Schefflera eliptica HARMS. Kayu urip Euphorbia tirucali L. Kecarum Kedondong Spondias pinnata Talas Colocasia esculenthum Schott Kaladium Caladium SP. Kelor Moringa Oleifera Lamk Kembang lilin Kembang bugang Clerodendrom inerme Gaertn. Kembang kertas Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Portulaka Portulaka grandiflora Lindl Kembang siang Jure Nerium oleander Benalu Scurrula atropurpurea Dans. Tembelekan Lamtana camara Ketela pohon Manihot ulilissima Daun kentut Paedoria Foetida L. Kesisat Pouzolzia petandra Bonn. Ketapang Terminalia catappa L. kejenggotan Leocitin indogenia Kumis kucing Orthosiphon spicatus BBS Kucai Keladi hutan Kepundung Kuping tikus Kopi Coffea robusta L. Lengkuas merah Ardisia humilis VAHL. Majagahu Dysoxylum caulostachyum Miq. Manggis Garcinia mangosta L. Mawar Rosa sp. Melati jepang Pseuderantheum diversifolium Miana merah Coleus atropurpureus benth. |
|
No. Local name |
Indonesian name Scientific name |
|
Cempedak Artocarpus heterophyllus Lmk. Jambu air Eugenia aquea Burm.f. Kelapa Cocos nucifera L. Kelapa gading Cocos nucifera sp. Pacar air Impatients balsamina L. Rumput hijau Rumput putih Pakis Cycas rumphii Miq. Palem kuning Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Palem ekor tupai Wodyetia bifurcata (Foxtail palm) Palem kipas Livistone chinensis Palem raja Dipterocarpus hasseltii Bl. Palem putri Palem bambu Chamaedorea sp. Pandan Pandanus tectorius Soland ex Park. Pandan arum Pandanus amaryllifolia Roxb. Pangkas kuning Pangkas hijau Parigata Bougainvillea sp. Pakis keriting Pteris tremula Pisang Musa paradisiaca L. Pisang tegak Pisang sorga Pisang kribia Pisang kapur Pecah beling Codiaeum variegatum Mangga Mangifera indica L. Kembang sepatu Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Kembang lilin Puring Codiaeum varicyatum Bl. Puring Bali Codiaeum sp. Puring bor kuning Codiaeum sp. Puring nuri Codiaeum sp Puring bangkok Codiaeum tricolor Rambutan Nephelium sp. Rosalia Rumput bambu Lophatherium gracile Brongn. Sirih belanda Scindapsus aureus Sambung tulang Euphorbia turicalli L. Kenanga Cananga odorata Baill. Sembung Blumea balsamifera Dc. |
|
No. Local name |
Indonesian name |
Scientific name |
|
135. Sente |
Sente |
Alocasia marorrhiza Schott. |
|
136. Silik |
Srikaya |
Annona squamosa L. |
|
137. Simbar menjangan |
Simbar menjangan |
Platycerium bifurcatum C.chr |
|
138. Simbar jenggot dewa |
Simbar jenggot dewa | |
|
139. Singapor |
Talok |
Muntingia calabura L. |
|
140. Suilan |
Pacar cina |
Aglaia odorata Lour. |
|
141. Sotong |
Jambu biji |
Psidium guajava L. |
|
142. Spatofilum |
Spatofilum |
Spatofilum |
|
143. Srigading |
Srigading |
Nyctanthes arbortristis L. |
|
144. Sri rejeki |
Srirejeki |
Aglaonema commulatum L. |
|
145. Suweg |
Suwek |
Tacca pennatifida Forst. |
|
146. Suplir |
Suplir |
Adiantum capillus veneris |
|
147. Tabia |
Cabai |
Capsicum annuum L. |
|
148. Tapak bela |
Nusa indah |
Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f. |
|
149. Tebu |
Tebu |
Sacharum officinarum |
|
150. Temen |
Daun ungu |
Graptophyllum pictum Giff. |
|
151. Temen ungu |
Temen ungu |
Graptophyllum sp. |
|
152. Temu |
Temu | |
|
153. Tibah |
Mengkudu |
Morinda citrifolia L. |
|
154. Tiying |
Bambu |
Bambusa sp. |
|
155. Tumpang sari |
Tumpang sari | |
|
156. Uduh |
Palem ekor ikan |
Caryota plumosa |
|
157. Waru |
Waru |
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. |
justified.. Seventeen plants could not justified for their scientific names. They are, meanwhile, due to the author’s limitation.
