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DERIVATIONAL ENGLISH SUFFIXES FORMING NOUN IN THE NOVEL “CAN YOU KEEP A SECRET?”

BY SOPHIE KINSELLA

Ni Kadek Heny Puspita Dewi

Non-regular Program English Department Faculty of Letter Udayana University

Abstract

Penelitian ini berjudul Derivational English Suffixes Forming Noun In The Novel "Can You Keep A Secret?" by Sophie Kinsella. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah membahas tentang jenis akhiran yang membentuk kata benda yang banyak digunakan dalam novel Can You Keep A Secret? Dan bagaimana proses derivasionalnya.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah penelitian kepustakaan yang berarti data dikumpulkan melalui membaca dan mencatat dari sumber data. Teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah teknik mencatat dari sumber data yaitu novel. Data dari makalah ini dianalisa dengan metode kualitatif untuk menggambarkan dan memberikan penjelasan yang sebenarnya. Analisa penelitian ini disajikan dalam bentuk diagram pohon, tabel dan teks narasi. Teori-teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori dengan Quirk (1973) yang mengklasifikasikan akhiran dalam bentuk perubahan kelas kata dan mempertahankan kelas kata akhiran. Perubahan kelas kata dibagi menjadi dua kategori, akhiran dari kata kerja ke kata benda dan akhiran dari kata sifat ke kata benda. Akhiran mempertahankan kelas kata dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam akhiran dari kata benda ke benda. Proses derivasional mengunakan teori Katamba (1993) untuk menemukan bagaimana proses pembentukan kata yang mana jika akhiran dipasangkan pada kata dasar dan dapat membuat kata baru.

Jenis-jenis akhiran yang membentuk kata benda banyak digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah akhiran dari kata benda ke benda karena umumnya kata benda terbentuk dari kata benda dasar. Ada delapan jenis akhiran dari kata kerja ke kata benda, dua jenis akhiran dari kata sifat untuk kata benda dan sebelas angka dari akhiran jenis dari benda ke benda. Dan sebagian besar dari proses derivasional berubah makna dan membuat kata baru.

Kata kunci: Derivational, Akhiran, Kata Benda

  • (1)    Background

Derivation is the word formation process in which a derivational affix is attached to the base form of a word to create a new word. Affixes, which include prefixes, suffixes and infixes, are bound morphemes. Prefixes are attached before a base, suffixes are attached after a base, and infixes are attached inside a base.

According to Bauer (1983), suffixes can be classified into four classes of derivatives they are producing. They are suffixes forming nouns, suffixes forming verb, suffixes forming adjective, suffixes forming adverb.

This topic about derivational suffixes was chosen since they are so frequently encountered in written text. Comprehending derivational process are very useful to give broader knowledge, because derivational suffixes create a significant portion when we read and write, as we know, reading and writing is quite important in our daily activities. Derivational suffixes are usually found in the kinds of literary works. The author often include some derivational suffixes in her/his novel to make the novel vary so it is not boring to read. The novel that was taken in this study is the novel written by Shopie Kinsella, number one bestselling. One of those novels used in this study is a novel entitled , Can You Keep A Secret because there are several derivational suffixes in this fiction.

  • (2)    Problem of the Study

The problems are:

  • 1.    What kinds of noun suffixes are found in the novel “Can You Keep A Secret” by Sophie Kinsella

  • 2.    How the derivational process of nouns suffixes in the novel “Can You Keep A Secret” by Sophie Kinsella

  • (3)    Aims of the Study

In the connection with the problems stated above, the aims of this study are determined as follows:

  • 1.    To identify the suffixes that form nouns in the novel “Can You Keep A Secret” by Sophie Kinsella.

  • 2.    To analyze kinds of the derivational process of noun suffixes which mostly occur in the novel “Can You Keep A Secret” by Sophie Kinsella.

