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The Analysis of Conjunction in American Photo

I Gede Andi Suprapto

Non Regular Program English Department Faculty of Letters Udayana University.

Abstrak

Studi ini hanya fokus pada satu jenis tata bahasa inggris yaitu kata sambung. Studi ini mengkhususkan pada pokok bahasan tentang kata sambung yang di gunakan dalam artikel American Photo. Berdasarkan studi ini, hubungan yang kompak di pilih sebagai teori dasar. Ini berdasarkan asumsi yang ada dalam bentuk hubungan system linguistic yang sistematis antar kalimat.Studi ini berjudul The Analysis of Conjunction in America Photo Magazine. Yang bertujuaan mengkalsifikasikan dan menganalisis penggunaan kata sambung pada arikel tersebut, arti dari penggunaan kata sambung, dan juga penggunaan kata sambung dalam menyambung kalimat termasuk ekspresi yang di gunakan, frekuensi, dan letaknya. Data telah di ambil dari American Photo Magazine. Majalah ini di pilih sebagai sumber data setelah mempertimbangkan bahwa banyak sekali kata sambung yang di temukan. Teori utama yang digunakan untuk menganalisa kata sambung adalah teori kohesi yang dicetuskan oleh Halliday dan Hasan (1976). Dari kesimpulan ini menunjukkan bahwa konteks internal dan eksternal jelasnya diperoleh untuk mendapatkan arti dari kalimat tersebut. Jenis-jenis dari kata sambung yang dicetuskan oleh Halliday dan Hasan yang ada dalam teks, adalah: additive, adversative, causal and temporal. Jenis additive menyatakan sebab dan akibat, dan temporal relation menyatakan bahwa kalimat tersebut berhubungan tepat waktu. Antara jenis-jenis ini, temporal relation-lah yang paling sering digunakan dalam artikel ini. Terlebih lagi, dari teks ini dapat dilihat bahwa kata sambung terjadi dari awal kalimat, sementara itu beberapa dari mereka terjadi di tengah kalimat.

  • 1.    Background

Cohesion consists of several texts devices. There are two kinds of cohesive devices; grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion consists reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. The lexical cohesion consists of reiteration (repetition, synonym, super ordinate, and general word) and collocation.

Specifically, this study discusses the conjunction that is used in the article American Photo. It is based on the assumption that there are in the linguistic system form of systematic relationship between sentences. There are a number of possible ways in which the system allows for parts of

a text to be connected to one another. The use of conjunction in a text is very important to make it cohesive. There are four types of conjunctions; additive, adversative, causal, and temporal.

  • 2.    Problem of The Study

In the discussion of the English conjunction and its equivalences in Indonesian there are two problems to be discussed:

  • 1.    What types of conjunction are used and how are the conjunctions used in the article American Photo Magazine ?

  • 2.    What is the meaning of conjunction found in the American Photo Magazine ?

  • 3.    Aims of The Study

  • 1.    To classify the types of conjunctions found in the magazine conjunction and the use of conjunction in article American Photo Magazine

  • 2.    To analyze the meaning expressed by the conjunction in article American Photo Magazine

  • 4.    Research Method

The data, which were used in this study as the object of the analysis and discussion, were taken from the American Photo Magazine (2012-2013). Library research was done to collect the data needed, reading and note taking the articles in the magazine, the data were collected from the article in a book; firstly, the data were read from this book carefully. Secondly, searching the conjunctions occurring in the article and then, the conjunction found were noted down. The data were selected according to the scope of this research and the theoretical framework.

The methods in analyzing the data are qualitative and descriptive methods. The data were analyzed in term of the theory of conjunction to find out the types of conjunction in the data. However, in descriptive method, the data were analyzed unseeing words or sentences. The analysis starts by finding out the types of conjunction used in the text and the next analysis is

presenting the use of conjunctions occurring in the articles including the expression, the frequency, and the position of the conjunctions.

  • 5.    Analysis

The Analysis of Conjunction in American Photo.

Text 1

Paragraph 2

The 28-year-old started planning a three month trip across the U.S. in research of inspiration on the American back roads and urban sidewalks that had shaped his heroes, Robert Frank and Garry Winogrand.

The type of conjunction in paragraph 2 is additive. It is presented by the expression and. And is categorized as the simple additive. The expression and in paragraph 2 has the same function as the expression and in the text in paragraph one. This paragraph provides an indication of the difference and as a structural relation. Paragraph 2 shows the internal sense.

Paragraph 6

It’s also helped him build an impressive portfolio of polished editorial images that complement his grittier personal projects, whose subjects range from Thai transsexual prostitutes to second-generation Agent Orange victims.

The types of conjunction in paragraph 6 is additive relation. It is presented by the expression also. Also is categorized as the simple additive relation. Also in this paragraph is categorized as the simple additive relation, it shows the internal sense.

Paragraph 8

But working in Vietnam where high-level competition is scarce, he sees things a little differently: “I’ve know nothing but being a jack of all trades.

The type of conjunction in paragraph 8 is adversative. It is presented by the expression but. But is categorized as the adversative contrastive relation “as against”. The expression but occurs in the middle of a sentence. The expression but shows the basic meaning contrary to expectation. It occurs in different sense, which might call contrastive. This example shows the meaning ‘as against’. This paragraph is considered the external sense because the conjunction but is located in the phenomena.

