THE GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE TEXTS OF THE EMPEROR AND THE NIGHTINGALE AND ALADDIN
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THE GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE TEXTS OF THE EMPEROR AND THE NIGHTINGALE AND ALADDIN
I Gusti Ayu Sri Krisnawati
Extension Program Faculty of Letter Udayana University
Abstrak
Jurnal ini difokuskan pada analisis jenis kohesi gramatikal yang ditemukan dalam cerita anak. Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari dua cerita anak-anak Inggris berjudul ”Kaisar dan Nightingale” dan ”Aladdin”. Data diperoleh melalui metode dokumentasi. Kemudian dianalis secara kualitatif dengan penyajian data dalam bentuk contoh dari setiap jenis kohesi gramatikal dalam teks dengan pembahasan masing-masing sampel. Teori yang digunakan adalah eori kohesi dalam buku ”Cohesion in English” karangan Halliday dan Hasan (1976), dan didukung dengan menggunakan teori yang diusulkan oleh Nunan (1993) dalam bukunya yang berjudul ”Introducing Discourse Analysis”. Analisis ini membahas beberapa jenis kohesi gramatikal yang ditemukan dalam cerita. Jenis pertama kohesi gramatikal yang dibahas dalam cerita adalah referensi yang dibagi menjadi referensi pribadi, referensi demonstratif, dan referensi komparatif. Tipe kedua kohesi gramatikal yang digunakan dalam cerita adalah substitusi yaitu substitusi nominal dan substitusi verbal. Jenis kohesi gramatikal berikutnya yang ditemukan dalam cerita adalah ellipsis yang termasuk elipsis nominal. Jenis kohesi gramatikal terakhir adalah konjungsi; yang ditemukan dalam cerita adalah konjungsi aditif, konjungsi adversatif, konjungsi kausal dan konjungsi temporal.
Kata kunci: teks, kohesi gramatikal, dan cerita anak
People need language to make a communication to each other. They can use written language or spoken language to communicate, and to make other people understand what they want to say. In linguistics, the word text is used to refer to any passage. A text can be spoken or written. It can be in the form of speech or writing to express what we think of. According to Halliday (1985: 10), text is any instance of living language that is playing some part in a context of situation. It may be spoken or
written, or indeed in any other medium of expression that we like to think of. As Halliday mentioned, there are three types of written text based on their functions, they are for action, information and entertainment. One of the examples of entertainment is in the form of story such as a children story.
Children stories are interesting to read. It is also interesting enough to analyze especially the grammatical cohesion. It is useful to indicate the structure and how the content of the story impacts the reader’s understanding and interpretation through the texts that is used. Therefore, the writer was interested to propose this thesis through the text of children story. In this opportunity, the texts that are analyzed were taken from two English children story books entitled The Emperor and the Nightingale and Aladdin.
The problem of this study is::
What kinds of grammatical cohesion are found in the stories The Emperor and the Nightingale and Aladdin ?
The aim of this study is:
To find out kinds of grammatical cohesion used in the stories The Emperor and the Nightingale and Aladdin .
The data in this study were taken from two English children stories entitled The Emperor and the Nightingale and Aladdin. They were collected through documentation method, in which data were found by reading the books and classifying the grammatical
cohesion in those two stories. The data were analyzed qualitatively by presenting the data in the form of examples of each type of grammatical cohesion in texts with discussion of each sample. Then the collected data were analyzed based on the theory of cohesion in Cohesion in English proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), and supported by using the theory proposed by Nunan (1993) in his book entitled Introducing Discourse Analysis.
