HORTICULTURAL, MEDICINAL AND CEREMONIAL PLANTS IN PETIGA VILLAGE, TABANAN BALI PROVINCE

HORTICULTURAL, MEDICINAL AND CEREMONIAL PLANTS IN PETIGA VILLAGE, TABANAN BALI PROVINCE

NyomanAdiputra

School of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia. Bali Human Ecology Study Group (Bali-HESG)

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Sustainable development is a must for Bali. It is due to the fact that one of the negative impact of development is the change of the land use from agriculture into other fu7nctions. As a result most of medicinal plants will be extinct. In another hand there is a trend of people to plant horticultures in their house yards. The main issue: is there any relationship between horticulture and sustainable development? In answering it, a field study was conducted in Petiga Village, Tabanan, Bali Province. Observation and interview were carried out to respondents consisted of five Balinese farmers who nurse cultivate the horticultural plants for their daily activities. Results show that: 1) there are about 159 kinds of plant totally used as horticultural plants; 2) amongst those plants, about 67 plants belong to the medicinal plants and 80 plants belong to ceremonial plants; 3) number of horticultural plants in every house sampled ranged from 63-94 kinds; 4) the popularity of any horticultural plant is affected by the market’s demand. The conclusion which could be drawn is that the medicinal plants as well as the ceremonial plants are used for horticultural plants. It is due to their wonderful colors, nice stems, flowers or leaves, special odors, economical values and magical values as well. Horticulture could be used as a strategy for preservation and conservation program of the medicinal plants in Bali. It is recommended that for the sustainability, all medicinal plants which exist in Bali should be invented and planted in a form of medicinal plant park.

Key words: horticulture, medicinal plants, ceremonial plants, sustainable development.

• 1.    Introduction

Petiga Village is located around 40 km, southwest of Denpasar. This village consists of three parts which are called banjar, namely: Petiga kangin, Semingan and Blumban. The main income of people there are agriculture, civil servants and doing small businesses. Just started since ten years a go, a new attempt was established, cultivate and nursery the horticulture. At the moment most of people in Petiga Village are actively engage in this activity. Therefore, in Petiga Village there are three kinds of villager, namely: people who are earning from agriculture, from agriculture and horticulture, from civil servant and horticulture. Another interesting thing is that the horticulture planted there belong to the traditional medicinal plants.

There is a great worry on the sustainability of the Balinese traditional medicinal plants (dePadua et al, 1999; Warren, 1998; Warren & Tettioni, 1999), because some of the traditional medicinal plants will be extinct. It is due to the following reasons: 1) there is a lost of land used for agriculture for about 1,500 hectare annually (Manuaba, 1995). 2) ignorance, the people did not know why the traditional medicinal herbs must be protected. 3) on the other hand research carried out on active components of traditional medicinal plants is very limited. It is still unknown, what are active components of the traditional medicinal plants used from generation to generation. To uncover such things preservation and conservation of the traditional medicinal plants are needed.

• 2.  Material and Method

Subject of this study is horticultural plants which are cultivated by farmers in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency. Respondents in this study were 5 farmers.

Methods used were observation technique on horticultural plants cultivated surrounding their house yards. Then, the local name of the plants asked to the respondents. Observation and interview were carried out, guided by closed and opened questionnaires.

Data were analyzed descriptively. The local name is in accordance with the Balinese traditional textbook of medicine, lontar usadha (Anonymous, undated; Suwidja, 1991); the Indonesian name and the scientific name of plants are made based on the available literatures (Wijayakusuma, 1992, 1993; Sastroatmojo, 2001; Sudarmono, 2004; Suryowinoto, 2001, 2004; Warren, 1998; Warren & Tottioni, 1997).

• 3.    Results and Discussion

There were five head of house holds interviewed during house to house visit. They do the nursery work for horticultural plants from in the morning until afternoon. Kinds of plants cultivated are ranged from 63 to 94. From five house holds observed there are about 159 kinds of plants used for horticulture. The figures are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Respondent of Balinese farmers in Petiga Village and number of horticultural plants cultivated.

