Ellipsis in English Coordinated Clauses in The Novel Entitled “Rowan’s Mill” by Elizabeth Walker
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ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 18.2 Pebruari 2017: 234-243
Ellipsis in English Coordinated Clauses in The Novel Entitled “Rowan’s Mill” by Elizabeth Walker
I Dewa Ayu Ika Fransiska1*, Putu Weddha Savitri2, Ni Wayan Sukarini3 [123]English Department Faculty of Arts, Udayana University 1[[email protected]] 2[[email protected]] 3[[email protected]]
*Corresponding Author
Abstrak
Skripsi ini berjudul “Elipsis pada Klausa Koordinatif Bahasa Inggris pada Novel Berjudul Rowan’s Mill oleh Elizabeth Walker”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis elipsis dan menganalisis terjadinya elipsis pada klausa koordinatif. Topik ini dianalisis karena sering terjadinya ambiguitas dalam menentukan unsur-unsur pada klausa yang dapat dielipsis ketika dua klausa atau lebih digabungkan. Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah novel berjudul Rowan’s Mill oleh Elizabeth Walker. Metoda yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah metoda dokumentasi dengan teknik pencatatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda deskriptif kwalitatif untuk menganalisa data yang telah terkumpul dimana data yang telah dianalisis dengan teori yang diusulkan oleh Quirk, dkk. (1972) yang dipresentasikan dengan metoda deskriptif.
Ada enam jenis utama elipsis pada klausa koordinatif, yaitu: elipsis subjek, elipsis tambahan, elipsis subjek dan tambahan, ellipsis predikasi, elipsis kepala frase kata benda, dan elipsis subjek pelengkap. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semua jenis elipsis dalam novel Rowan Mill oleh Elizabeth Walker ditemukan dan elipsis subjek adalah jenis elipsis yang paling sering terjadi. Dalam klausa koordinatif, elipsis dapat terjadi pada klausa bagian pertama dan klausa berikutnya. Elipsis disebut anaforis, cataforis, atau anaforis maupun cataforis. Namun, elipsis sebagian besar anaforis dengan kemunculan item diwujudkan dalam bagian pertama dari serangkaian klausa.
Kata kunci:Elipsis, klausa koordinatif, anaforis, cataforis.
Language is very important in human life. It is a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed. The use of the expression or communication of such a system is a written representation of such a system (Agnes, 2005:805). The most important function of language is to communicate or give information to other people. However, sometimes we do not use the full grammatical structure in communication. People mostly come across sentences in which some elements are deleted. Indeed, they do not realize that their interpretation of the sentence is hindered by such omission known as ellipsis.
In English, the sentences that are joined by the coordinating conjunction are called coordinated clauses and ellipsis is frequently involved in the coordination of the clauses. It means that there is such avoiding repetition in which certain elements of the clauses are often omitted.
Quirk et al. (1972: 569) in their book entitled A Grammar of Contemporary English claimed that ellipsis in coordinated clauses is intended to avoid repetition of the same elements of the clauses and the ellipsis can be divided into: ellipsis of subject, ellipsis of auxiliary, ellipsis of subject and auxiliary, ellipsis of predication, ellipsis of head of noun phrase and ellipsis of prepositional phrase. Indeed, a sentence with ellipsis is acceptable only if the same sentence is acceptable after ‘the deleted’ words are restored.
Ellipsis in coordinated clauses is an interesting phenomenon to be discussed because there is often repetition when we link one or two clauses using coordinate conjunctions (and, or, and but). Beside the repetition, sometimes there is also ambiguity in determining elements of the clauses that can be deleted when we combine two or more clauses.
In order to avoid the repetition and ambiguity, it is important to know the rules of ellipsis, particularly the ellipsis which occur in coordinated clauses. Therefore, this study focuses on ellipsis in coordinated clauses using the coordinators and,
or, and but. The data were taken from a novel entitled Rowan’s Mill by Elizabeth Walker.
Based on the explanation above, there are some problems that can be formulated in the form of questions as follows:
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a. What are the types of ellipsis in coordinated clauses found in the novel
Rowan’s Mill by Elizabeth Walker?
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b. How the ellipsis in coordinated clauses can occur, whether in the first or in the subsequent clauses?