Analysis of Presence of Conjunction

Additive

From the text, the simple relation is presented by the expression and. The expression and occurs five times in the text. The simple additive expression occurs in the middle or the beginning of a sentence. The simple additive relation is presented by also. In this type of additive relation, the expression also occurs in the beginning of the sentence. It shows the external sense because there is a relation between two phenomena.

Adversative

The adversative relations ‘proper’ with specific meaning ‘in spite’ was presented by but. The expression but occurs twice in the text. In this type of adversative relation, the expressions occurs in the beginning of a sentence and in the middle of a sentence.

Causal

From the text, the general causal relations was presented by the expression for. The expressions for occurs once in the text. The expression for occurs in the middle of a sentence. The conjunction for means ‘for this reason’ and the following sentence is the consequence of the preceding sentence.

Temporal

The simple temporal relation is presented by after. The expression after occurs only once in the text. The expression after occurs in the middle of a sentence. The complex temporal relation is presented by the expression while. The expression while occurs once in the text. The expression while occurs in the middle of a sentence and in which the two events are in the same sentence, the first event comes before the word while and second event comes after the word while.

Text 2

Paragraph 4

Apart from that, he waits, making sure his art is only ever so slightly on fire.

The type of conjunction in paragraph 4 adversative. It is presented by the expression only. The word only is categorized as the adversative relation ‘proper’. The conjunction only in the conjunctive relation is part of simple adversative relation ‘proper’. The word only is used as a focusing adverb, meaning another way of making the meaning more precise is by splitting the sentence using a relative structure.

Paragraph 9

With typical black-and white film or gelatin silver-halide crystals in the film grains to metallic silver.

The type of conjunction in paragraph 9 is additive. It is presented by the expression or. Or is categorized as the simple additive. Paragraph 9 has a conjunction or, presented in the middle of the sentence. Or has internal sense because it has an alternative of another possible opinion, explanation, etc in place of the one just given. Here we can see that this paragraph is internal of an alternative of another possible opinion.

Analysis of The Presence of Conjunction.

Additive

In the text, simple additive is presented by and. The expression occurs three times in the text. The conjunction shows the internal sense because it express that there is something to be said’. In the text, simple additive is presented by or. The expression or occurs once in the text. All of these expressions occur in the middle of a sentence.

Adversative

The adversative relation ‘proper’ with specific meaning ‘in spite’ is presented by but. The expression but occurs three times in the text. In this type of adversative relation, the expression occurs in the beginning of a sentence and in the middle of a sentence. Adversative relation ‘proper’ is presented by the expression only. The expression only occurs twice in the text. In this type adversative relation, the expression occurs in the beginning and in the middle of a sentence. Some of the adversative relations ‘proper’ (‘in spite of’) occurs in the middle and in the beginning of a sentence.

Causal

The reversed causal relation is presented by so and as. The expression so occurs once and expression as occurs only once in the text. The expression so occurs in the beginning of a sentence. The conjunction so means ‘for this reason’ and the following sentence is the consequence of the preceding sentence. The word as is located in the beginning of a sentence and occurs in external sense because as does link two deferent facts.

Temporal

The simple temporal relation is presented by after that. The expression after that occurs only once in the text. The expression after that occurs in the end of the sentence.

  • 6.    Conclusion

There is only one type of additive form occurring in the text, that is: simple additive relation. There is only one type of adversative relation ‘proper’. The causal relation occurs in two types in the text , those are : reversed causal relations and general causal relations. There are two types of temporal relations occurring in the text, those are: simple temporal relations and complex temporal relations. The simple additive relation is expressed by the word and. The adversative relation proper is expressed by words, but and only. Meanwhile the adversative contrastive relation as against is expressed by the word but. The simple causal relation is expressed by the word so. The reserved causal relation is expressed by the words for and as. The simple temporal relation is expressed by the word after that. The complex temporal relation is expressed by the words while and after. According to the analysis, there were 65 items of Additive, 32 items of Adversative, 25 items of Casual, and 52 items of Temporal. Furthermore, The second problem is the finding of additive relation that express that there is something more to be said, The presence of conjunction is related to present additional information about what has been said in the previous sentence. The adversative relation indicates that the information in the second sentence qualifies the information in the first sentence. The casual relation indicates the presupposed sentence item as the cause or the reason of the presupposing item. The temporal

relation indicates that the events in the text area are related in terms of time of the occurrence.

  • 7.    Bibliography

Edy, I Putu. 2008. The Conjunction Analysis of Business Article In The Jakarta Post. Denpasar: English Department, Faculty of Letter, Udayana University

Eka, Ni Luh. 2010. English Conjunctions Used In Articles From Readers Digest Magazine. Denpasar: English Department, Faculty of Letter, Udayana University

Halliday, M.A.K and Ruqaiya, Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. New York: Longman Group Limited.

Halliday, M.A.K and Ruqaiya, Hasan. 1985. Language, Context, and Text: aspect of language in a social – Semiotic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University Press.

Nunan, D.1997. Introducing Discourse Analysis. Australia: Penguin Group.

Shi, April 2004. The Importance of teaching cohesion in Translation on a Textual Level. Volume 8. No. 2

Emolyn, Susan.1985. Desciptive English Grammar. London: Penguins Books. Ltd.

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Denpasar: English Department, Faculty of Letter, Udayana University.