CONJUNCTION AND ITS FUNCTION IN NOVEL “IF IN STAY”
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CONJUNCTION AND ITS FUNCTION IN NOVEL “IF IN STAY”
By: TRIPOZA CHRISTARIANA 0318351134
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Udayana
Abstrak
Makalah ini berjudul Konjungsi dan Fungsinya dalam Novel "If I Stay" oleh Forman. Penelitian ini adalah mengamati tentang jenis konjungsi yang terjadi didalam novel dan fungsi konjungsi yang digunakan dalam novel. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis hubungannya dan untuk menjelaskan fungsi konjungsi yang digunakan dalam novel. Kata sambung yang diambil dari novel berjudul bahasa Inggris “If I Stay” oleh Forman (2009). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode dokumenter dan analisis literari. Dalam menyelesaikan proses pengumpulan data, yang diperhatikan adalah teknik pengambilan yang diterapkan. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif. Data untuk penelitian ini miliki data kualitatif. Teori utama yang digunakan dalam makalah ini adalah teori konjungsi dari Halliday dan Hassan dalam buku mereka "Kohesi dalam Bahasa Inggris" (1976, teori ini mencakup tentang jenis- jenis konjungsi . Selain itu, makalah ini juga menggunakan teori dari Stern, dalam bukunya yang berjudul” Grammar bahasa Inggris dengan Latihan dan Kunci Jawaban” (2003) untuk menjelaskan fungsi dari konjungsi. Temuan ini menunjukkan empat jenis konjungsi yang diusulkan oleh Halliday dan Hassan, yaitu aditif, adversative, kausal, dan temporal yang ditemukan didalam novel "If I Stay" oleh Forman. Setelah itu, fungsi konjungsi dalam novel dianalisi berdasarkan teori yang diusulkan oleh Stern. Ada dua kesimpulan yang ditemukan, berdasarkan pada permasalahan yang dianalisis. Pertama, Dalam novel "If I Stay" keempat jenis hubungannya diusulkan oleh Halliday dan Hasan ditemukan dengan berbagai jenis. Kedua, konjungsi yang ditemukan dalam novel "If I Stay" memiliki beberapa fungsi. Fungsi konjungsi bergabung dari satu kata dengan kata yang lain, konjungsi bergabung dari satu klausal dengan klausal yang lain, konjungsi berrgabung dari satu kalimat dengan kalimat yang lain, dan konjungsi bergabung dari satu frase dengan frase yang lain.
Kata kunci: bersama, aditif, yang berlawanan, kausal dan temporal
In communication we have to consider grammar, situation, and the audience.
The message must be well-structured so that it can be easier to understand. To make a well structured sentence, we have to organize with grammatical rules. In
communication, there is a transfer of information whether it is spoken or written. The written text demonstrates how the language is exploited or manipulated in order to achieve the intended goal of the writer. To form u understandable English is not an easy task, even for those educated in the language. The difficulties occur in using their English, especially in understanding conjunctions. A conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create cohesiveness. It is difficult to learn to use conjunctions correctly in a foreign language. Most English conjunctions have several different functions and these may correspond to several different conjunctions in another language.
Based on the background, there are two problems that may arise in interpreting a conjunction in a novel:
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1. What are the types of conjunction occur in the novel “If I Stay”?
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2. What are the functions of conjunction used in the novel “If I Stay”?
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3. The Aims of the Study
The aims of this study are:
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1. To find out the types of conjunction those are mostly used in novel “If I Stay”.
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2. To explain the functions of conjunction those are used in novel “If I Stay”.
The data of this study was taken from one source, which is a novel entitled “If I Stay”. The novel was written by Forman in 2009. The selection of data of the novel is related to the scope of discussion. This novel was used as the data source because no one used it as a data source in analyzing conjunction, and the language which was used in folktales was easy to understand and consists of many conjunctions. The method that was used in collecting data is literary analysis and documentation. The process of collecting data would involve taking notes and
classification. The novel was a primary source of data collection. The methods that were used in analyzing the data were qualitative and descriptive method. Qualitative refers to the method in which the data was analyzed in an ordinary and natural way without any manipulation. However in descriptive method, the data was analyzed by elucidating it in words or sentences.
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:1), concept of cohesion can be divided into four main items; they are text, texture, ties, and cohesion.
Text is language that is functional which is doing some jobs in some contexts, as opposed to isolated words or sentences (Halliday and Hasan , 1976: 10). Halliday and Hasan (1976; 1-2) also proposed that text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue and monologue.
Texture is entirely appropriate to express to property of “being a text” ( Halliday and Hasan , 1976: 2). A text has texture and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. It derives from fact that it functions as a semantic unity with respect to its environment.
Ties is term to refer to a single instance of cohesion for one occurrence of a pair of cohesion of cohesively related items (Halliday and Hasan, 1976; 3).
Cohesion is a semantic one. It refers to relations of meaning that exists within the text and that defined it as a text. According to Halliday and Hasan, (1976:4-5) cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by the recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated to a text. from something that is not a text. It derives from fact that it functions as a semantic unity with respect to its environment.
