Adjacency Pairs Used by the Students of Royal Bali in Mock Class
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DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v22.i01.p06
ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 22.1 Pebruari 2018: 36-40
Adjacency Pairs Used by the Students of Royal Bali in Mock Class
Ni Putu Firdayanti Karina Surya1*, I Nyoman Sedeng2
English Department Faculty of Arts- Udayana University
1[[email protected]],2[[email protected]]
Abstrak
Judul dari makalah ini adalah “Adjacency Pairs Used by the Students of Royal Bali in Mock Class”. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis percakapan yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa Royal Bali. Studi ini menyelidiki fungsi bahasa dan ekspresinya, dan adjacency pairs yang terjadi dalam percakapan yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis secara kualitatif berdasarkan teori language function and expression oleh Blundell (1982) dan teori pragmatic oleh Levinson (1983) dalam hal adjacency pairs. Beberapa fungsi bahasa digunakan oleh siswa yaitu salam, menawarkan sesuatu, memberi penjelasan, meminta, memberi saran, meminta maaf dan berterima kasih. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan perbedaan kategori organisasi dalam percakapan yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa Royal Bali dalam hal adjacency pairs. Sebagian besar adjacency pairs dibagi menjadi dua tipe, adjacency pair linier dan penyisipan. Pada tipe linier, pola tanya jawab adalah jenis adjacency pair yang kebanyakan terjadi.
Kata kunci: fungsi bahasa, adjacency pairs, ekspresi bahasa
Language is used for communication with others. When people are engaged in conversation, they share common principles of conversation that lead to interpreting each other’s utterances as contributing to conversation (Richard and Schmidt, 1983:20). People in the world need to communicate to one another, because by nature one cannot stand alone without making any contact with others. The purpose of conversation usually includes the exchange of information, creation, and maintenance of social relationship such as friendship, negotiation of status and social roles. One way of approaching the study of conversation is to study the correlation between such facts of social order and features of talk as language function.
There is one well known and important language widely spoken in the world; that is English. It becomes a means of communication of international relationship. It is required in different sectors such as science, business, political relationship, technology and, of course, tourism industry. In Indonesia, as one of developing countries, English is needed to support the development itself. English is taught in elementary school, junior high school, senior high schools, university, college and informal institution such as course places.
The problems can be formulated as follows:
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a. What types of adjacency pairs are used by the students of Royal Bali in mock class?
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b. What types of language functions are used by the student of Royal Bali in mock class?
There are three specific aims of this study:
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a. To explain the organization of conversation in terms of adjacency pairs used by the students of Royal Bali.
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b. To identify and describe the language function used by the students of Royal Bali.
The data were taken from the conversation used by the students of Royal Bali in mock class. There were 3 classes at Royal Bali Collage. In one semester, they are learning Food and Beverage Product, House Keeping Knowledge and Practice, Bar Service and Front Office. The data were taken from one class consisting of 25 students. In Food and Beverage Product, the conversation was taken when they practiced as waiter and guest. In House Keeping Knowledge and Practice, the conversation was taken when they practiced as room boy and guest. In Front Office, the conversation was taken when they practiced as receptionist and guest. In Bar Service, the conversation was taken when they practiced as barman and guest.
The data were collected through non participatory observation with some techniques; they are recording, listening and note taking. In this study, the nonparticipant observation was used; the writer observed the activities of the students by observing the students when
they practiced in Food and Beverage Product, House Keeping Knowledge and Practice, Bar Service and Front Office. Then the data were collected by taking a note and recording the utterance of the students while they were involved conversations in mock class. After that, the recorded data were intensified and very carefully listened to. The recorded data also were selected to make the data easier to analyze.
The collected data were qualitatively analyzed based on the theory applied in this study. There are some steps used in analyzing the collected data. The first step of analysis was all the data obtained in the observation already recorded were transcribed into the written form. The data analyzed were taken from the written form consisting of several data that were classified into some groups according to some sub topics of analysis. The second was analyzing the data based on the theory. Transcribed conversations were analyzed using the theory of language function and expression proposed by Blundell (1982), the theory proposed by Levinson (1983) in terms of adjacency pairs.
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5. Result and Discussion
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5.1 Linear / Strict Adjacency Pairs a. Greeting
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Waiter : Good evening, Sir.
Welcome to Royal Restaurant. Have you got reservation? (Question 1-first pair part)
Guest : No. I’m afraid not (Answer 1 – second pair part)
The waiter said “Good evening, Sir. Welcome to Royal Restaurant. Have
you got reservation?” is question and the guest answer by said “No. I’m afraid not”. The sentence “Good evening, Sir. Welcome to Royal Restaurant” was a formal expression, used by the waiter to open the conversation with the guest. The waiter said “Good evening, Sir.” is the expression to greet someone who came to the restaurant in the evening for dinner. The waiter used formal expression when he saw the guests with good performance, such as, they wore complete cloths, looked smart, and gentle. And the other expression “Welcome to Royal Restaurant.” was said by the waiter to be friendly; therefore, the guest felt enjoy.
