Translation Equivalence and Shift of Noun Phrases in the Novel The House on Hope Street and in Serpih – Serpih Harapan
on
ISSN: 2302-920X
Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud
Vol 18.2 Pebruari 2017: 1-9
Translation Equivalence and Shift of Noun Phrases in the Novel The House on Hope Street and in Serpih – Serpih Harapan
Ayu Nur Fitriyani1*, I Gusti Ngurah Parthama2, Putu Lirishati Soethama3 [123]English Department - Faculty Of Arts – Udayana University
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1 [ayunurfitriyani7@gmail.com] 2[ ngurah_parthama@unud.ac.id] 3[lirishatinya@yahoo.com]
*
Corresponding Author
Abstrak
Skripsi ini berjudul "Kesepadanan Penerjemahan dan Pergeseran dari Frasa Nomina pada Novel The House On Hope Street dan Serpih - Serpih Harapan". Hal yang paling penting dalam penerjemahan adalah kesepadanan untuk menjaga makna tetap konstan. Selain itu, pergeseran dapat terjadi dalam proses penerjemahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan kesepadanan dari frasa nomina yang ditemukan dalam terjemahan dan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis pergeseran yang terjadi.
Sumber data diambil dari novel karya Danielle Steel berjudul The House On Hope Street dan terjemahannya ke dalam versi Indonesia berjudul Serpih-Serpih Harapan oleh Kathleen S.W. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelitian perpustakaan dan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori yang dikemukakan oleh Catford.
Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kesepadanan terjadi dalam terjemahan, yang dikenal sebagai korespondensi formal dan kesetaraan tekstual. Pergeseran terjemahan yang ditemukan adalah kategori pergeseran terdiri dari pergeseran struktur, pergeseran kelas, pergeseran unit, dan pergeseran sistem intra. Ada 120 frasa kata benda yang ditemukan dalam analisis ini. Korespondensi formal 12 frasa dan tekstual kesetaraan adalah 10 frasa. Kategori yang paling dominan adalah pergeseran struktur, dengan 39 frasa, yang kedua adalah pergeseran unit, dengan 33 frasa, yang ketiga adalah pergeseran sistem intra dengan 24 frasa. Selanjutnya, balik itu pergeseran kelas dengan 4 frasa. Jumlah yang dianalisi ada 38 frasa nomina.
Kata kunci: kesepadanan, frasa nomina, pergeseran
The function of language is used to communicate with other people to share information and knowledge. There are thousands of languages cannot be understood by people in the world. Communicating is closely related to meaning. Therefore, basically communicating means to convey the message or information
to others. The translator should refer to the meaning as the main issue in source language (SL) to be transferred to target language (TL). Thus, the translation process is necessary to prevent any misunderstanding in the language. The translation itself is the interpretation of the meaning of the text of the SL for the text equivalent in the TL that communicates the same message.
The most important thing that needs to be considered in translation is the equivalence between the SL and the TL. This is necessary so that the meaning of a text itself remains constant. In the process of translation, the equivalence between SL and TL must be considered so there is no reduction of meaning. According to Larson (1998:3), translation is the process of transferring the meaning of SL to TL. It can be done by changing the form of the first language to the form of the second language in the way of semantic structure. In the process of translation some changes occur called shift. It can change the form of grammatical categories, such as structure, unit and class. Since the difference in vocabulary and cultural factors, the aim of the shift is to make the natural equivalent in meaning
Based on the difference between the two linguistic systems between SL and TL, one of the novel which is rich in NP by Danielle Steel’s The House on Hope Street was chosen because there are many NPs that can be analyzed to solve the problems formulated in the study.
Based on the background above, the problem of the study can be formulated as follows:
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a. What equivalences of noun phrases are found in the translation of English noun phrase in the novel The House on Hope Street and in Serpih-Serpih Harapan?
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b. What types of shift occur in the translation of English noun phrase in the novel The House on Hope Street and in Serpih-Serpih Harapan?
Based on the problems above, there are two aims of the study; they are:
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a. To describe the equivalences of NP found in translation of English into Indonesian in the novel The House on Hope Street and in Serpih-Serpih Harapan.
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b. To clssify and explain the types of shift occurring in the translation of English NP in the novel The House on Hope Street and in Serpih-Serpih Harapan.
Research method is important to guide the analysis of the data and help the reader understand the research. Library research was applied to this study, meaning that some books were used to analyze the problem. The data of this study were taken from a novel written by Danielle Steel entitled The House On Hope Street as the SL and its translation into Indonesian entitled Serpih-Serpih Harapan by Kathleen S.W. as the translator.
The method and technique of collecting data was done through reading and also note-taking. The qualitative and descriptive method was used to analyze the data. The data were analyzed, then, they were presented to describe the results. In presenting the data, this study used boxes to put the data to make them easier to analyze. The boxes contain the data from the SL and the TL to look at the equivalences and compare the English NP and Indonesian NP to find changes that occur. In each box an explanation of analysis was given to describe what was in the box about.