Based on the discussion provided above, it is, reasonable to recommend to build a park for medicinal plants (Adiputra, 2004a,b; 2005), as well as for ceremonial plants in Bali (LPM Unud, 2004). It is important for educational purpose, new asset for tourism, as well as for the sustainability of the environment as well (dePadua, et al, 1999).
From the discussion it could be concluded as follows:
-
1) horticultural plants can be used for medicinal and ceremonial plants;
-
2) horticultural plants could be used for conservation purposes;
-
3) horticultural plants in Bali consist of local plants
and introduced plants from other parts of Indonesia as well as from abroad.
Recommendation
For further study it is suggested:1) to find out the respected scientific name, Balinese and Indonesian name accordingly; 2) to enlarge the scope of study in finding out the horticultural plants used; 3) for conservation of the medicinal plants it is important to build a special plants park; 4)ceremonial plants are also important to be collected in a ceremonial plants park.
References
Adiputra, N. 1999. Tanaman Obat Sebagai Bahan Makanan Orang Bali. MKU, Denpasar.
Adiputra, N.2004a. Tanaman Obat Yang Ditanam Di Telajakan Pekarangan Rumah Sebagai Tanaman Hias. MKU. Denpasar.
Adiputra, N.2005. Horticulture Using Medicinal Plants In Some Hotels In DenpasarAndBadung Regencies. MKU. Denpasar.
Adiputra, N. 2004b. Tanaman Sebagai Bahan Obat Menurut Usadha Bali. MKU..Denpasar.
dePadua, LS; Bunyapraphatsara, and Lemens, RHMJ (Eds). 1999. Plant Resources OfSouth-EastAsia. No.12 (1).Medicinal And Poisonous Plants. PROSEA, Bogorr-Indonesia.
Manuaba, A. 1995. Bali: Enchancing The Image Through More Effective Planning. dalam: Martopo, SAnd Mitchell, B (Eds). Bali: Balancing Environment, Economy And Culture. Dept. of Geography. University of Waterloo.
Nala, N. 1991 UsadaBali. PT Upada Sastra, Denpasar.
Sastroamidjojo, S. 2001. ObatAsli Indonesia. Penerbit Dian Rakyat, Jakarta.
Sangat, HM; Zuhud, EAM; Damayanti, EK. 2000 Kamus Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia (Etnofitomedika I). Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.
Suwidja, I K 1991.Berbagai Cara Pengobatan Menurut Lontar Usada. Pengobatan Tradisional Bali. PenerbitIndrajaya, Singaraja.
Suryowinoto, S M. 2004. Flora Eksotika. Tanaman hias berbunga. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Suryowinoto, S M. FloraEksotika. Tanaman Peneduh. PenerbitKanisiusZYogyakarta. Cetakanke-5. 2001;
Sudarmono, AS. TanamanHiasRuangan. MengenaldanMerawat. PenerbitKanisius. Yogyakarta. Cetakan ke-6.2004.
Tim Penyusun Buku. 2004. Taman Gumi Banten. Ensiklopedi Tanaman Upakara. LPM UNUD - Bali.
Usada Dalem .Unrated. Salinan lontar.
Usada Dalem Jati .Unrated. Salinan lontar.
Wijayakusuma, HMH; Wirian, AG; Yaputra, T; Dalimartha, S; Wibowo, B 1992. Tanaman Berkhasiat Obat Di Indonesia. Jilid I. Pustaka Kartini. Cetakan ke-2.
Wijayakusuma, HMH; Wirian, AG; Yaputra, T; Dalimartha, S; Wibowo, B 1993. Tanaman Berkhasiat Obat Di Indonesia. Jilid ke-2. Pustaka Kartini. Cetakan ke-1.
Warren, W; and Tettoni, LI. 1997. The Tropical Garden. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London.
Warren, W. 1998. Botanica. The Illustrated A-Z Cf Over 10,000 Garden Plants. For Asian Gardens And How To Cultivate Them. 2nd edition. Periplus editions, Singapore.
Subject of this study is horticultural plants which are cultivated by farmers in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency. Respondents in this study were 5 farmers.
Methods used were observation technique on horticultural plants cultivated surrounding their house yards. Then, the local name of the plants asked to the respondents. Observation and interview were carried out, guided by closed and opened questionnaires.