There are four types of grammatical cohesion found in the stories The Emperor and the Nightingale and Aladdin”; those are reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. Reference can be defined as a specific nature of information that is signaled for retrieval. It can be divided into personal reference, and demonstrative reference, comparative reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:6). Personal reference can be defined as reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. Some personal reference found in these stories are : I, you, we, they, he, she, it. This is one example of personal reference I functioning as subject found in the stories: ”The nightingale sings for me every evening,” the little kitchen maid said Demonstrative reference is a reference that is identified by locating it on scale of proximity and expressed through adverbs and determiners. Demonstrative reference, in these stories are: this, that, the, then and now. This is one example of demonstrative reference the functioning as modifier: ”She led the courtiers into the forest and pointed to any tiny grey bird. The bird was not pretty , but her singing was the most beautiful they had ever heard.” And the last kind of reference is comparative reference, namely: same, different, more, prettier and stronger. A comparative reference is a reference which expresses identity and similarity. This is the example of comparative reference expressing quantity: ”Aladdin told Jafar that a genie was stronger than a sultan.”
The second type of grammatical cohesion used in the two stories are: nominal substitution and verbal substitution. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:89) nominal substitution is showed by one or ones that function as Head of a nominal
group, and can substitute only within itself. The nominal substitution found in these stories is one. The example of nominal substitution is: ”The real nightingale sang as the mood took her, while the mechanical one could only sing the notes it had been made to sing .”The substitution form in verbal substitution is do, with the usual morphological scatter do, does, did, doing, done. The function of do as head in a verbal group and it is usually occupied by the lexical verb. There are some verbal substitutions found in these stories, they are: do and did. One of the examples is: ”If I do marry, I want it to be for love”.
Ellipsis is the form of substitution in which the item is replaced by nothing. Halliday and Hasan (1976:142) states the term as an omission of an item of frequently said substitution by zero The next type of grammatical cohesion found in the stories is nominal ellipsis which means ellipsis within nominal group. The nominal ellipsis found in these stories is the strongest. From the analysis of the two stories, there is only one nominal ellipsis found in these stories and function as epithet: ”Jafar wanted to be the strongest!”
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:226), there are four types of conjunction, they are: additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction and temporal conjunction. Addititve conjunction occurs when two sentences structurally grouped together . The only one additive conjunction found in these stories is: and. The example is: ”Aladdin often looked at the palace and dreamed of a different life”. Aversative conjunction is something contrary to expectation, the kind of additive conjunction found in these stories is: but. The example of adversative conjunction is: ”The bird was not pretty , but her singing was the most beautiful they had ever heard .” Causal conjunction is conjunction that tends to be specific such as result, reason and purpose. There are some kinds of causal conjunction found in these stories, they are: because and so. One example of causal conjunction found in these stories is: ”Jafar was mad because Aladdin had the magic lamp.” And the last kind of conjunction is temporal conjunction which is conjunctive form that presents an additional component in the meaning as well as succession in time of. The temporal conjunction found in
these stories are: then and finally. The example of temporal conjunction found in these stories is: ”They ran down the street. Finally, Aladdin and Jasmine were safe.”
Based on the analysis of grammatical cohesion in the stories “The Emperor and the Nightingale and Aladdin”, four types of grammatical cohesion were found; those are reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction.
Grammatical cohesion which is found in the stories are reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. Reference can be divided into personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. Personal references which are listed are: I, You, We, They, He, She, It, Me, Him, Them, Your, Our, His, Her, and Its. Demonstrative references are: the, this, that, then and now. And comparative references which are: same, different, more, prettier and stronger. The second group is substitution consist of: nominal and verbal substitution. The nominal substitution found is: one. The verbal substitutions which are listed are: do and did. The ellipsis is presented by nominal ellipsis which is demonstrated by the strongest. The conjunctions which are found in the stories are: additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunction. The additive conjunction found is: and. The next kind of conjunction is adversative conjunction namely: but. The other kind of conjunction is causal conjunction, they are: because and so. The last kind of conjunction is temporal conjunction namely: then and finally.
Bibliography
Anonim. 2011. Aladdin. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1985. Language, Context, and Text: Aspect of Language in A Social – Semiotic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman Group Ltd.
Nunan, David. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. Australia: Penguin Groups
So, Meilo. 1992. The Emperor and the Nightingale. Sydney: Hodder and Stoughton.
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