ISSN: 2302-920X

Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud

2017: Vol 19.1 Mei 2017:180-187

Sentence Structure in “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe”

Edy Lipson Simanjuntak1*, I Gede Putu Sudana2, I Gede Sadia3

[123]English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University

1[edysimanjuntak26@gmail.com] 2[igedeputusudana@yahoo.com]

3

3[gede.sadia@unud.ac.id]

*

Corresponding Author

Abstrak

Skripsi yang berjudul “Struktur Kalimat di novel Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari” merupakan analisa struktur kalimat pada novel Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jenis-jenis kalimat yang ada pada novel Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari dan untuk menjelaskan stuktur kalimat melalui pohon diagram. Sumber data dari penelitian ini diambil dari novel berbahasa Inggris yang ditulis oleh C.S Lewis yang berjudul Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari. Novel ini merupakan salah satu novel yang sangat menarik unutk dibaca berdasarkan struktur kalimat dari novel ini. Novel ini terdiri dari 17 bab, namun peneliti hanya memilih 3 bab dari novel ini untuk dianalisa. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan metode yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dari penelitian ini yaitu metode dokumentasi dengan menggunakan teknik mencatat and penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data yang sudah dikumpulkan kemudian dihitung menggunakan rumus dari Bungin untuk memperoleh persentasi dari setiap kalimat. Teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisa data yaitu teori dari Quirk (1985) and beberapa teori pendukung lainnya.

Dari hasil analisa peneliti dapat menarik beberapa kesimpulan. Pertama, setelah melakukan analisa penulis menemukan bahwa jenis kalimat yang muncul pada tiga bab novel Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari diantaranya kalimat sederhana, kalimat majemuk, kalimat kompleks dan kalimat majemuk kompleks. Tiga bab dari novel tersebut terdiri dari 231 kalimat sederhana, 76 kalimat majemuk, 83 kalimat kompleks dan 28 kalimat majemuk kompleks. Kedua, setelah menggambarkan struktur kalimat menggunakan teori dari Quirk (1985), teori dari Jim (2012:18) dan (2002:6), teori dari Dwight (1975:156) dan teori dari Ann (2004:1) tiga bab dari novel Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari penulis menemukan variasi struktur kalimat dari setiap jenis kalimat diantaranya: Subjek + kata kerja, subjek + kata kerja + obyek, subyek + kata kerja + pelengkap, subyek + kata kerja + obyek + keterangan dan subyek + kata kerja + keterangan dan struktur kalimat yang paling sering digunakan pada kalimat dalam

novel ini adalah subyek + kata kerja + pelengkap karena kalimat dalam novel ini lebih sering menggunakan kata kerja bantu sebagai kata kerja dalam kalimat dalam novel tersebut.

  • 1.    Background of the Study

In linguistics, the study about the sentence of languages is syntax. Yule (1996: 4) defines syntax as the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well formed. Furthermore, Gleason (1961: 128) states that syntax as the principles of arrangement of the construction formed by the process of derivation and inflection (word) into larger constructions of various kinds.

In addition, Chomsky (1966: 1) states that syntax is the study of the principles and process by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Radford (1997: 1) also says that syntax is concerned with the ways in which words can be combined together to form phrases and sentences. Moreover, Wekker and Haegeman (1985: 5) define syntax as determining the relevant componential parts of a sentence. According to the definitions of syntax above, it is concluded that syntax is the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases, and clauses forming sentences based on grammatical rules. Sometimes, the use of language is ambiguous which causes the meaning of the sentence not to be able to be understood easily. In this case, studying syntax is important since it studies how sentences are formed and arranged based on the grammatical rule. If people arrange the correct sentences, they can arrange a good writing and make good communication. Furthermore, the hearers or readers can understand the meaning of the sentence easily.

In this study, the writer selects Theory of Tree Diagrams for analyzing sentences. The Theory of Tree Diagrams is a sentence analysis using the internal hierarchical structure of sentences as generated by set of rules. There are some advantages of using Tree Diagrams. Bornstein (1977: 48) states that a sentence is the basic unit of syntactic analysis which is easier to see the parts of (phrases) and subparts (parts of speech) of the sentence in a tree diagram.

Finch (1998: 107) states that the advantage of tree diagrams is that they enable us to see at a glance the hierarchical structure of sentences. The researcher selects

sentences in the novel entitled The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe as the object of this study. The researcher wants to know the structures of the sentences used in the novel The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven high fantasy novels by author C. S. Lewis. It is considered a classic work of the children's literature and is the author's best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages. Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baynes, and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times, fully or partly, for radio, television, the stage, and film.

Based on the phenomena mentioned above, this study is focused on describing the types of the sentences in the novel The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is one of the best series of The Chronicles of Narnia, which contains various human being aspects and things happening in the reality and a lot of lessons of life. This novel is very interesting to find four types of the sentences (simple, complex and compound sentence) that the writer need in this study. Thus, based on the explanation above, the writer is interested in carrying out a study entitled Sentence Structure in “The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe”.