Related to the problems that are already mentioned above, the aims of this study are as follows:
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a. To find out the types of ellipsis occurring in coordinated clauses in the novel Rowan’s Mill by Elizabeth Walker.
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b. To analyze the occurrence of the ellipsis in coordinated clauses, whether it can take place in the first or in the subsequent clauses of the coordinated clauses.
Research method is a particular way of doing research and it is very important for the researcher to answer the problems and find the solution to something. Documentation method was used in collecting the data in this study which means that the data were taken from written material, the novel entitled Rowan’s Mill by Elizabeth Walker.
The data were analyzed using the qualitative method because the data for the current study belong to the qualitative data which were based predominantly on non-numerical data. The collected data were identified according to the categories of the types of ellipsis and the occurrence of ellipsis in coordinated clauses using the theory of ellipsis proposed by Quirk, et al (1972). In presenting the data, this study used descriptive method. The analyzed data were presented to describe the
results already found. Then, the data were presented by explaining and describing them in words or sentences
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5. Analysis of Ellipsis in English Coordinated Clauses in the Novel Entitled “Rowan’s Mill” by Elizabeth Walker
The discussion presents the analysis of types and the occurrences of ellipsis in coordinated clauses found in the novel entitled “Rowan’s Mill” by Elizabeth Walker using the theory proposed by Quirk, et al (1972).
He ran across to his Jaguar and climbed in beside his wife (P. 2).
The example above indicates that only by the occurrence of the subject subsequent to the first to be deleted. In the first example the subject he in the first clause is identical with the subject in the second clause. Therefore, the subject he is deleted in the second clause.
The elliptical form:
He ran across to his Jaguar and […] climbed in beside his wife.
The complete form:
He ran across to his Jaguar and [he] climbed in beside his wife.
So much better than the lukewarm dribble at the mill cottage, she told herself, where the towel was rough and the bathroom freezing (P.193).
This example shows that the only the auxiliary is deleted. The auxiliary can be deleted in the last clause, where the deleted auxiliary in this example is was.
The elliptical form:
So much better than the lukewarm dribble at the mill cottage, she told herself, where the towel was rough and the bathroom […] freezing.
The complete form:
So much better than the lukewarm dribble at the mill cottage, she told herself, where the towel was rough and the bathroom [was] freezing.
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I was blind, and wet, and thrusting (P. 214).
The elliptical items can be found in the second and last clauses. Apart from the auxiliary, the subject can also be deleted in those clauses since the auxiliary and the subject are identical. The auxiliary was and the subject I are deleted in this example.
The elliptical form:
I was blind, and […] wet, and […] thrusting.
The complete form:
I was blind, and [Iwas] wet, and [Iwas] thrusting.
The ellipsis of predication can be treated under four main headings and each of them will be analyzed in this section.
The first part of the predicate or of the predication may be deleted, and the subject may be deleted as well.
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a. Ellipsis of Lexical Verb
She looked wistful and strange (P. 188).
The subject she and the lexical verb looked which occur in the first clause are identical with the second clause, based on this condition they are allowed to be deleted in the second clause.
The elliptical form:
She looked wistful and […] strange.
The complete form:
She looked wistful and [she looked] strange.
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b. Ellipsis of Verb Including Auxiliary
He was wearing jeans and an open-necked shirt (P. 13).
The coordinated clauses with coordinating conjunction and have the auxiliary was and the verb wearing which are deleted. Beside the auxiliary was and the verb wearing, the subject he is also deleted in the second clause.
The elliptical form:
He was wearing jeans and […] an open-necked shirt.
The complete form:
He was wearing jeans and [he was wearing] an open-necked shirt.
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c. Ellipsis of Verb and Subject Complement
Ellipsis of verb and subject complement are analyzed as follows:
For examples:
One sharp word or gesture and all confidence was gone (P. 247).
The verb and subject complement are deleted in the first and the second clauses in order to avoid the repetition namely; was and gone. The realized items are only present in the last clause.
The elliptical form:
One sharp word […] or gesture […] and all confidence was gone.
The complete form:
One sharp word [was gone] or gesture [was gone] and all confidence was gone.