No. Respondent Number of horticultural plants cultivated

1.	Respondent 1	94
2	Respondent 2	74
3.	Respondent 3	63
4.	Respondent 4	64
5	Respondent 5	71

The existing horticultural plants are then classified into medicinal plants and ceremonial plants. Classification into medicinal plants were based on the lontar usadha ( Balinese traditional text of medicine) while ceremonial plants were based on the guidance book published by Udayana University (2003). Totally there are 67 plants (42.13 %) out of 159 plants which are classified into medicinal plants. There are 80 plants (56.60%) out of 159 plants belong to ceremonial plants, as presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Horticultural, medicinal and ceremonial plants found in Balinese farmers in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency.

Horticultural plant	Medicinal plant	Ceremonial plant
159	67 (42.13%)	80 (56.60%)

The popularity of horticultural plants in every house is presented in Table 3. Plant popularity amongst these five families seem to be slightly different. It is affected by the market. The most popular plants that exist and cultivated in every house are those which are sold out daily, including Cordyline fruticosa (andong), Belamcanda chinensis (brojolintang), dipenbachia (dipenbakia), Plumeria acutifolia (kamboja/jepun) Cocos nucifera (kelapa),Codiaeum varicyatum (puring), and Mussaenda pubescens (nusa indah), tapak bela). The plants which less popular are like Ficus benjamina (beringin), aba, Tamarind indica (asem) Erythrina orientalis ( delundung), and Hisbiscus tiliaceus (waru), total about 63 kinds.

Table 3. Distribution of horticultural plants in the respondent house in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency, 2005

No.	Local name of horticultural plants	F	%
1.	Andong bang, andong ijo, brojolintang, dipenbakia, jepun, gamal, pepaya, cemcem, kopi, lengkuas bang nyuh, pakis aji, puring nuri, puring Bangkok, pucuk, pisang, tapak bela, uduh (18)	5	100
2.	Bergu, dapdap, jaum-jaum, juwuk, jatropa, kembang-kertas, pucuk lilin, keladi, nangka, pandan, puring Bali, Puring bor kuning, pidpid, rambutan, rosalia, sandat, tumpang sari (17)	4	80
3.	Bongkot, belimbing, tabia, dukut, kayu manis, kayu-tulak, kayu sugih, kesela sawi, kaladium, kepuh, kaliasem, pandan arum, palem raja, padang ijo, padang putih, rumput bambu, samblung, srirejeki, suweg (19)	3	60
4.	Alamanda, anggrek, bawang-bawangan, base, bakung blacing, bayem, brokot ungu, bungur, cepaka, dracaena, duren, jagastaru, jempiring, nyambu, gegirang, kerasi, kecarum, kuping bikul, kesisat, kepundung, manggis, melati jepang, nyuh gading, palem kuning, pangkas ijo, pisang tegak, pisang sorga, pisang kribia, poh, parigata, sigsag, sotong, temen ungu, tiying gading, tibah (36)	2	40
5.	Aba, advokat, andong putih, asem, antap, bagu, base-base, bingin, brokot gading, braksok, buah, buhu, bunga desember coklat, delundung, daluman, don teh-teh, don mangkok, don karuk, ikuh bikul, jinten, jarak pager, jarak bang, jepang, gadung, gumitir, kayu sisih, kayu urip, kembang-bugang, kembang siang, kembang siang berdiri, ketapang, kelor, kedondong, kejenggotan, kumis kucing, kucai, kumbang, kesimbukan, lemputu, minyana bang, majagau, mawar, palem putrid, palem rotan, palem kipas, pucuk-lilin, pacah, pangkas kuning, penitian kuning, pisang kapur, pecah beling, salak, sembung, simbar jenggot dewa, simbar-menjangan, singpur, silik, spatopilum, siulan, suplir, tebu, temen kuning, vanili, waru (63)	1	20

Table 4 Distribution of medical; plants in the yard of respondent house in Petiga village, Tabanan Regency, 2005.