Data were analyzed descriptively. The local name is in accordance with the Balinese traditional textbook of medicine, Iontar usadha (Anonymous, undated; Suwidja, 1991); the Indonesian name and the scientific name of plants are made based on the available literatures (Wijayakusuma, 1992, 1993; Sastroatmojo, 2001; Sudarmono, 2004; Suryowinoto, 2001,2004; Warren, 1998; Warren & Tottioni, 1997).
There were five head of house holds interviewed during house to house visit. They do the nursery work for horticultural plants from in the morning until afternoon. Kinds of plants cultivated are ranged from 63 to 94. From five house holds observed there are about 159 kinds of plants used
for horticulture. The figures are presented in Table 1.
The existing horticultural plants are then classified into medicinal plants and ceremonial plants. Classification into medicinal plants were based on the Iontar usadha (Balinese traditional text of medicine) while ceremonial plants were based on the guidance book published by Udayana University (2003). Totally there are 67 plants (42.13 %) out of 159 plants which are classified into medicinal plants. There are 80 plants (56.60%) out of 159 plants belong to ceremonial plants, as presented in Table 2.
The popularity of horticultural plants in every house is presented in Table 3. Plant popularity amongst these five families seem to be slightly different. It is affected by the market. The most popular plants that exist and cultivated in every house are those which are sold out daily, including Cordyline fruticosa (andong), Belamcanda chinensis (brcjolintang), dipenbachia (dipenbakia), Plumeria acutfolia (Lambcjajepun) Cocos nuctfera (kelapa),Codiaeum varicyatum (puring), and Mussaenda pubescens (nusa indah), tapak bela). The plants which less popular are like Ficus berjamina (beringin), aba, Tamarind indica (asem) Erythrina orientalis ( delundung), and Hisbiscus tiliaceus (waru), total about 63 kinds.
The popularity of medicinal plants among the respondents is presented in Table 4. Andong bang (Cordyline fruticosa A.), kamboja (Plumeria acuminate Roxb.), papaya (Carica papaya L.) kecemcem (Spondias pinnata L.) kopi ( Ccjfea sp.), lengkuas bang (Alpinia galanga L.), kelapa (Cocos nuclfera L.), kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosasinensis
L.), pisang (Banana sp.) and Nusa indah (Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f). are among most popular plants. There are 26 medicinal plants which are less popular for horticulture, such as asam (Tamarinda indica L.), kaktus (Calamus caesius Bl.) pinang (Areca catechu L.), buhu (Albizzia procera Benth.) waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.).
Many medicinal plants in Bali are threatened to extinction, before it’ active component is known (dePadua et al, 1999; Sastroatmojo, 2001). Therefore, medicinal plants as stated in the local text of medicine are important to be conserved by replanting them in a special park. By then, the active component could be analyzed and then used for animal experimentation. This step is a must before they are used for phytopharmaca. It is good to know that some medicinal plants in Bali are used for horticultural plant. Thus, it is good for their sustainability. Medicinal plants also meet the criteria of horticultural plants because of the following reasons: having nice color, flower, leaf or nice odor of flower, leaf and stem or funny looking for it’s fruit, rhizome or roots or it is also believed that some plants to have a magic power, or economic value (Adiputra, 1999; 2004a,b; 2005).
The other added values are from the ceremonial aspect. In Bali, most of the plants which produce flowers are used for offering. The fruits, leaves and the stems are used for offering. For example, they are
coconut,jackfruit, orange, banana, moringa olefera (kelor), Gardeniajasminoiea (Jempiring), alamanda (coblong-coblongan) plumeria acutlfolia Jepun), Erythrina hypaphorus (dedap), Graptophyllum pictum (temen), Curcuma (kunyit) and Piper betle (base). They are used for offering in every religious ceremony (Nala, 1991). It is fair to say that Balinese could not be far away from the ceremonial plants. It is due to the fact the ceremony is conducted daily in the Balinese life. That is also a reason why horticultural plants are planted in the house yard. But, it is not the case for medicinal plants.
From the study in this village, it is observed that some of imported plants are used for horticulture. The plants which are imported from other area of Indonesia, such as walisongo, Belamcandafruticosa (brojolintang) (Wijayakusuma et al, 1992, 1993; Sastroatmojo, 2001). Some also imported from other country, such as Hibiscus chinensis (kembang sepatu),jetropfa, Lee Kuan you.
In naming them, it is found to be difficult. There are six plants that their Indonesian name could not
96
Discussion and feedback