FORMS AND POSITIONS OF MANNER ADJUNCTS WITH REFERENCE TO J.R.R TOLKIEN “THE LORD OF THE RINGS”
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FORMS AND POSITIONS OF MANNER ADJUNCTS WITH
REFERENCE TO J.R.R TOLKIEN “THE LORD OF THE RINGS”
I GUSTI AGUNG GEDE ALIT PRAMANA
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF LETTERS AND CULTURE, UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
Abstrak
Kata keterangan dalam sebuah kalimat berbahasa inggris biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu, cara, tempat, frekwensi, alasan dan jumlah. Salah satu kata keterangan yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah kata keterangan cara, dimana ditemukan ada tiga bentuk dari kata keterangan cara tersebut, yaitu: 1. Kata keterangan cara yang muncul dalam bentuk kata keterangan cara yang berakhiran –ly, 2. Kata keterangan cara dalam bentuk preposisi (ungkapan kata depan), 3. Kata keterangan cara dalam bentuk klausa. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan posisi dari kata keterangan cara tersebut. Novel berjudul “The Lord of the Rings” yang ditulis oleh J.R.R Tolkien adalah sumber data dari penelitian ini. Dalam pengumpulan data ada dua metode yang digunakan yaitu metode dokumentasi dan metode kepustakaan dimana novel diunduh dari internet untuk kemudian dibaca dan dipilah sesuai dengan data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini. Data yang sesuai kemudian dianalisis dengan metode penelitian kualitatif.
Kata kunci: kata keterangan cara, preposisi (ungkapan kata depan) dan klausa.
Manner adjunct in a sentence specifically usually shows how an action is performed. The form of manner adjunct in a sentence is not only realized by a phrase form but it can also be realized by the form of clause and the position of manner adjunct does not only occur in the end of the sentence but also in the initial and middle position. All sentences in a language can be represented by constituent structure analysis. The words of a sentence can be divided into two or more groups and within group the words can be divided into subgroups, and so on, until only a single word remains (Fromkin et al., 1998:160). The sentence with
manner adjunct could also be analyzed into its constituents using constituent structure presentation. By analyzing it into its constituents, the internal structure of a sentence could be known such syntactical identification as knowing the class of the words which build the sentence and the function of each word class in larger structures.
There are some problems which could be analyzed based on the phenomenon above, those are:
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1. What forms of manner adjunct are found in the novel entitled “The Lord of the Rings” by J.R.R Tolkien and how their constituent structures?
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2. What positions of manner adjunct are found in the sentence?
There are two specific aims of this study which can be reached in conducting this study:
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1. To analyze the forms and constituent structure of manner adjunct that found in the novel entitled “The Lord of the Rings” by J.R.R. Tolkien.
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2. To analyze the position of manner adjunct found in the sentence.
Method is a systematic work to examine the data. Data are needed to support the writing. The methodology used to do this study is classified into: data source, method and technique of collecting data and method and technique of analyzing data.
The data of this study were taken from some sentences that containing manner adjunct used in novel entitled “The Lord of the Rings” by J.R.R Tolkien. This novel was chosen as the data of this study because it contained the terms
needed in this study, in this case, manner adjunct. Besides, almost all forms of manner adjunct can be found in this novel. .
The data were collected through documentary and library research. Such data were taken from the data source containing constructions relating to the topic of this study. The data were collected through the following steps:
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1. The novel was downloaded from the internet.
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2. The story was read intensively.
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3. The data were identified in order to find the term relating to the topic.
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4. Finally, the sentences that met the requirements were chosen to be data for this study.
The data of this study were analyzed qualitatively. First, the collected data were classified based on the form of manner adjunct, whether it can be classified into the form of phrase (adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, noun phrase) or clause. The theory proposed by Quirk et al (1985) and Brown and Miller (1991), was used to analyze the form of manner adjunct. After being classified, the data was explained using the constituent structure. In this way, the form of manner adjunct can be clearly presented by using this constituent structure presentation. The theory proposed by Brown and Miller (1991), Fromkin et al (1998) and Radford (1988), was used to analyze the constituent structure. Finally, the position of manner adjunct was explained using the theory proposed by Quirk et al (1985).
Manner adjuncts in a sentence can be realized in the form of adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, noun phrase and clause. The Manner adjuncts realized in the form of adverb phrase are usually formed by suffixation of –ly to corresponding adjective form (Brown and Miller, 1991: 95). The manner adjunct realized in the form of prepositional phrase is characterized by the preposition as
head of manner adjuncts. If the preposition as the head of manner adjuncts is omitted, it means the manner adjuncts of a sentence realized in the form of noun phrase. The realization of manner adjuncts in the form of clause is usually characterized by the use of word as, like, as though and as if which indicate the way an action is performed. The sentence which has the adverbial in the form of clause is called adverbial clause. Examples:
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- He glanced at her lovingly (adverb phrase).
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- She uttered the word with cold deliberation (prepositional phrase).
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- I would like to send this parcel air mail (noun phrase).
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- I try to cook vegetable as the Chinese do (clause).