No.	Local name of plants	f	%
1.	andong bang, jepun, gedang, kecemcem, kopi, lengkuas bang, nyuh, pucuk, pisang, tapakbela (10)	5	100
2.	dapdap, jaum-jaum, juwuk, keladi, nangka, pandan, pidpid, sandat (8)	4	80
3.	belimbing, bongkot, kayu manis, keselasawi, kepuh, kaliasem, rumput bambu, samblung (8)	3	60
4.	base, blacing, nyambu, gegirang, kesisat, kepundung, manggis, nyuh gading, sotong, tiying gading, tibah (11)	2	40
5.	asem, belatung, buah, buhu, delundung, daluman, isen, don karuk, jinten, jarak pager, jarak bang, gempinis, gumitir, kayu urip, kelor, ketapang, kejenggotan, kesela, kumis kucing, kesimbukan, pacah, sente, sembung, silik, siulan, tebu, waru (26)	1	20
Popularity of ceremonial plants almost similar to the medicinal plants (see Table 5).
Table 5. Distribution of ceremonial plants in the yard of respondent house in Petiga Village, Tabanan Regency, 2005.
No.	Local name of plant	f	%
1.	andong bang, andong ijo, jepun, kecemcem, kopi, lengkuas bang, nyuh, pucuk, pisang, tapak bela, uduh (11)	5	100
2.	bregu, dapdap, jaum-jaum, juwuk, kembang kertas, keladi, nangka, pandan, puring Bali, pidpid, rambutan, sandat (12)	4	80
3.	bongkot, belimbing, tabia, dukut, kayu manis,, kayu tulak, kayu sugih, keselasawi, kepuh, kaliasem, pandan arum, samblung, suweg (13)	3	60

• 4.    base, blacing, cepaka, duren, jagasatru, nyambu, jempiring, gegirang, kepundung, manggis, nyuh gading, sotong, temen ungu, tiying gading, tibah, poh (16)            2                40

• 5.    asem, belatung, buah, buhu, bingin, delundung isen, jinten, jarak pagar, jarak bang, gadung, gumitir, kayu urip, kesela, kumbang, kelor, majagau, mawar, pacah, sembung, simbar-menjangan, siulan, salak, silik, sotong, suweg, tebu, waru (28)                                                1                 20

  The name of plants used for horticultural plants is presented in Table 6. There are local (Bali) name, Indonesian name and scientific name for the plants. But, it is not always easy to find. Some of their names

  
  

  are unable to trace even for the local, Indonesia as well as their scientific name. It is due, in some ways, to the limited literature, they are imported plants or local origin, or have not been classified scientifically

  
  

Table 6. The local name, Indonesian name and scientific name of plants found in Petiga Village, Tabanan regency, 2004.

No.	Local name	Indonesian name	Scientific name
1.	Aba
2.	Andong bang	Honjuang	Cordyline fruticosa A.Chev.
3.	Andong ijo	Honjuang Hijau
4.	Andong putih	Honjuang putih
5.	Anggrek	Anggrek	Dendrobium/Vanda
6.	Advokat	Advokado	Persiana Americana Mill
7.	Antap	Bodi	Ficus Religiosa L.
8.	Asem	Asam	Tamarinda indica L.
9.	Bagu	Goni	Yucca aloifoila “Marginata”
10.	Bakung	Bakung	Crinum Asiaticum L.
11.	Base	Sirih	Piper betle L.
12.	Base-base	Sirih-sirihan	Peperomia griseo argentea
13.	Bawang-bawangan	Bawang-bawangan	Zephyranthus candida Herb.
14.	Belimbing	Belimbing	Averhoa belimbi L.
15.	Bergu	Palem wregu	Rhapis excelsa
16.	Bingin	Beringin	Ficus benjamina L.
17.	Blancing	Blacing/pacing	Costus speciosus J.Sm
18.	Bongkot	Kecombrang	Nicolae speciosa Horan
19.	Braksok	Pandan suara	Dracea Wirld
20.	Brojo-lintang	Anggur bandung	Belamcanda chinensis (L) DC.
21.	Brokot ungu	Brokot ungu
22.	Brokot gading	Brokot gading
23.	Buah	Pinang	Areca catechu L.
24.	Buhu	Buhu	Albizia procera Benth.
25.	Bunga desember	Bunga desember	Haemanthus multiflorus Mart.
26.	Bungur	Bunga tangi	Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers.
27.	Cepaka	Cempaka	Michelia champaca L.

