THE CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS IN NOVEL IF I STAY BY GAYLE FORMAN
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THE CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS IN NOVEL
IF I STAY BY GAYLE FORMAN
I PUTU MAHENDRA
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
NON-REGULAR PROGRAM, FACULTY OF LETTERS UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
2013
Abstrak
Jurnal ini berjudul kata sambung dalam Novel " Jika saya tinggal " oleh Gayle Forman. Penelitian ini mengenai jenis kata sambung yang terdapat di novel dan fungsi kata sambung yang digunakan dalam novel . Tujuan dari jurnal ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kata sambung dan untuk menjelaskan fungsi kata sambung yang digunakan dalam novel . Kata sambung diambil dari novel berjudul “Jika saya tingga”l oleh Forman ( 2009) . Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode dokumenter . Dalam menyelesaikan proses pengumpulan data , pencatatan teknik diterapkan . Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif . Data untuk penelitian ini merupakan data kualitatif . Teori utama yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah teori kata sambung oleh Halliday dan Hassan dalam buku mereka " Kohesi dalam bahasa Inggris " ( 1976) , teori mencakup jenis jenis kata sambung. Selain itu , jurnal ini juga menggunakan teori dari Stern , dalam Bukunya Garis Tata Bahasa Inggris dengan Latihan dan Kunci Jawaban ( 2003) menjelaskan fungsi kata sambung. Temuan ini menunjukkan empat jenis kata sambung yang dikemukakan oleh Haliday dan Hassan , yaitu: tambahan , berlawanan , bersifat sebab dan sementara . Ada dua kesimpulan dinyatakan di sini , berdasarkan masalah yang dianalisis . Pertama , empat jenis kata sambung dikemukakan oleh Haliday dan Hassan yang menemukan novel ini , dengan berbagai jenis . Kedua , kata sambung dalam novel ini memiliki beberapa fungsi , yaitu: kata sambung menggabungkan satu kata denagn yang lain , kata sambung menggambungkan satu klausa dengan yang lain , kata sambung menggabungkan satu kalimat denagn yang lain , dan kata sambung menggabungkan satu frasa dengan satu frase yang lain .
Kata kunci: Kata sambung , tambahan , berlawanan, sebab, sementara
In communication we have to consider grammar, situation, and the audience. The message must be well-structured so that it can be easier to understand. To make a well structured sentence, we have to organize with grammatical rules. In communication, there is a transfer of information whether it is spoken or written. The written text demonstrates how the language is exploited or manipulated in order to achieve the intended goal of the writer. To form understandable English is not an easy task, even for those educated in the language. The difficulties occur in using their English, especially in understanding conjunctions. A conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create cohesiveness. It is difficult to learn to use conjunctions correctly in a foreign language. Most English conjunctions have several different functions and these may correspond to several different conjunctions in another language.
Specifically this study will discuss types and functions of conjunctions found in the novel “If I Stay” by Forman. Based on the theory that is proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976:320) a conjunction is somewhat different from other cohesive relations. It is based on the assumption that there are in the linguistic system form systematic relationships between sentences. There are a number of ways in which the system allows a text to connect meanings. There are four types of conjunction; additive, adversative, causal, and temporal.
Based on the background state above, the problem of the study was “What are the functions of the conjunction used in the novel “If I Stay”?
Based on the background and problems stated above, the aim of te study was “To analyze the functions of conjunctions used in novel “If I Stay”.
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Research Method
A method is an important aspect in research and scientific writing. It is the way or process of how a researcher approaches the problems to find the answer through the findings, collecting, and analyzing of the data. The research method in this study deals with three sections, namely: data source, method and technique of collecting data, and method and technique of analyzing data.
The data of this study was taken from one source, which is a novel entitled “If I Stay”. This novel were used source because the language which is used in folktales is easy to understand and consists of many conjunctions.
Data collection is a process to collect data from any kind of source which has the data in accordance with the needs of the study. The method that were used in collecting data was literary analysis and documentation. The process of collecting data would involve taking notes and classification. The novel was a primary source of data collection.
The methods that were used in analyzing data were qualitative and descriptive method. Qualitative refers to the method in which the data was analyzed without any manipulation. However in descriptive method, the data was analyzed by elucidating it in words or sentences.
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5. Analysis of Conjunction and Its Function In Novel “If I Stay”
5.1 Types of Conjunctions in Novel “If I Stay”
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5.1.1 Additive
In this type conjunction, there are three kinds of items which can be noted from the data source, such as the additives and, neither and or.
When and is used alone as a cohesive item, as distinct from and then, etc, it often seems to have the sense of ‘there is something more to be said from the previous sentence’ (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:245). It can be seen clearly in the following sentences.
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1. Mom hands me a steaming mug and the newspaper. (GF, 2009:5, L.18)
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2. If you want, I’ll pick you up at five-thirty and we’ll drive to Portland together. (GF, 2009:35, L.9)
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b. Or (simple Alternative Additive)
With or, relation distinction between the external and the internal plan is perhaps more clear-cut in the basic meaning of which of the conjunctive or relation is alternative. In the data source there are some items of the application of or, such as being used in the following sentences.