  • (4)    Research Method

The research method of this paper are divided into three sections namely: data source, method and technique of collecting Data, and method and technique of analyzing data. The data source of this paper is divided into two: primary and secondary data. The primary data were taken from Sophie Kinsella’s novel Can You Keep A Secret which was first published in 2003. The secondary data, as supporting data were taken from the oxford dictionary. The method used to collect the data was library research, which means that the data were collected through

reading and note taking from the data source The data of this paper were analyzed by qualitative methods. There are some steps in analyzing data in this study. The first step, the suffixes that were taken from the novel were analyzed based on the types of suffixes proposed by Quirk (1973). The second step, derivational processes were analyzed as the theory proposed by Katamba (1993). The result of the analysis was presented in the form narrative text.

  • (5)    Analysis

The data of the form and the derivational of noun suffixes are given below:

  • 5.1    Class Changing Suffixes

    • 5.1.1    Suffixes from verb to noun

There are some suffixes that can be added to the verb to forming noun. They are suffixes -ation, -al, -er/or, -ment, -ant, -ee, -age, -ing

  • 1.    As the realization hits me properly for the first time, a tear rolls down my cheek. (Kinsella, 2003: 294)

  • 2.    I make my way along the carpeted corridors toward arrival (Kinsella, 2003: 30)

  • 3.    As though I’m a visitor (Kinsella, 2003: 45)

  • 4.    He took early retirement when he didn’t get on the board. (Kinsella, 2003: 44)

  • 5.    'I looked up the accountants who audited the last Panther Corporation accounts (Kinsella, 2003: 303)

  • 6.    I hated all the other trainee estate agents (Kinsella, 2003: 11)

  • 7.....because that way your cleavage looks bigger. (Kinsella, 2003: 28)

  • 8.    And getting sandwiches and collecting dry cleaning (Kinsella, 2003: 4)

The underlined word number (1) above is a noun with suffix. It is called as noun because based on the criteria of defining noun that Suffixation in –ation is extremely (possibly fully) productive where the base ends in the suffix –ize. The word Realization (N) is multiple affixation, because it added multi suffixes. It is divided into two Realize (V) added with suffix –ation. And the word realize is verb when it is attached with verb suffix –ize from the noun base real. The base

word realize (v) that has meaning “to become aware of or accept something as a fact” (Hornsby, 1995: 817) is added suffix –ation becomy realization (n).

The underlined word number (2) above shows the base that added suffix – al forms noun when it is attached to verb. In this case, the word arrival is the new lexeme which is formed through derivational process. It is derived from verb base, when suffix –al is attached to it, it becomes noun. This process of suffixation brings a change in the grammatical of the bases from verb becoming noun but does not change their own meaning.

The underlined word number (3) is noun with suffix –er/-or. The word visitor is a noun when it is attached with suffix –er/-or. The classification of the base word is verb. The suffix –er/or can convert almost any verb into the person or thing performing the action of the verb a visitor is a person who visits a place (Hornsby, 1995: 1330).

The word number (4) retirement that has meaning “State of having retired from work “ is divided into two; retire (v) and suffix –ment, retire is derived from the verb base tire that has meaning “to become in need of sleep or rest” (Hornsby, 1995: 1255) attached with prefix re-.

The word number 5 above is noun which is derived from the base word verb (V) with suffix –ant. When the suffix is attached to the base words it causes the base word to change into other meaning. The suffix –ant above brings meaning “a person who”. The word accountants in sentence (1) has meaning found in the dictionary “a person whose profession is to keep or check financial accounts. Meanwhile, the presence of inflectional suffix –s makes the meaning of the word accountants in sentence 2 refer to plural form.

From the a example number 6 above, it can be seen that all the words above as in trainee is a noun which can be formed through derivational process by adding suffix –ee after the base form. The word train which belongs to verb. The example of noun suffix –ee above brings meaning “a person who”. The word trainee has meaning “a person being trained for a job” (Hornsby, 1995: 1268).