28.	Cemcem	Kecemcem	Spondias pinata KURZ.
29.	Coblong-coblongan	Alamanda	Allamanda cathartica L.
30.	Dapdap	Dedap	Erythrina hypaphorus BOERL.
31.	Daluman	Daluman	Cyclea barbara M.
32.	Delundung	Dadap	Erythrina crista-galli L.
33.	Dipenbakia	Dipenbakia	Dipenbachia
34.	Don teh-tehan
35.	Don karuk
36.	Don mangkok	Daun mangkok	Nothopanax cutellarium
37.	Drakaena	Drakaena	Dracaena SP.
38.	Dukut	Kadaka	Asplenium nidus
39.	Don teh
40.	Gadung	Gadung	Dioscorea hispida Roxb.
41.	Gedang	Papaya	Carica papaya L.
42.	Gegirang	gegirang	Leea angulata Korth.
43.	Gumitir	Bung kotok	Tagetes erecta L.
44.	Ikuh bikul	Ekor tikus
45.	Ikuh lutung	Ekor kera	Acalypha hispida
46.	Jagasatru
47.	Jarak bang	Jarak merah	Jatropha sp.
48.	Jarak pager	Jarak pagar	Jatropha curcas L.
49.	Jambu	Jambu	Eugenia malacensis L.
50.	Jaum-jaum	Siantan/soka	Ixora stricta Roxb.
51.	Jempiring	Kacapiring	Gardenia jasminoiea
52.	Jepun	Kamboja	Plumeria acutifolia
53.	Jetropa	Jetropa	Jetropha SP.
54.	Jinten	Jinten	Nigella sativa L.
55.	Juwuk	Jeruk	Citrus SP.
56.	Kaliasem	Gowok	Eugenia polycephala Miq.
57.	Kayu manis	Daun katu	Saurapus androgynus Mert.
58.	Kayu sisih	Kayu sisih	Phyllanthus buxifolius (BL.) MA.
59.	Kayu sugih	Kayu sugih	Pleomele SP.
60.	Kayu tulak	Kayu tulak	Schefflera eliptica HARMS.
61.	Kayu urip	Kayu urip	Euphorbia tirucali L.
62.	Kecarum	Kecarum
63.	Kedondong	Kedondong	Spondias pinnata
64.	Keladi	Talas	Colocasia esculenthum Schott
65.	Keladi triwarna	Kaladium	Caladium SP.
66.	Kelor	Kelor	Moringa Oleifera Lamk
67.	Kembang lilin	Kembang lilin
68.	Kembang bugang	Kembang bugang	Clerodendrom inerme Gaertn.
69.	Kembang kertas	Kembang kertas	Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.
70.	Kembang pagi	Portulaka	Portulaka grandiflora Lindl
71.	Kembang siang	Kembang siang
72.	Kenyeri	Jure	Nerium oleander
73.	Kepasilan	Benalu	Scurrula atropurpurea Dans.
74.	Kerasi	Tembelekan	Lamtana camara
75.	Kesela sawi	Ketela pohon	Manihot ulilissima
76.	Kesimbukan	Daun kentut	Paedoria Foetida L.
77.	Kesisat	Kesisat	Pouzolzia petandra Bonn.