The form of manner adjuncts occurs in a sentence can be represented as the constituent structure representation. The constituent structure analysis of a sentence can be explained using the tree diagram. In explaining this diagram, the principle of the “family tree” terminology can be used. Therefore, the relationship between one constituent to the other can be explained whether they can be a daughter or sister of a constituent. The examples of constituent structure analysis of a sentence the child found the puppy into the tree diagram (Fromkin et al, 1998: 162):
The child found the puppy quickly
The child
found the puppy
The
child
found
the puppy
The
puppy
(Diagram 2.4)
Therefore, in this chapter the form of manner adjuncts in a sentence and the constituent structure analysis of it will be discussed. Besides, in this chapter the position of manner adjuncts found in a sentence will also be discussed.
Manner adjuncts in a sentence can be realized by the form of phrase and clause. The phrase form of manner adjuncts can be divided into two categories those are: adverb phrase and prepositional phrase. Some data bellow show that the manner adjunct is in the form of phrase and clause which occurs in the initial and end position.
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• Slowly he drew it out. (236)
The manner adjunct slowly in the sentence above can be realized in the form of adverb phrase. The word slowly is derived from the adjective slow and followed the –ly suffix becomes slowly. The constituent structure analysis of that sentence can be explained as follows:
S
S
ADVP
NP
ADV Pro
Slowly he
The analysis of constituent structure above shows that the manner adjunct has only one constituent that is ADVP occurs in the form of adverb slowly. For the constituent structure of the sentence can be divided into NP and VP. The NP occurs as pronoun he and the VP can be divided into three constituents’ those are: verb drew, noun it and the last is adverb out. The manner adjunct slowly above can be called as optional constituent because, the sentence above is still well formed although it occurs without the presence of this manner adjunct. It means the manner adjunct here just to modify the nuclear sentence.
VP
V
NP
N
drew
it
ADVP
ADV
out
The position of the manner adjunct slowly in the sentence above is in the initial position (I). It is called initial because it occurs before the subject he.
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• With a few strokes Frodo brought the boat back to the bank. (413)
The sentence above has the manner adjunct which is realized in the form of prepositional phrase with a few strokes. This called manner adjunct because it explains how the subject of that sentence brought the boat back. The constituent structure representation can be explained by the tree diagram as follows:
P
PP
Art ADJ N
With a few strokes
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the manner adjunct with a few strokes has two constituents, the preposition with and the NP which is divided into the article a, the adjective few and the noun strokes. The preposition with is functions as head of the preposition phrase. Whereas for the sentence has two constituents, the NP occurs as pronoun Frodo and followed by VP brought the boat back to the bank. From the tree diagram above it also can be seen that the manner adjunct with a few strokes here does not occur as the VP daughter but it is the daughter of the sentence therefore, it can be called non nuclear constituent and it has tends to become optional. It means without the presence of manner adjunct, the sentence above is still well formed.
The position of manner adjunct in the form of prepositional phrase in the sentence above is in the initial position (I). It exactly occurs before the subject of that sentence.
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• The riders gazed up at Théoden like men startled out of dream. (586)
The sentence above contains manner adjunct which is realized in the form of clause like men startled out of dream. It follows the independent clause The Riders gazed up at Théoden. The constituent structure representation of the sentence above can be explained by the tree diagram as follows:
Art
Pro
VP
N
ADV P
The Riders
gazed up
at Théoden like men startled out of dream
Like men startled out of dream above is the manner adjunct which is realized in the form of clause which occurs within the verb constituent. Although it occurs within the nuclear constituent but it can be called optional because if the manner adjunct in that sentence is omitted, the sentence is still well formed or the grammatical sentence remains. The manner adjunct like men startled out of dream which becomes the dependent clause of that complex sentence has two constituents; it is preceded by the subordinator like and followed by the complex sentence men startled out of dream. This sentence has two constituents the NP men and VP which is divided into three constituents, the verb startled, the
adverbial out and the prepositional phrase of dream. Actually, the sentence above has two major constituents those are: NP The Riders and the VP gazed up at Théoden like men startled out of dream.
The manner adjunct above exactly occurs after the PP at Théoden. This is called the end position (E).
Based on the analysis and the problem mentioned earlier, there are some points which can be drawn as conclusions. Dealing with the form of manner adjunct, it there were only three forms of manner adjuncts. They are adverb phrase, prepositional phrase and clause. Seen from its position, the manner adjunct in the form of adverb phrase it could be found in initial, medial and end position. The form of prepositional phrase it could be found in initial and end position. While for the clause form of manner adjunct it was only found in the end position.
Brown Keith and Miller Jim. 1991. Syntax: A Linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure. Great Britain: London.
Fromklin et al. 1998. An Introduction to Language. Australia: Holt Rinchart and Winston.
Quirk et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. The United States of America: Longman.
Quirk et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. William Clowes (Beccies) Limited Beccies and London: Longman.
Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformation Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge Textbook in Linguistic.
Supartha. 2006. English Adverb with Special Reference to Sydney Sheldon’s Novel entlited “The Doomsday Conspiracy”. Paper. Denpasar: Udayana University.
Susnawati Kadek. 2006. The Analysis of Manner Adjunct in “The Witness” by Sandra Brown. Paper. Denpasar: Udayana University.
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