Translation Method with Emphasis of Clause Level in “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” and in “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya”

ISSN: 2302-920X

Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud

Vol 19.1 Mei 2017: 259-267

Translation Method with Emphasis of Clause Level in “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” and in “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya”

I Gusti Made Ari Asta Sugama^1*, I Nyoman Sedeng², I Gusti Ngurah Parthama^{3 [123]}English Department, Faculty of Arts – Udayana University [email: imadeariasta@gmail.com]¹ [email: nyoman_sedeng@hotmail.com]² [email: ngurah_parthama@unud.ac.id]³

*Coressponding Author

Abstrak

Makalah ini berjudul “Metode Terjemahan Dengan Penekanan Tingkat Klausa di Bhagavad-Gita As It Is dan Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya. Studi ini mencakup ayat-ayat Bhagavad Gita dan mendefinisikan tingkat klausa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan jenis metode penerjemahan di tingkat klausa yang terjadi dan untuk menganalisis dan menjelaskan metode terjemahan yang lebih sering muncul pada tingkat klausa, dalam referensi untuk mendapatkan metode terjemahan terbaik yang digunakan dalam “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” dan terjemahanya “Bhagavad Gita” Menurut Aslinya”. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data dianalisa dengan sistematis dan akurat berdasarkan teori terjemahan. Data dianalisis dengan menyortir dan mengelompokkan data yang telah dikumpulkan untuk mengidentifikasi klausa yang ada dalam Bhagavad Gita As It Is. Kemudian data dari bahasa sumber dan bahasa target dianalisis untuk mengetahui metode terjemahan dari klausa bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan teori metode terjemahan yang diusulkan oleh Newmark (1988b). Metode penerjemahan yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah: literal, faithfull, semantik, adaptasi, terjemahan bebas, idiomatik dan komunikatif. Metode terjemahan semantik adalah metode yang paling sering diterapkan, terdapat 39 data metode semantik yang digunakan dari 120 teks sasaran. Berdasarkan analisis ini, penekanan pada bahasa sumber lebih sering diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan Bhagawad Gita. Tercatat ada 64,2% penekanan dari bahasa sumber yang digunakan dari data ini .

Kata kunci: Penekanan bahasa sumber, metode terjemahan, klausa,

• 1.    Background of the Study

Translation typically has been applied to transfer written or spoken source language texts to equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts in another language and thus making them available to wider readers. There are a lot of theories applied by a translator to translate some languages to others. Larson (1998:3) stated that translation is the process of transferring the meaning of SL into TL. It can be done by changing the form of the first language to the form of

the second language in the way of semantic structure. The meaning which is being transferred must be constant.

There are many sources of information, which are stated in the English language. One of them is translating the source of reference from one language into another language. Transferring language is a broad matter in translation that covers the entire matter of the language operation in use. In the transfering of language, translation method is one of the translating techniques applied by the translator in translating process, from the foreign text into the target language. Newmark (1988: 45) puts the methods of translation into two categories, there are translation methods with emphasis on source language and translation methods with emphasis on the target language. This study covers the verses on Bhagavad Gita ‘As It Is” and its translation Bhagavad Gita “menurut Aslinya” and defines the clause level in the source language and target language. Clause is the smallest grammatical unit in the sentence which can express a complete term like proposisiton of a sentence. A typical clause consists of a subject, predicate, objects and complement. A simple sentence usually consists of a single finite clause with a finite verb that is independent. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses.

• 2.    Scope of the Study

With regard to the problems and aims of the study, the scope of study is to find the most accurate translation method, which excludes the culture and highlights the message. It is analyzing translation method that frequently appears in. Bhagavad Gita SL and TL. Clause is an important component in the text. Therefore, this study discusses the varieties of clause type level when it is translated from English language into Indonesian language.

• 3.    Aims of the Study

Based on the problems of the study above, there are two specific aims that can be achieved in this study, such as:

• 1.    To describe and classify the type of translation method in clause level occuring in “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” into translation “Bhagavad Gita Menurut Aslinya”.

• 2.    To analyze and describe the translation method that more frequently appear to get the best translation method to translate “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” into translation “Bhagavad Gita Menurut Aslinya”.

• 4.    Research Method

Research method consits of four steps. There are data source, method of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data, and method and technique of presenting data. The data were collected through some steps; they are by close reading, because this study is a library research; therefore, documentation methods were applied by note taking and comparing. The sequence of the research was stated clearly. The method of analyzing data used was the descriptive qualitative method. The data were systematically and accurately based on the translation method theory. The data were analyzed by sorting and classifying the data which had been collected in order to identify the clauses and sentences which occur in the Bhagavad Gita as it is.

• 5.    Finding and Discussion

Based on the problem of study, there are two important points to be analyzed in this chapter. The first one the analysis of the type of translation method in the clause level occuring in “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” into its translation “Bhagavad Gita Menurut Aslinya”. Based on the theory of translation method proposed by Newmark it can be formed into source language emphasis (Foreignization) and target laguage emphasis (Domestication). According to Newmark, only semantic and communicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation, which are first, accuracy and second, economy. It means that semantic translation undercovers all the methods in source language emphasis and communicative translation undercovers the target language emphasis.