78.	Ketapang	Ketapang	Terminalia catappa L.
79.	Kejenggotan	kejenggotan	Leocitin indogenia
80.	Kumis kucing	Kumis kucing	Orthosiphon spicatus BBS
81.	Kucai	Kucai
82.	Kumbang	Keladi hutan
83.	Kepundung	Kepundung
84.	Kupng bikul	Kuping tikus
85.	Kopi	Kopi	Coffea robusta L.
86.	Lemputu
87.	Lengkuas bang	Lengkuas merah	Ardisia humilis VAHL.
88.	Majagau	Majagahu	Dysoxylum caulostachyum Miq.
89.	Manggis	Manggis	Garcinia mangosta L.
90.	Mawar	Mawar	Rosa sp.
91.	Melati jepang	Melati jepang	Pseuderantheum diversifolium
92.	Miana bang	Miana merah	Coleus atropurpureus benth.
93.	Nangka	Cempedak	Artocarpus heterophyllus Lmk.
94.	Nyambu	Jambu air	Eugenia aquea Burm.f.
95.	Nyuh	Kelapa	Cocos nucifera L.
96.	Nyuh gading	Kelapa gading	Cocos nucifera sp.
97.	Pacah	Pacar air	Impatients balsamina L.
98.	Padang ijo	Rumput hijau
99.	Padang putih	Rumput putih
100.	Pakis	Pakis	Cycas rumphii Miq.
101.	Palem kuning	Palem kuning	Chrysalidocarpus lutescens
102.	Palem ekor tupai	Palem ekor tupai	Wodyetia bifurcata (Foxtail palm)
103.	Palem kipas	Palem kipas	Livistone chinensis
104.	Palem raja	Palem raja	Dipterocarpus hasseltii Bl.
105.	Palem putri	Palem putri
106.	Palem bambu	Palem bambu	Chamaedorea sp.
107.	Pandan	Pandan	Pandanus tectorius Soland ex Park.
108.	Pandan arum	Pandan arum	Pandanus amaryllifolia Roxb.
109.	Pangkas kuning	Pangkas kuning
110.	Pangkas ijo	Pangkas hijau
111.	Parigata	Parigata	Bougainvillea sp.
112.	Pidpid	Pakis keriting	Pteris tremula
113.	Pisang	Pisang	Musa paradisiaca L.
114.	Pisang tegak	Pisang tegak
115.	Pisang sorga	Pisang sorga
116.	Pisang kribia	Pisang kribia
117.	Pisang kapur	Pisang kapur
118.	Pecah beling	Pecah beling
119.	Plawa		Codiaeum variegatum
120.	Poh	Mangga	Mangifera indica L.
121.	Pucuk	Kembang sepatu	Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.
122.	Pucuk lilin	Kembang lilin
123.	Puring	Puring	Codiaeum varicyatum Bl.
124.	Puring bali	Puring Bali	Codiaeum sp.
125.	Puring bor kuning	Puring bor kuning	Codiaeum sp.
126.	Puring nuri	Puring nuri	Codiaeum sp

127.	Puring Bangkok	Puring bangkok	Codiaeum tricolor
128.	Rambutan	Rambutan	Nephelium sp.
129.	Rosalia	Rosalia
130.	Rumput bambu	Rumput bambu	Lophatherium gracile Brongn.
131.	Samblung	Sirih belanda	Scindapsus aureus
132.	Samblung tulang	Sambung tulang	Euphorbia turicalli L.
133.	Sandat	Kenanga	Cananga odorata Baill.
134.	Sembung	Sembung	Blumea balsamifera Dc.
135.	Sente	Sente	Alocasia marorrhiza Schott.
136.	Silik	Srikaya	Annona squamosa L.
137.	Simbar menjangan	Simbar menjangan	Platycerium bifurcatum C.chr
138.	Simbar jenggot dewa	Simbar jenggot dewa
139.	Singapor	Talok	Muntingia calabura L.
140.	Suilan	Pacar cina	Aglaia odorata Lour.
141.	Sotong	Jambu biji	Psidium guajava L.
142.	Spatofilum	Spatofilum	Spatofilum
143.	Srigading	Srigading	Nyctanthes arbortristis L.
144.	Sri rejeki	Srirejeki	Aglaonema commulatum L.
145.	Suweg	Suwek	Tacca pennatifida Forst.
146.	Suplir	Suplir	Adiantum capillus veneris
147.	Tabia	Cabai	Capsicum annuum L.
148.	Tapak bela	Nusa indah	Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f.
149.	Tebu	Tebu	Sacharum officinarum
150.	Temen	Daun ungu	Graptophyllum pictum Giff.
151.	Temen ungu	Temen ungu	Graptophyllum sp.
152.	Temu	Temu
153.	Tibah	Mengkudu	Morinda citrifolia L.
154.	Tiying	Bambu	Bambusa sp.
155.	Tumpang sari	Tumpang sari
156.	Uduh	Palem ekor ikan	Caryota plumosa
157.	Waru	Waru	Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