Waiter : That’s alright. Would you prefer a table in smoking area or non smoking area? (Question 2- first pair part)
Guest : In non-smoking area,
please. (Answer 2- second pair part)
The waiter said “Would you prefer a table in smoking area or nonsmoking area?” was a question and the guest answered “In non-smoking area, please “. The waiter said, “Would you prefer a table in smoking area or nonsmoking area?”, meaning that he was offering place to sit. The guest would make a decision to sit at table in the smoking area or non-smoking area. This is a formal expression where the waiter used the words “Would you…..”, meaning that the waiter wanted to show his respect to the guest.
Guest : Thank you. What’s
this item here? Item 6 (Question 7)
Waiter : That’s vegetable
with your chicken, Mam. (Answer 7)
The guest said “What’s this item here? Item 6“is A question and the waiter said “That’s vegetable with your chicken, Mam” as the answer. This is another expression to describe something to make the guest understand. It is a formal expression, and the waiter tried to explain what the guest asked. The waiter explained that item 6 was vegetable; he tried to make the guest understand item 6.
Waiter : How about the
soup? (Question 8)
Guest 1 : I’d like clam
chowder, please. (Answer 8)
The waiter said “How about the soup?” is a question and the guest said “I’d like clam chowder, please” as the answer. The function of language in the form of giving suggestion was used by the waiter to help the guest when the guest was confused to make decision. The sentence “How about the soup?” said by the waiter is informal expression. He wanted to suggest the guest if he or she would like to have a soup.
Waiter : We apologize about this.
(Statement 5)
Guest : Oh, that’s all right. Now,
can I pay by travelers cheque? (Respond 5)
The waiter said “We apologize about this”; it is statement and the guest respond with “Oh, that’s all right. Now, can I pay by travelers cheque? “. This expression of language was used to apologize. This expression means that the waiter wanted to say sorry to the guest for the mistake. It is a formal one, where the waiter used it when he thought that the cashier of the restaurant made a
mistake in the bill by saying “We apologize about this”.
Guest : And I’d like a receipt
(Statement 7)
Waiter : Certainly, Mam. Just
moment please.
Thank you very much for coming and have a please evening. (Respond 7)
The guest said “And I’d like a receipt”; it is a statement and the waiter responded by saying “Certainly, Mam. Just moment please “. These expressions are formal. They were said by the waiter after the guests paid the bill. He used the expression to say thank to the guest for coming and giving the change. He also wanted to show his respect to the guest, especially when the guest was satisfied with the food and service. When the conversation happened, the waiter was always smile and looked friendly.
In the conversation between waiter and guest, the pattern of adjacency pair is as follows:
|
No. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) |
Pattern |
|
1. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 1 |
Question – Answer |
|
2. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 2 |
Question – Answer |
|
3. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 3 |
Question – Answer |
|
4. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 4 |
Statement – Respond |
|
5. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 5 |
Statement – Respond |
|
6. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 6 |
Statement – Respond |
|
7. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 7 |
Question – Answer |
|
8. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 8 |
Question – Answer |
|
9. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 9 |
Question – Answer |
|
10. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 10 |
Statement – Respond |
|
11. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 11 |
Question – Answer |
|
12. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 12 |
Question – Answer |
|
13. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 13 |
Question – Answer |
|
14. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 14 |
Statement – Respond |
|
15. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 15 |
Statement – Respond |
|
16. |
Adjacency Pairs (AP) 16 |
Statement – Respond |
There are some language functions used by the students of Royal Bali while learning in the class. They are greeting, offering something, describing thing, requesting, giving suggestion, apologizing and thanking. While learning in the class, the students used language function in many ways. Most of them used it in formal way and also some of them use it in informal way. In the term of formal expression, correct grammar and complete sentence were used. It was supported by the situation, especially in the classroom. On the other hand, in the informal expression, there was an omission of some words. In conversation, the students used informal expression to make the situation familiar. The result of analysis also showed that different categories of organization in conversation were used by the students of Royal Bali in adjacency pairs. Most adjacency pairs were organized into two types, liner or strict adjacency pairs and insertion sequence.
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Halliday, M.A.K. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Hill Street
Jones, Leo. 1981. Function of English: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press
Richards, J.C. & R.W. Schmidt. 1983. Applied Linguistic and Language Study. New York: Longman Group Limited.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E., and Jefferson, G. 1977.The Preference of Self Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation Language
Scriffin, Deborah. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Oxford and
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