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d. Ellipsis of Verb and Object
I knew I should stop you but I couldn’t (P. 32).
The elliptical items occur in the second clause where the verb stop and the object you are deleted.
The elliptical form:
I knew I should stop you but I couldn’t […].
The complete form:
I knew I should stop you but I couldn’t [stop you].
Saul and Rowan padded after her (P.211).
The ellipsis of the whole predication padded after her takes place in the first clause with the realized item is in the last clause only.
The elliptical form:
Saul […] and Rowan padded after her.
The complete form:
Saul [padded after her] and Rowan padded after her.
She slipped and dropped the case (P. 228).
In this example the direct object the case in the first clause and the subject she in the second clause are deleted.
The elliptical forms:
She slipped […] and […] dropped the case.
The complete forms:
She slipped [the case] and [she] dropped the case.
Rowan picked up the round pink glob and nibbled at it cautiously (P.208).
The adverbial cautiously is deleted cataphorically in the first clause but it is realized in the last clause and the subject Rowan is deleted anaphorically in the last clause.
The elliptical form:
Rowan picked up the round pink glob […] and […] nibbled at it cautiously.
The complete form:
Rowan picked up the round pink glob [cautiously] and [Rowan] nibbled at it cautiously.
They were to spend three days in Tokyo and then go on to Tokyo for two (P. 194).
The head days in the noun phrase three days is deleted anaphorically. Besides , the ellipsis of subject they was also found in this example where the subject they is deleted in the last clause.
The elliptical form:
They were to spend three days in Tokyo and then […] go on to Tokyo for two […].
The complete form:
They were to spend three days in Tokyo and then [they] go on to Tokyo for two [days].
Because I often go to Japan and should love to show around (P. 189).
The complement of the prepositional phrase Japan and the subject I are deleted in the second clause, where the identical items lie in the first clause.
The elliptical form:
Because I often go to Japan and […] should love to show around […].
The complete form:
Because I often go to Japan and [I] should love to show around [Japan].
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5.2 Analysis the Occurrences of Ellipsis in English Coordinated Clauses in the Novel Entitled “Rowan’s Mill” by Elizabeth Walker
a. Anaphoric
He looked very tall and very powerful (P. 194).
This example says anaphoric since the subject he and the verb looked are deleted in the second clause and the realized items are in the first clause.
The elliptical form:
He looked very tall and […] very powerful.
The complete form:
He looked very tall and [he looked] very powerful.
Saul and Rowan padded after her (P. 211).
In example (47), the elliptical items padded after her takes place in the first clause with the realized item in the last clause only.
The elliptical form:
Saul […] and Rowan padded after her.
The complete form:
Saul [padded after her] and Rowan padded after her.
Saul reached out and took the cup away from her (P. 213).
In example 48, the subject Saul is deleted anaphorically while the direct object the cup is deleted cataphorically.
The elliptical form:
Saul reached out […] and […] took the cup away from her.
The complete form:
Saul reached out [the cup] and [Saul] took the cup away from her.
Based on the discussion in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that all of the types of ellipsis in the novel Rowan’s Mill by Elizabeth Walker were found. All of those types are ellipsis of subject, ellipsis of auxiliary, ellipsis of subject and auxiliary, ellipsis of lexical verb, ellipsis of verb including auxiliary, ellipsis of verb and subject complement, ellipsis of verb and object, ellipsis of whole predication, ellipsis of subject complement or direct object, ellipsis of adverbial, ellipsis of head of noun phrase, and for the last is ellipsis of complement of prepositional phrase. The result of this study shows that ellipsis of subject is the most frequently type of ellipsis that occurred in the data.
In coordinated clauses, the ellipsis can occur in the first and in the subsequent clauses. Ellipsis may be simple or complex. In the simple ellipsis, either ellipsis occurs in only one of the conjoined clauses or identical items are deleted in two or more conjoined clauses. In the complex ellipsis, the elliptical elements are both anaphorically and cataphorically deleted in the same sentence. Ellipsis can be anaphoric with the realized items in the first of series of clauses, cataphoric with the realized items in the last of a series of clauses or both anaphoric and cataphoric. However, the ellipsis is mostly anaphoric with the realized items in the first of a series of the clauses.
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