English Passive Voice In Inferno And Its Translation In Neraka
on
ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 17.1 Oktober 2016: 81 - 88
English Passive Voice In Inferno And Its Translation In Neraka
I Gusti Agung Khrisna Narayana1*, I Nyoman Sedeng2, Frans I Made Brata3 123English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University 1[khrisnarayana23@gmail.com] 2[nyoman_sedeng@hotmail.com] 3[fbrata@gmail.com]
Corresponding Author
Abstrak
Passive form lebih sering digunakan jika tindakan lebih penting dari identitas pelaku. Ada tiga penanda dari passive construction; be, -ed, by yang mana mereka punya arti dan sudut pandang yang lebih spesifik. Di Indonesia, proses pempasifan dapat dilakukan dengan cara (1) menambahkan kata kerja dengan awalan di-dan (2)dengan kata kerja tanpa awalan di-. Skripsi dengan judul English Passive Voice in Inferno and Its Translation in Neraka fokus dengan dua rumusan masalah, yaitu passive types are found in Inferno and types of translation shifts applied in translating sentence with passive form in Inferno into Indonesian in Neraka.
Data dalam skripsi ini diambil dari novel berbahasa inggris dengan judul Inferno dengan menggarisbawahi kalimat yang diduga mengandung passive voice. Passive voice yang ditemukan di source text yang diklasifikan berdasarkan teori yang disusung oleh Eastwood (1994). Lalu disandingkan dengan terjemahannya dalam target text untuk menentukan jenis translation shift dan menggunakan teori Catford (1965) untuk menganalisis.
Hasil dari analisis ini menunjukan jika affirmative passive voice form ditemukan paling banyak dalam Inferno dan passive form dengan gerund adalah yang terjarang yang ditemukan. Meskipun dalam istilah terjemahan, translation shift digunakan untuk menemukan translation equivalence. Semua jenis shift yang ditemukan dalam skripsi ini kecuali intra system shift yang mana merupakan bagian dari category shift.
Kata kunci: Kalimat pasif, pergeseran terjemahan, kesetaraan terjemahan.
Reproducing various types of texts, comprising literary, religious, scientific, or philosophical texts in another language and making them available to be understood by wider readers is the basic purpose of translation. It means translation had important role in spreading any knowledge and information widely which consist on not only in scientific and technology books, but also in literary works. As an example of literary work, novel nowadays has increased its popularity by having more readers because a lot of novels have been translated into many of languages. Inferno by Dan Brown is an
example of English novel which have been translated to more than ten different languages. The novel is entitled Neraka in Indonesian. In this mystery thriller novel, passive voice is often used and it becomes interesting because when it is translated into Indonesian, the forms of passive voice are often changed into other form to make attractive sentence for the readers.
Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study are formulated as follows:
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1. What types of passive were found in Inferno?
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2. What types of translation shifts were applied in translating sentence with passive form in Inferno into Indonesian in Neraka?
Based on the problems, the aims of this study are:
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1. To classify passive types occur in Inferno.
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2. To describe types of translation shifts that were applied in translating sentence with passive form in Inferno into Indonesian in Neraka.
This study is applying library research by using some referential books and also theories. Then, those theories were applied as guidance in analyzing the data found in the novel entitled Inferno in comparison with Indonesian version Neraka. This research mode used descriptive qualitative research.
The data was taken from an English best seller novel entitle Inferno. It is written by Dan Brown and first published in Great Britain in 2013. The English version has more than 450 pages that is divided into 104 chapters. The novel is translated by two translators, Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno and Berliani Mantili Nugrahani, published in Indonesia by Mizan and its translation into Indonesian was done also in 2013.
First, the data was collected by reading the novel in both English and Indonesian version. The next step was underlining the sentences, clauses, and phrases that are
suspected to contain the passive voice in both novels. The final step was typed into the table and classifying the types of translation process occurs in the passive construction.
A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the translation English passive voice found in novel entitled Inferno and their translation into Indonesian novel entitled Neraka. It means the data was analyzed with applying descriptive technique. The passive voice founds in the source text were classified based on the theory proposed by Eastwood (1994). It was then compared with its translation in the target text to determine the type of translation shifts applied and the theory of Catford (1965) was used in analyzing. The next step was the selected data then described deeply for the translation shifts applied. Having analyzed the occurrence of the passive voice in both data source language to target language, it was followed by drawing the conclusion.
This study used descriptive method in presenting the analysis. For the first problem, the data was classified into the types of passive voice, by showing the data in the form of sentence. They were in bold and underlined forms. As a result, the readers can understand it easily. Finally, in order to answer the second problem, the translation shifts were presented descriptively by showing it in form of table.
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5. Analysis and Result
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5.1 The Analysis of Passive Types Found In Inferno
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5.1.1 The Affirmative Forms
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5.1.1.1 Simple tenses
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Data 1
(S) (C) (V) (O)
Passive: Your wound, in fact, was caused by a bullet.
Active : A bullet, in fact, caused your wound.
(S) (C) (V) (O)
The passive construction is made up of was as simple past form of be and caused as past participle. A bullet which is as an agent in this passive form is not omitted since it is an important information for the reader. In its active form, it has
different structure where there is a change position of a bullet and your wound as well as the change of the form of the verb cause.
(S) (V) (O)
Passive: The fact that he had been sedated (by someone).
Active : The fact that someone had sedated him.