The popularity of medicinal plants among the respondents is presented in Table 4. Andong bang (Cordyline fruticosa A.), kamboja (Plumeria acuminate Roxb.), papaya (Carica papaya L.) kecemcem (Spondias pinnata L.) kopi ( Coffea sp.), lengkuas bang (Alpinia galanga L.), kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.), kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosasinensis

L.), pisang (Banana sp.) and Nusa indah ( Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f). are among most popular plants. There are 26 medicinal plants which are less popular for horticulture, such as asam (Tamarinda indica L.), kaktus (Calamus caesius Bl.) pinang (Areca catechu L.), buhu ( Albizzia procera Benth.) waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.).

Many medicinal plants in Bali are threatened to extinction, before it’ active component is known (dePadua et al, 1999; Sastroatmojo, 2001). Therefore, medicinal plants as stated in the local text of medicine are important to be conserved by replanting them in a special park. By then, the active component could be analyzed and then used for animal experimentation. This step is a must before they are used for phytopharmaca. It is good to know that some medicinal plants in Bali are used for horticultural plant. Thus, it is good for their sustainability. Medicinal plants also meet the criteria of horticultural plants because of the following reasons: having nice color, flower, leaf or nice odor of flower, leaf and stem or funny looking for it’s fruit, rhizome or roots or it is also believed that some plants to have a magic

power, or economic value (Adiputra, 1999; 2004a,b; 2005).

The other added values are from the ceremonial aspect. In Bali, most of the plants which produce flowers are used for offering. The fruits, leaves and the stems are used for offering. For example, they are coconut, jackfruit, orange, banana, moringa oleifera (kelor), Gardenia jasminoiea (jempiring), alamanda (coblong-coblongan) plumeria acutifolia (jepun), Erythrina hypaphorus (dedap), Graptophyllum pictum (temen), Curcuma (kunyit) and Piper betle (base). They are used for offering in every religious ceremony (Nala, 1991). It is fair to say that Balinese could not be far away from the ceremonial plants. It is due to the fact the ceremony is conducted daily in the Balinese life. That is also a reason why

horticultural plants are planted in the house yard. But, it is not the case for medicinal plants.

From the study in this village, it is observed that some of imported plants are used for horticulture. The plants which are imported from other area of Indonesia, such as walisongo, Belamcanda fruticosa (brojolintang) (Wijayakusuma et al, 1992, 1993; Sastroatmojo, 2001). Some also imported from other country, such as Hibiscus chinensis (kembang sepatu), jetropfa, Lee Kuan you.

In naming them, it is found to be difficult. There are six plants that their Indonesian name could not justified.. Seventeen plants could not justified for their scientific names. They are, meanwhile, due to the author’s limitation.

Based on the discussion provided above, it is, reasonable to recommend to build a park for medicinal plants (Adiputra, 2004a,b; 2005), as well as for ceremonial plants in Bali (LPM Unud, 2004). It is important for educational purpose, new asset for tourism, as well as for the sustainability of the environment as well (dePadua, et al, 1999).

From the discussion it could be concluded as follows: 1) horticultural plants can be used for medicinal and ceremonial plants; 2) horticultural plants could be used for conservation purposes; 3) horticultural plants in Bali consist of local plants and introduced plants from other parts of Indonesia as well as from abroad.

For further study it is suggested:1) to find out the respected scientific name, Balinese and Indonesian name accordingly; 2) to enlarge the scope of study in finding out the horticultural plants used; 3) for conservation of the medicinal plants it is important to build a special plants park; 4)ceremonial plants are also important to be collected in a ceremonial plants park.

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