  • 2.    Problems of the Study

Based on background of the study that was stated previously, the problems are analyzed as follows:

  • 1.    What types of sentences appear in “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe”?

  • 2.    How are the sentence structures portrayed in the tree diagram found in the novel?

  • 3.    Aims of the Study

To answer the previous questions, there are two aims of the study, namely:

  • 1.    To find out the types of sentences appearing in the novel “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe”.

  • 2.    To describe the sentence structure using tree diagram.

  • 4.    Research Method

Documentation method was used to collect the data in this study which means that the data were taken from the written material, the sentences in novel Singa, Penyihir dan Lemari by C.S Lewis. Meanwhile, the descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the data in this study which means that the information gathered is not in numerical

form. The qualitative method was applied to analyzing data in order to give in-depth explanation descriptively. The descriptive qualitative method was used to classify the types of sentences based on the number of clauses and to portray the sentence structures based on the theory proposed by Quirk (1985).

  • 5.    Findings and Discussions

In this chapter the writer analyzed types of sentences and the sentence structures portrayed using the tree diagram. Before analyzing more deeply the data above, the writer described the types of sentences and the total numbers of each type found in the novel as shown in the table below:

No

Types of sentence

Chapter

Total

1

2

3

1

Simple Sentence

37

79

115

231

2

Compound Sentence

19

29

28

76

3

Complex Sentence

19

32

32

83

4

Compound   –   Complex

Sentence

13

9

6

28

TOTAL

418

1. The Types of Sentences and the Tree Diagram

  • 1.    Simple Sentence

There are 231 simple sentences found from chapter 1 to chapter 3 in the novel. According to Bungin’s statement above, the writer took 19 simple sentences as the sample.

  • 1.    I promise

Tree Diagram:             Sentence

Clause

S                   V

I                       promise

  • 2.    Compound Sentence

There are 76 compound sentences found from chapter 1 to chapter 2 in the novel. According to Bungin’s statement above the writer took 10 compound sentences as the sample.

  • 1.    Lucy felt a little frightened but she felt very inquisitive

  • a)    Lucy felt a little frightened (Independent clause)

  • b)    But she felt very inquisitive (Dependent clause)

Tree Diagram:

S

she felt very inquisitive


main clause

S         V


Adv


Lucy             felt a little frightened but

  • 3.    Complex Sentences

There are 83 complex sentences found from chapter 1 to chapter 3 in the novel. According to Bungin’s statement above, the writer took 16 complex sentences as the sample.

  • 1.    She hardly knew what she was trying to say

  • a)    She hardly knew ( Independent clause )

  • b)    What she was trying to say ( Dependent clause )

Tree diagram:

Sentence

She hardly knew

She     was trying to say

  • 4.    Compound - complex Sentences

There are 28 compound-complex sentences found from chapter 1 to chapter 3 in the novel. According to Bungin’s statement above, the writer took 2 compoundcomplex sentences as the sample.

  • 1.    He also noticed that he was unexpectedly cold and then he saw a light

  • a)    He also noticed ( Independent clause )

  • b)    that he was unexpectedly cold ( Dependent clause )

  • c)    and then he saw a light ( Dependent clause )

Tree diagram:

Sentence

  • 6.    Conclusion

This study discussed about types of sentences and how their structures are portrayed using the tree diagram in the novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, based on the theories proposed by Quirk et al (1985) and other supporting theories. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded as follows:

The four types of sentences in the three chapters of the novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe are as follows. The novel consists of 231 simple sentences, 76 compound sentences, 83 complex sentences and 28 compound-complex sentences. By using the theory tree diagram proposed by Quirk (1985) from the three chapters of novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe there are 19 simple sentences out of 231 simple sentences, 10 compound sentences out of 76 compound sentences, 16 complex sentences out of 83 complex sentences and 2 sentences out of 28 compound-complex sentences portrayed using the tree diagram.

  • 7.    Bibliography

Bungin, Burhan. 2005. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.

Bungin, Burhan. 2001. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Surabaya: Airlangga Universitas Press.

Bolinger, Dwight. 1975. Aspects of Language. 2ndEdition. New York: HarcountBrace Jovanovich

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The United State of America: The Massachusettts Institute of Technology.

Karyanto, Puji. 2004. Foklore in Literature. Surabaya: Airlangga University Library.

Miller, Jim. 2002. An Intoduction to English Syntax. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press Ltd

Stockwell, Robert P. 1977. Foundation of Syntax Theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc

Langacker, Ronald W. 1972 . Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, inc.

Wayne, Bryan. 2009. “Informmation on Syntax Tree Diagram” dalam

http://www.treediagramspedia.com

Farlex. 2009. “Sentence Structure” dalam http:// www.freedictionary.com

Quirk, Randolph, et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language..

New York: Longman

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