(S) (V) (O)
The passive construction is made up of had been as past perfect form of be and sedated as past participle. The agent here is not mentioned since there is no clue who had done it. In its active form, had been sedated is changed into had sedated and the agent should be added to make the active form complete.
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5.1.1.3 The continuous
Data 3(S) (V) (O)
Passive: all of them were being serviced by the Consortium’s various field offices.
(S) (V) (O)
The passive construction is made up of were being as past continuous form of be and serviced as past participle. The agent, the Consortium’s various field offices, is not omitted since it has important information. The verb in passive form were being service is changed into was servicing and the position of all of them and the Consortium’s various field offices are switched.
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(S) (V) (O) (C)
Passive: it would be locked (by someone) in a titanium canister like some kind of bio weapon.
Active : someone would lock it in a titanium canister like some kind of bio weapon.
(S) (V) (O) (C)
The passive construction is made up of would be as future form of be and locked as past participle. This passive sentence has no agent since the agent is unknown. In its active form, the verb is changed from would be locked into would lock and the position of it and someone are switched.
Eastwood (1994) stated negatives and questions are formed in the same way as in active sentences. In the negative not comes after the (first) auxiliary; in questions there is inversion of subject and (first) auxiliary.
Data 5
(S) (V) (O)
Passive: Your head wound was not caused by an accident.
Active : An accident did not cause your head wound.
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(S) (V) (O)
The passive construction is made up of was as simple past form of be and caused as past participle. Not is put after auxiliary to create negative form. This passive sentence has an accident as the agent. The verb was not caused in passive sentence is changed into verb did not cause in active sentence.
The pattern of passive sentence with modal verb is modal verb + be + passive participle. The modal verbs can be can, should, must, shall, may, could, might, have to or used to.
Sample
Data 6
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(S) (V) (O)
Passive: Tubes like this can be opened only by a specified individual.
Active :Only a specified individual can open tubes like this.
(S) (V) (O)
The passive construction is made up of can as modal verb + be and opened as past participle. This passive sentence has a specified individual as agent and it is an
important message in the sentence. In its active form, the verb can be opened in passive sentence is changed into can be.
Eastwood stated that the passive to-infinitive and gerund can come in the same patterns as the active forms, for example after some verbs or adjectives.
Data 7
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(S) (V) (O) (C)
Passive: The doors being barred (by someone) from within.
Active :Someone barring the doors from within.
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(S) (V) (O) (C)
The passive sentence above has passive pattern with gerund which made up of gerund being and past participle barred. This passive sentence has zero agent since the agent is unknown. If it is changed to active form, someone as an agent should be added and the verb being barred will be changed into barring.
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5.2 Types of Translation Shifts Applied In Translating Sentence with Passive Form
In Inferno Into Indonesian In Neraka
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5.2.1 Level Shifts
Data
SL:
TL:
1.
This painting has been modified.
Lukisan ini telah dimodifikasi.
On above sample, there is shift from grammar to lexis. The grammar pattern of has been (perfect form of be) in SL is translated into lexicon telah.
Structure is an arrangement of elements. The elements of structure of English are S (subject), P (predicator), C (complement), and A (adjunct). Structure shifts are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation. In grammar, structure shifts can occur at all ranks.
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Data |
SL: |
TL: |
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8. |
I was shot in the head. |
Kepala saya tertembak. |
(S) (V) (C)
SL: I was shot in the head
TL: Kepala saya tertembak
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(S) (V)
I was shot in the head in SL consists of I as the subject, was shot as the verb and in the head as the complement. When it is translated to TL, the position of verb and complement has changed and the subject I got zero translation or has been omitted. The change of that position indicates structure shift.
Defined a class as ‘that grouping of members of a given unit, which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above.
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Data |
SL: |
TL: |
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11. |
It would not be the first time the Consortium had been hired by paranoid scientists and engineers who preferred working in extreme isolation to prevent their valuable ideas from being stolen. |
Bukan pertama kalinya jasa Konsorsium disewa ilmuan dan insinyur paranoid yang ingin mengisolasi diri untuk mencegah pencurian ide-ide mereka. |
The passive form in SL is indicated by verb being stolen. Being stolen is then translated into a noun pencurian. The change from verb into noun indicates class shift.
5.2.2.3 Unit shift
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Data |
SL: |
TL: |
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12. |
Your wound, in fact, was caused by a bullet.” |
Luka Anda, sesungguhnya, diakibatkan oleh sebutir peluru. |
In above translation, it is found there is unit shift. Was caused is a verb phrase which has auxiliary was as premodifier and verb caused as head which later translated into verb diakibatkan. The change from verb phrase to a word indicates unit shift.
Based on the problems and the analysis, some points can be concluded. From all types of English passive based on theory applied, only some types of passive form are found in Inferno. They are affirmative, negative, modal verb form and passive with to infinite and gerund. It is also found that most of passive sentences in Inferno are without an agent. The agent is omitted because of some reasons; the agent is not an important information, the agent may not be relevant to the message, sometimes we do not know the identity of the agent, sometimes we do not mention the agent because we do not want to or the agent is already very well known.
The second problem in this study is types of translation shift applied in translating sentence with passive form in Inferno into Indonesian in Neraka. There are two major types of shift; level shift and category shift. All types of shift are found in this study except intra system shift which are the part of category shift.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Eastwood, John. 1994. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
Sneddon, James Nail. 1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. Brisbane: Typeset at Griffith University.
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