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Typology Lexical Verb 'To Use' in Japan: Natural Semantics Metalanguage Study

Ni Made Wiriani

Japanese Literature Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University Denpasar, Indonesia

Email: nimadew@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study entitled Typology of Lexical Verb 'Use' In Japanese: Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. The research objective is to understand verb ‘use’ of the Japanese language. The specific objective is to describe forms, structures, and to avoid the meaning of swirling. Analysis using Semantic Theory of Natural Metalanguage (MSA) which is pioneered by Wierzbicka (1996). To analyze the data the author uses a descriptive method, that describe the elements used by default lexical verb ‘meaning'. Then the mapping exponent through explication by using a paraphrase. Data were analyzed semantic structure. Ways of presenting the data analysis using informal methods, namely the use of words. 14 types of the Japanese verb have the meaning of 'use, ' i.e., kaburu, maku, haku, hameru, shimeru, sauces, kiru, Kakeru, tsukeru, tsukau, mochiiru, shiyo suru, suru riyou, chakuyo suru, which is often found in the books of Japanese. This study has given a clear enough picture of the technical explication of the state of one form or lexicon to one meaning and one meaning for one form or lexicon.

Keywords: MSA, Semantics, Verb “Use”, Typology.

  • I.    INTRODUCTION

This research is based on linguistic teaching primarily on the meaning of the word (imiron) in Japanese. Often we find in a particular language has lexicon (vocabulary) more than one, but has the same meaning. For example, a word that has the meaning of 'learning' in Japanese has three lexicons namely, benkyou suru, manabu, and narau. The three words have the same meaning of 'learning'. In imiron learning (meaning of words) of course, the teacher is required to explain the meaning of the word clearly and thoroughly because the meaning of the three is not exactly the same, there is a difference even though the difference is very thin. The meaning of a lexicon is generally limited from the complex meaning, from simple meaning. The lexicon used to explain the meaning of a word is the meaning of the word itself, not another lexicon that is semantically considered simpler. Therefore, many meanings of the word become unclear. Because this aspect of meaning is important, the writer will examine the semantic problem of 'wearing' verbs in Japanese that have various lexicon. The analysis used the Natural Semantic Metamorphism Theory (MSA) initiated by Wierzbicka (1996). The meaning of a word is a configuration of the 'original meaning'. Thus, the analysis of meaning will be discrete and complete. In other words, that a complex of any meaning can be explained without having to spin and no residue in a combination of other discrete meanings (Goddard, 1996: 24; Wierzbicka, 1996: 10). Verb 'wear' in Japanese is very interesting to be an object of research because in Japanese 14 types of verbs have this meaning. Those are, kaburu, maku, haku, hameru, shimeru, sasu, kiru, kakeru, tsukeru, tsukau, Mochiiru, shiyo suru, riyou suru, chakuyo suru, which are often found in Japanese language books.

  • II.    RESEARCH METHODS

The method used in this study is data collected using the observation method. The technique used is writing technique (Mahsun, 2005). The data is used for analyzing the semantic structure. To examine the data the author uses the descriptive method, which describes the elements used by the lexical default verb. Then do the exponent mapping through the expression by way of paraphrase. The way of presenting the results of data analysis using informal methods, namely using words.

  • III.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the data collection process, then the data is sorted based on verbs that have the meaning of 'wear'. In the BJ found 14 lexica that can be aligned with lexicon using, Here the data has been collected. The above verbs include action verbs, i.e., wear with polysemy "do" and "happen". The combination of doing and happening reveals a relatively high degree of Undergoer overload because the class of verbs includes transitive verbs. Transitive verbs have a Subject as an agent and a direct Object as a patient (Wierzbicka, 1996: 421). In Japanese, use verbs are chosen to give a brief overview of the semantic structure and not to spin. All the verb lexicon wears

above describes the semantic structure with the subcomponents "X doing something", "something good happens" and "X doing something", "something good happens". The lexicon with each variation as a representation of the concept of doing and happening. If someone is using, then the component mapping "X does something on Y" and "something happens to Y". The lexicon uses based on the tool, the motion model, the part of the entity subject to treatment and the end result the agent wishes to achieve or expects. Verbs "wear" in Japanese are sorted as follows.

  • 3.1    Verbs 'wear' on the body

In Japanese the wearing verbs used for the limbs vary, depending on the object used and which part of the limb is used. Such as the following.

  • 1.    Verbs かぶ る (Kaburu) 'wear'.

Verbs かぶ る (kaburu) 'wear': in this verb the object is a hat, helmet, blanket, sarong whose meanings cover the head or face with something.

あ の ぼう し をか ぶ っ て て い る 人 はだ れ れ で す か.

Ano boushi o kabutteiru hito wa dare desu ka 'Who's wearing that hat?.

(Nihon Go Kyouiku Tsuushin, Vol.47; 2003: 20)

  • 2.    Verba 巻く (maku) 'wear'.

Verba 巻く (maku) 'put on': this verb is in the form of a towel, handkerchief, headband. Scarves that have meaning surround the body with long objects.

頭に タ オ オ ル 巻 巻 い て い る.

Atama ni taoru o maiteiru.

'Wear a towel on the head.

http: //nlt.tsukuba.lagoinst.info/headword/V.00845/

  • 3. Verba 履く (haku) 'wear'.