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1. It isn’t even that my cello is at school or that I could stay home and watch TV. (GF, 2009:10, L.22)
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2. What springs into my mind are those news reports about tornadoes or fire. (GF, 2009:16, L.21)
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5.1.2 Adversative
The core meaning of adversative relation is “contrary to expectation”, which may come from the content of what is being said (external or from the communication process (internal). In order to express this sense the writer applies two adversative items in five stories such as: but and only.
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a. But (Simple Adversative ‘Proper’)
The word but is used to link the two sentences that have different senses, called ‘contrastive’. In general, the adversative conjunction but indicates the meaning of ‘contrary to expectation’. This conjunction has external aspect since it expresses the meaning of ‘as against’.
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1. Mom and Dad offer to let me drive, but I say no. (GF, 2009:11, L.18)
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2. I guess it was okay to be in arrested development with one kid, but with two, time two grow up. (GF, 2009:12, L.15)
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b. Only (Simple Adversative)
The conjunction only in the conjunctive relation is apart from simple adversative relation. Beside the conjunction only, the word yet and although belong to the simple adversative conjunction. Only can be used as a focusing adverb and it refers to different part of a sentence and normally comes before a subject that it refers to.
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1. I’ve shown them to Adam only after we’d already been together for five months. (GF, 2009:10, L.4)
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2. That’s what we did the last time I went to Portland with him, only it was warmer then. (GF, 2009:32, L.2)
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5.1.3 Causal
In general, the causal relation indicates the relation between sentences that express what follows. This is the result or consequence of previous relation. For the conjunctive items that belong to causal relation, there are no significant varieties that can be noted. The following discussion includes items, such as: so, therefore, accordingly, because, for and then.
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a. So (Simple Causal)
The conjunction so, as simple expressions of causal relation is used in the story, such as being used in the following sentences.
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1. That’s why I practiced so much, so I could rush myself on solid ground and then work out the details from there. (GF, 2009:35, L.21)
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2. I’m not dead and the heart monitor is sleeping along, so I assume I’m not, but I’m not in my body. (GF, 2009:43, L.10)
This conjunction is the reversed form of the causal relation, in which the presupposing sentence expresses the cause. Within the sentence, it is natural to find the structural expression of cause going in either direction. With the cohesive relation between sentences, however within the text unfolded reflects the typical sequence. The conjunction because, as simple reversed expressions of causal relation is used in the story in the following sentences:
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1. She’ll probably think I’m absent because I stayed out late listening to Adam and shooting Star in Portland. (GF, 2009:31, L.13)
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2. He says that jazz is punk for old people; I guess that explains it, because I don’t like punk. (GF, 2009:43, L.3)
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5.1.4 Temporal
Temporal conjunction indicates that the relation obtaining between sentences are concerned with time. Temporal relation indicates the events in the text are related in terms of the time of the occurrence. This relation is expressed internally by its simplest form then. The other temporal expressions are such as (and) then, aftherthat, afterwards, since, before, after.
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a. And Then (Simple Sequential Temporal)
As mentioned before, conjunctive then or and then connect the sentences which are related in time. It can be seen from examples below that this conjunctive item relates the two, where the second item can be interpreted occurs after the first event.
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1. I played lightly at first and then with more force and speed as the song now playing in my head increased in intensity. (GF, 2009:60, L.24)
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2. She’d exploded like a thunderstorm, and then be fine again. (GF, 2009:70, L.20)
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5.2.1 Conjunction Joins One Word to Another
Conjunctions that are used to join one word to another are presented below:
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1. They are rough a hurried, like they don’t considered eyelids worthy and word
gentle. (GF,2009:76, L.15)
word
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5.2.2 Conjunction Joins One Phrase to Another
Conjunctions that are used to join one phrase to another are presented below:
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1. Mom hands me a steaming mug and the newspaper. (GF, 2009:5, L.18) phrase phrase
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5.2.3 Conjunction Joins One Clause to Another
Conjunctions that are used to join one clause to another are presented below.
2009:57, L.22)
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5.2.4 Conjunction Joins One Sentence to Another
Conjunctions that are used to join one sentence to another are presented below.
together. (GF, 2009:35, L.9)
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6. Conclusion
As proposed by Halliday and Hasan in their book “Cohesion in English” (1976:238), there are four types of conjunction: Additive relation: and, and or; Adversative relation: but, and only; Causal relation: so, because, for, and then; and Temporal relation: and then, after that, afterwards, since, before, and after.
The conjunctions found in the novel “If I Stay” have some functions. The functions are conjunction joins one word to another, conjunction joins one clause to another, conjunction joins one sentence to another, and conjunction joins one phrase to another. It is as a theory proposed by Stern in his book entitled “An Outline of English Grammar with Exercises and Answer Key” (2003:101).
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