The underlined word number 7 above is the suffix –age which is attached to verb as the base form to produce noun as the new lexeme. The base of new lexeme is cleave (v). After the suffix –age is added; it becomes cleavage (n).

Suffix –age brings some meaning as has been explained above. In this case, the word suffix –age in the word cleavage brings the meaning “process”

The example word number 8 above is suffix –ing that is attached to verb and create new lexemes forming noun. The suffix –ing above brings meaning, “expressing the action of the verb or its result, product, material” like example 1, the word cleaning has meaning, “do the cleaning” (Hornsby, 1995: 206).

The derivational process of the nouns above is as follow:

Base word (V) + Suffix (-ation, -al, -er/or, -ment, -ant, -ee, -age, -ing) = Noun (derived word)

  • 5.1.2    Suffixes form adjective to noun

Suffixes that are used to form nouns which are derived from adjective base are: -ness, -ity.

  • 1.    Feeling a warm glow of friendliness (Kinsella, 2003: 15)

  • 2.    I lost my virginity in my space bedroom with Danny Nusssbaum while Mum and Dad were downstairs watching Ben-Hur. (Kinsella, 2003: 2)

The word Friendliness in sentence (1) is multiple affixation and it has meaning “The feeling that friend has “ divided into two; friendly (adj) and noun suffix ness, friendly is from the noun base friend that has meaning “a person who knows and likes” (Hornsby, 1995: 473) attached with suffix –ly.

From example number 2 above, it can be seen that the underlined word as in Virginity is a noun formed through derivational process by adding suffix –ity after the base form. It is Virgin which belongs to adjective. All the examples noun suffix –ity above bring meaning “state or quality of”.

The derivational process of the nouns above is as follow:

Base word (adj) + Suffix (-ness, -ity)= Noun (derived word)

  • 5.2    Class Maintaining Suffixes

    • 5.2.1    Suffixes form noun to noun

Other than verb and adjective, noun can be also derived from noun bases itself. It can be derived by adding the base noun by suffixes -hood, -ship, -ess, -er, -ing, -ster, -y/-ie, -eer, -(e)ry, -ful.

  • 1.    'I've explained, the ovaries are simply part of a range of symbolic representations of womanhood," (Kinsella, 2003: 349)

  • 2.    We appreciate the functional and synergetic partnership (Kinsella, 2003:7)

  • 3.    An air hostess with fair hair in French plait comes and sits down two bas stools away. (Kinsella, 2003: 10)

  • 4.    It was me who jammed the photocopier that time (Kinsella, 2003: 10)

  • 5.    He gestures to the marketing brochures on the table (Kinsella, 2003: 8)

  • 6.    I've got involved with a mobster (Kinsella, 2003: 317)

  • 7.    I nearly choke on my last bite of chocolate brownie (Kinsella, 2003: 87)

  • 8.    The man who has influenced and inspired a generation of marketeer (Kinsella, 2003: 73)

  • 9.    Every time I see Kerry she has a new piece of jewellery (Kinsella, 2003:40)

  • 10.    I use my discount allowance to buy him a boxful everytime I come home (Kinsella, 2003: 50)

The word womanhood is noun which can be formed through derivational process by adding suffix –hood after the base form. It is woman which belong to noun. Womanhood has meaning “the state or quality of being a woman” (Hornsby, 1995: 1369) as has been explained above that one of the meanings of the suffix -hood is “denoting character”

The word in example 2 above is suffix –ship that is attached with noun becoming noun. The suffix –ship above brings meaning, “denoting condition, character, office, skill” like diagram 1, the word partnership has meaning, “A state of being a partner” (Hornsby, 1995: 844).

The word in sentence (3) above is noun with suffix. Hostess is a noun that can be formed through derivational process by adding suffix –ess after the base form Host. Suffix –ess usually forms female human nouns from unmarked or male human nouns. Dealing with the definition, the word hostess means “a woman who receives and entertains other people as quest especially in her/his home” (Hornsby, 1995: 576).