Ties is term to refer to a single instance of cohesion for one occurrence of a pair of cohesion of cohesively related items (Halliday and Hasan, 1976; 3).
Cohesion is a semantic one. It refers to relations of meaning that exists within the text and that defined it as a text.
According to Halliday and Hasan, (1976:4-5) cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by the recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated to According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:238), there are four types of conjunction; they are additive, adversative, causal, and temporal. For details explanation are as follows.
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a. And in all this time he met no one. (Additive)
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b. Yet he was hardly aware of being tired. (Adversative)
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c. So by night time the valley was far below him. (Causal)
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d. Then, as dusk fell, he sat down to rest. (Temporal)
The different types of conjunctive relations that enter into cohesion are not the same as the elementary logical relations that are expressed through the structural medium of coordination. The conjunctive relations are textual; they represent the generalized types of connection that we recognize as holding between sentences. It means that the phenomena of conjunctive relations can be a grouped into four categories that may occur in either ‘internal’ or ‘external’ context.
The additive relation is somewhat different from coordination proper, although it is no doubt derivable from it. Considering cohesive relations, and, or, and nor type can be grouped under the heading of additive (Halliday and Hasan, 1976; 233). While additive indicates something rather looser and less structural than what it meant by coordinate The reason is that a coordinate pair functions as a single unit.
Contrary to expectation as the basic meaning of the adversative relation derived from the content of what is being said or from the communication process, and the speaker -hearer situation.
So, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, therefore and a number of expressions like as a result (of that), because of that, in consequence, are the causal relation expression. All the example of causal are regularly combined with initial and. Thus so occurs only initially, unless it is followed by and. There are three specific relations under the heading of causal relations. They are 'result, reason, and purpose'. The simple form of expression such as so means, as a result, for this reason, for this purpose. Except, they are expressed as prepositional phrases, they are not distinguished.
The simple form thus, hence, and therefore all occur regularly in an internal sense which is implying some kinds of reasoning or argument from a premise. The word so occurs frequently in another meaning, also internal, that is shared with then; it is a statement about the speaker’s reasoning processes: T conclude from what you say (or other evidence)’ (Halliday and Hasan 1976: 257).
The temporal relations are the relations between two successive sentences. Their relation in external terms, as content may be simply one of the sequences in time. The one is subsequent to the other. This temporal cohesion is expressed in its simple form by then.
The other expressions of temporal relationship besides then and end then are next, afterwards, after that, subsequently, following, later, since. Halliday and Hasan (1976; 261) stated that the presence of an additional component also make temporal relation more specific in the meaning, as well as succession in time.
Beside, Stern (2003: 101) proposed that the function of conjunction is to join any of the following language units such as word, clause, sentence, and phrase to another.
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a. Conjunction joins one words to another
For data: smile but sad
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b. Conjunction joins one clause to another
For data: I saw a doctor because I felt unwell
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c. Conjunctions joins one sentence to another
For data: it was raining, so I did not go out
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d. Conjunctions joins one phrase to another
For data: the bus and the cab got terible accident
Stern (2003) also proposed that a major use of conjunctions is to join sentence parts that are clauses. When we use of conjunction in this way, it is often possible to choose between putting the conjoined clause (headed by the conjunction) first and putting it second. Because the beginning of the sentence is the most prominent, your choice will depend on which clause you want the reader or listener to focus on. Besides, based on stern (2003: 103), there are two subclasses of
conjunction, and one of them has three subdivision, they are:
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a. Coordinating conjunctions (in bold below) are conjunction that join small scale units of language such as words and phrases. Such as: and, but, either….or, neither….nor.
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b. Coordinating conjunctions also join clauses. The clauses headed by a coordinating conjunction
According to Stern (2003), subordinating conjunctions are the conjunctions that join clauses to each other. But the two clauses are not equal. One is the main clause (also called a super ordinate clause). The other headed by the subordinating conjunction is the subordinate clause. Stern(2003: 104) also states that in the sense that the subordinate clause, together with its subordinating conjunction, cannot Stern alone but must be join in any one of three functions underlined) are called a “coordinate clause”.
Stern (2003) also gives the explanation about the three subdivisions of subordinating conjunctions that joined the three clauses above, they are:
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1. Nominal Conjunction is the subordinating conjunction that used to join the main clause with a noun.
For example:
The subordinate clause (what was mine) acts as a noun because it is the object of the verb took. The main nominal conjunctions are: whoever, whatever, who, whom, which, that, when, where, how, what, why, whether.
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2. Adjectival conjunction is the subordinating conjunction that used to join an adjective (bolded) with main clause.
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3. Adverbial Conjunction is the subordinating conjunction that used to join an adverb with an adverb clause.
In the novel “If I Stay”, I found four types of conjunction, they are: Additive relation: and, and or; Adversative relation: but, and only; Causal relation: so, because, for, and then; and Temporal relation: and then, after that, afterwards, since, before, and after.
The function of conjunction in novel “If I Stay” are: Conjunction joins one word to another, Conjunction join one clause to another, Conjunction join one sentence to another, Conjunction join one phrase to another.
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Stern, George. 2003. An Outline of English Grammar with Exercises and Answer
Key. Singapore. Learners Publishing Ltd.
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