• 1.    Semantic Translation (Source Language Emphasis)

Semantic translation is objective, meaning that it does not stick with the form of the source language only. However, it refers to the cultural term of the target language, in which it is translated naturally. The example of the semantic translation can briefly be elaborated in table 1 :

Table 1: The example of semantic translation based on Bhagavad Gita

No	Source Language	Target Language
3	Now all of you must give full support to Grandfather Bhīṣma, standing at your respective strategic points in the phalanx of the army.	Sekarang anda semua harus memberi dukungan sepenuhnya kepada Kakek Bhīṣma, sambil berdiri di ujung-ujung strategis masing-masing di gerbang-gerbang barisan tentara. 1.11

In the example above, it can be seen that the sentence in the target language transforms through a semantic translation. The source language is translated into a meaningful language to the reader, indicating that there is enrichment in terms of implied information. The translator substitutes cultural words of the source language ‘your respective strategic points in the phalanx’ by the same meaning in the target langauge.

The form of the sentence above can be seen in table 2:

Table 2: The form of semantic translation based on Bhagavad Gita

Form	SL	Form	TL
Adverb of time	Now	Adverb of time	Sekarang
S	all of you	S	Semua,
V	Must give	V	harus memberi
O	full support	O	dukungan sepenuhnya
Oblique	to Grandfather Bhisma	Oblique	kepada Kakek Bhīṣma
Verb	standing	Verb	sambil berdiri
Prep. Phrase	at your respective strategic points in the phalanx of the army.	Prep. Phrase	Di ujung-ujung strategis masing-masingdi gerbang-gerbang barisan tentara.

Table 3: The form of Prepotional Phrase based on Table 2

Form	SL	Form	TL
V	standing	V	sambil berdiri
Adverb of place	at your respective strategic points in the phalanx of the army	Adverb of place	di ujung-ujung strategis masing-masing di gerbang-gerbang barisan tentara.

From the example above, it can be seen that there are two clauses in one sentence; the main clause consisting of subject, verb, object, and oblique. The subordinate clause consists of verb, adverb of place. The clause ‘all of you must give full support to Grandfather Bhīṣma’ is the main clause while standing at your respective strategic points in the phalanx of the army is a relative clause in the form of present participle. The relative clause puts an emphasis on the prepositional phrase of the Grandfather Bhisma. The verb of the main clause consists of a statement: ‘must give’ while the relative clause consists of ‘standing’, an -ing form of a verb clause. From the form of the sentence, it falls under the category of non finite clause. This statement exists in the adverbial phrase of time and place. In the sentence, the word ‘now’ shows the time when it happens. The relative clause shows the place of the army in which they stand to support grandfather Bhisma. In addition to the analysis, this sentence is an imperative clause due to it functions as commands, or orders. Moreover, this sentence is an instruction intended to support grandfather Bhīṣma, and stands at his respective strategic points in the phalanx of the army.

• 2.    Communicative Translation (Target Language Emphasis)

Basically, communicative translation puts an emphasis on the massages to the reader. This method is concerned with the target language’s reader. Newmark (1988: 47) gives an opinion as follows: communicative translation attempts to provide the reader with the exact contextual meaning of the original text in such a way that the content is comprehensible to the readership. It means that the writer hopes that the reader will be able to clearly understand the text and effectiveness of target language. The example of the communicative translation based on the “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” and its translation “Bhagavad Gita Menurut Aslinya” can be elaborated below:

Table 14: The example of communicative translation based on Bhagavad Gita

No	Source Language	Target Language
7	Knowing this, you should not grieve for the body.	Mengingat kenyataan itu, hendaknya engkau jangan menyesal karena badan. 4.32

In the example above, the translator provides exact contextual meaning of the original information. There are many additional words after the process of translation

from source language to the target language. The translator tries to tell the important message and makes the readers understand the content and the information of the source language.

The form of the sentence above can be elaborated below:

Table 15: The form of communicative translation based on Bhagavad Gita

Form	SL	Form	TL
Adverb of reason	Knowing this	Adverb of reason	Mengingat kenyataan itu
S	You	S	Hendaknya Engkau
Adj	should not grieve	Adj	jangan menyesal
O	for the body	O	Karena badan

The form of this sentence consists of several structures. They are adverb of reason, subject, adjective and object, written in the same way after the process of translation from the source into the target language. However, there is a lot of additional information in the translation procces from the source language to the target language. The word ‘you’ is translated into ‘hendaknya engkau’ and the ‘word knowing this’ is translated into ‘mengingat kenyataan itu’. It is obvious that the translator inserts the cultural knowledge to the target language. According to Newmark, communicative translation is a kind of communication process and the translators should convert the source language culture into the target language culture as much they can.

The statement mentioned above includes the adverbial clause of reason. The word ‘knowing this’ and its translation ‘mengingat kenyataan itu’ show the reason why you should not grieve for the body. This sentence commonly functions as commands, orders or advice to the readers as well as imperative clause.

6. Conclusion

Translation method is one of the translating techniques used by the translator in translating process, from the foreign text into the target language. According to this study, it can be seen that the translator applies translation method in the translation of “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” into translation “Bhagavad Gita Menurut Aslinya” except word for word translation. It occurs because there is a cultural difference from source

language to the target language. In the translation process, the data can change its form. However, it has the same meaning in the target language. The translation methods applied in this study are: literal, faithfull, semantic, adaptation, free, idiomatic and communicative translation. Semantic translation is the most frequent method that occurs in this translating process. From the sample there are 39 data out of 120 using semantic translation method. Based on this analysis, source language emphasis is more frequently applied in this translation work.

Bibliography

Larson, Mildred. 1998. Meaning-Based Translation. USA: Springfield, Mass.

Newmark, P. (1988a). A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.

Newmark, P. (1988b). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall

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