Verba 履 (は) く (haku) 'wear': this verb wears object skirts, trousers, shoes, sandals, socks wearing in waist to down sections.

案内人はこの地方特有のズボンを履いていた。

Annai jin wa kono chihoutokuyuu no zubon o haiteita.

Guide wearing typical regional trousers.

http: //nlt.tsukuba.lagoinst.info/headword/V.01010/

  • 4.    Verba 嵌める (hameru) 'wear'.

Verba 嵌 (は) る る (hameru) 'wear': This verb is a ring, glove, watch, contact lens that has the meaning of inserting something in the hole worn on the body.

指にはいくつも金の指輪を嵌めている。

Yubi ni wa ikutsu mo kin no yubiwa o hameteiru. Wearing some silver ring on the finger.

http://nlb.ninjal.ac.jp/headword/V.01295/

  • 5.    Verba 締める (shimeru) 'wear'.

Verbs 締める (shimeru) 'wear': this verb object is a study of ropes, belts, belts, obi, ties that have the meaning of tying something around the body.

毎朝ネクタイを締めている。

Maiasa nekutai o shimeteiru.

'Every morning wearing a tie.' http://ameblo.jp/siawase-z/

  • 6.    Verba さ す (sasu) 'wear'.

Verb さ す (sasu) 'put on': The object of this verb study is an umbrella that has the meaning of holding and opening above the head to avoid rain.

足 を 外 に 出 す 前に 傘 を さ す.

Ashi o soto ni dasu mae ni kasa o sasu.

'Wear an umbrella up front to get the foot out.'

http://nlb.ninjal.ac.jp/headword/V.00726/

  • 7.    Verba 着る (kiru) 'wear'.

Verbs 着る (kiru) 'wear': objects used in the form of shirts, dresses, uniforms, T-shirts that have the meaning of wearing clothes to the upper body to cover everything. The following is the use of a congenital verb.

あ の まち に 集 ま る 人 す べて が, "自分 が 自 分で わ わ い いと

Ano machi ni atsumaru hito subete ga, 'jibun ga jibun de kawaii to

思う 服 " を着 て て い る。

Omou fuku 'o kiteiru.

'All the people who gather in the city wear clothes that consider themselves to be beautiful'. (Niponika, No.9: 21)

  • 8.    Verbs (kakeru) 'wear'.

Verbs (kakeru) 'put on': this verb object is glasses, masks, which have hung or hooked meanings.

サ ン ラ ラ ス をか け る 。

Sangurasu o kakeru

'Wearing glasses.' http://nlb.ninjal.ac.jp/headword/V.00046/

  • 9.    Verba 付ける(tsukeru) 'wear'.

Verbs (tsukeru) 'wear': objects used in the form of clothing, jewelry, accessories, makeup.

検索の力 を つ け ま しょう!

Kensaku no chikara o tsukemashou.

'Using search power.'

http://nlb.ninjal.ac.jp/headword/V.00043/

  • 3.2 Verbs 'wear' outside the human body.

In addition to special verbs used for limbs, there are also verb wear that is used outside the body or wear for other things, such as.

  • 10.    Verba 使う (tsukau) 'wear'.

Objects used in tsukau verbs are real objects, like the following example.

大切 に 水 を 使 う う.

Taisetsu ni mizu o tsukau.

'Use water with importance (water saving)'.

( Nippon, 3:25)

Objects used in this verb are objects in general or commonly used. See examples of the following sentences.

演劇 の 世界 でコスチュームプレイといえば史劇など を指す

Engeki no sekai de kosutu-mu purei to ieba shigeki nado o sasu

用語だ が が, もち ろ ん この 場合 のコスプレは、それ とは異なる

Yougo daga, mochiron kono baai no kosupure wa afternoon to wa kotonaru

意味合い で 用 い れ る。

Imiai de mochiirareru.

'The use of language that shows If it says costume play in the world of drama’

(Niponika, No.9: 8)

  • 12 .Verba 使用 す る (shiyou suru) 'wear'.

The object used by the shiyou suru verb is an abstract object like the following example.

家庭 で は母語 を使用 し ま す.

Katei de wa bogo o shiyou shimasu

'Using local language in the household'.

(Nihon Go Kyouiku Tsuushin, Vol.51, p.14)

  • 13 .Verba 利用 す る (riyou suru) 'wear'.

This verb uses objects in the form of tools or objects as tools to do things.

画像 を 利用 す る

Gazou o riyou suru

'Using pictures'.

(Nihongo Kyouiku Tsuushin, Vol.34: 23)

  • 14 . Verba (chakuyou suru) 'wear'.

This verb uses objects in the form of a characteristic of a person or a sign to know something or task.

将校 は 対照 的 に青 い上着 を着 用し て い る の だ.

Shoukou wa taishouteki ni aoi uwagi o chakuyou shiteiru no da.

'Officer wearing a contrasting blue top.'

http://nlb.ninjal.ac.jp/headword/V.01968/

  • IV. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the analysis based on the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) using the technique of phrasing or explication analysis, mapping with natural language in sentence form, with supporting data of Japanese verbs 'wear' can be analyzed thoroughly. This study has provided a reasonably clear picture of the technique of expression which expresses one form or lexicon for one meaning and one meaning for one form or lexicon.

11. Verb 用 い る (mochiiru) 'wear'.


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