The word (4) photocopier is divided into two; photocopy (N) added with noun suffix –er. The word photocopy is divided by combining form photo- and

verb base copy. Suffix –er brings meaning “a person who”. So, the word photocopier means, “A machine used for making photocopies”

The underlined word in sentence 5 above is the suffix –ing which is attached to noun as the base form to produce noun as the new lexeme. The base of new lexeme is market (n). After the suffix –ing is added; it becomes marketing (n). The suffix –ing can be a noun depending on the sentence. Like example 5, marketing means “the theory and practice of presenting, advertising and selling things”.

The underlined sentence (6) mobster consists of the base mob and suffix -ster. The base is noun attached with suffix –ster producing noun. The suffix –ster bring meaning “derogatory, referring especially to occupation, habit, or association”. Thus, the meaning of word mobster “members of a gang of criminals” (Hornsby, 1995: 748).

The word in sentence 7 above is a noun which is derived from the base word noun (n) with suffix –y,-ie following it. Like all the examples above, it can be seen that all the words as in brownie is noun can be formed through derivational process by adding suffix –y,-ie after the base form. The word brown belongs to noun. All the suffixes –y,-ie in those words bring meaning “to form endearing or familiar names or common nouns from personal names, other nouns.

The underlined sentence 8 is word marketeer. The word marketeer consists of the base market as a noun and suffix –eer. The base market has meaning “a regular gathering where people buy and sell goods” (Hornsby, 1995: 718). It attached with suffix –eer producing noun as a new lexeme marketer. The suffix –eer bring meaning “denoting persons who produce, handle, or are otherwise significantly associated”. Thus, the meaning of word marketeer is “A person who favours a particular type of market” (Hornsby, 1995:718)

The underlined sentence (9) jewellery consists of base jewel and suffix – ery. The base is a noun attached with suffix –ster producing noun. The suffix –ery in word jewellery brings meaning “goods or products”. Thus, the meaning of word jewellery is “Ornaments made especially of gold or silver” (Hornsby, 1995: 639)

The word number 10 boxful is a noun that can be formed through derivational process by adding suffix –ful after the base form. It is box which belongs to noun. Boxful has meaning “a full box of something” (Hornsby, 1995: 130) as has been explained that one of the meanings of the suffix -ful is “as much as will fill”

The derivational process of the nouns above is as follow:

Base word (V) + Suffix (-hood, -ship, -ess, -er, -ing, -ster, -y/-ie, -eer, -(e)ry, -ful) = Noun (derived word)

  • (6)    Conclusion

The kinds of noun suffixes found in the novel “Can You Keep A Secret” by Sophie Kinsella were suffixes forming noun from verb, suffixes forming noun from adjective and suffixes forming noun from noun. There were some suffixes that can be added to the verb in forming noun. They are suffixes -ation, -al, -er/or, -ment, -ant, -ee, -age, -ing. Suffixes that are used to form noun which are derived from adjective base are: -ness, -ity. Other than from verb and adjective, noun can be also derived from noun bases itself. It can be derived by adding the base noun by suffixes -hood, -ship, -ess, -er, -ing, -ster, -y/-ie, -eer, -(e)ry, -ful and –let.

Class changing suffixes produce new lexemes which are of different classes from their bases, The derivational process of noun suffixes in the novel “Can You Keep A Secret” by Sophie Kinsella are by following derivational pattern as follow: Base word (V) + suffix = Noun and Base word (Adj) + suffix = Noun. Whereas class maintaining suffixes produce new lexemes which are of the same class as the base and the derivational process noun suffixes are by following derivational pattern as follow: Base word (noun) + suffix= Noun.

  • (7)    Bibliography

Hornby, A. S. 1995. Oxford Advsnced Learner’s Dictionary. Great Britain:

Oxford University Press.

Katamba, F.1993. Modern Linguistics Morphology. London: Macmillan Press LTD

Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, Sidney. 1973. University English Grammar.

Oxford: Oxford University Press