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5. Findings and Discussion
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5.1 Equivalence in Translation Found in the Novel The House On Hope Street and its translation Serpih-Serpih Harapan
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1. Formal Correspondence
Formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, structure, structural elements) which can be said to occupy, as close as possible, the same place in the in SL. The examples can be seen below.
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
|
1. |
Despite several million dollars Phillip Parker had stashed away. (p.12) |
Meskipun memiliki simpanan beberapa juta dolar. (p.10) |
The English NP in this sentence is several million dollars. The phrase is translated into beberapa juta dolar in Indonesian NP. The structure in English NP which is Q + N (modifier) + N (Head). The word dollars comes after the quantifier and modifier. The same thing happens also in Indonesian NP.
Textual equivalence refers to the equality between the SL text and TL text in terms of information and cohesion. The examples of textual equivalence can be seen below.
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
|
2. |
“Come on, get up, Dad,” Peter said with a grin, pulling the covers off his father, as Jack groaned and rolled over, trying to put a pillow over his head, (p.47) |
“Ayo bangun, Dad,” ujar Peter tertawa sambil menarik selimut ayahnya, sementara Jack mengerang dan berbalik, sambil mencoba menutupi kepalanya dengan bantal. (p.39) |
|
3. |
Don’t be such a wiseass,” she said with a grin, unconcerned by what he was saying. He was just Peter’s doctor. (p.236) |
“Jangan sok tahu,” sahut ibunya tersenyum, tanpa menanggpai ucapannya secara serius. Bill kan cuma dokter yang merawat Peter. (p.205) |
The sentence in English and its translation have the same NP in SL, but the translation is different TL. The first NP is presented in the following box
SL A
Grin
|
Determiner Head (N) | |
|
TL |
Tertawa Word |
The SL NP a grin is translated into tertawa in TL. The determiner a is not translated and the word grin is translated into tertawa. According to Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010:659), grin means to smile widely. Based on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), a grin in the first NP is translated into tertawa which refers to an expression of joy, pleasure, or amused by the sound (soft, medium, hard) through the organs vocal. This happens merely when you find something funny or there are things that make us laugh. In this sentence a grin is more based on the spontaneous reaction. In this regard, a grin reveals how Peter is trying to tease her father to wake him while he is sleeping. He is pleased to see his father’s reaction when he wakes him up. The explanation shows the equivalences that occur due to meaning in the SL which are translated into closest meaning in the TL. The English NP is also translated into different NP in Indonesian as presented below.
|
SL |
A |
Grin |
|
Determiner |
Head (N) | |
|
TL |
Tersenyum | |
|
Word |
The SL NP a grin is translated into tersenyum in TL. The difference between a grin in the first NP and the second NP, as stated in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) that it refers to an expression of pleasure, joy, and love by developing lips slightly and does not make a sound. In the previous sentence it is revealed that one of the characters in the story told Liz to marry Bill and Liz reacted blushed. Therefore, a grin meana leading to smile instead of laugh.
Types of Shift in Translation Found in the Novel The House On Hope Street and its translation Serpih-Serpih Harapan
Category shift is a departure from formal correspondence in translation. Category shift occurs if the SL (SL) has different forms from the TL (TL). The category shift is divided again into structure shifts, class shifts, unit shift, and intra-system shifts. These are example of categoty shift, as can be seen below.
Structure shift is defined as the change of grammatical structure between the SL and the TL. The structure shift occurs when structure arranges them differently from SL into TL. Here are the examples of English NP and its translation found which indicates the structure shift.
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
|
4. |
She had left him after each one, but he had wooed her back with promises, emotional blackmail, threats, and gifts. (p.13) |
Amanda minggat sehabis setiap tindak kekerasan itu, namun suaminya berhasil membujuknya kembali dengan janji-janji, pemerasan emosional, ancaman, serta hadiah. (p.11) |
The English NP emotional blackmail is translated into Indonesian pemerasan emosional. The head of the NP (SL) emotional blackmail is blackmail as the final position in the NP. On the other hand, the head of NP (SL) pemerasan emosional is perasaan as initial position in the NP (TL). As a result, shift occurs from Adj (modifier) + N (head) and N (head) + Adj (modifier) where the head-final in the English NP is shifted into the head-initial in Indonesian NP.
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2. Class Shift
Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different grammatical class from the original item. The examples of class shift can be seen below.
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
|
5. |
Jack was breaming from ear to ear as he watched him, and put his files back in his briefcase with a victorious look at his wife. (p.17) |
Jack tersenyum lebar saat mengawasi kepergian Philip, kemudian ia mengembalikan berkas-berkasnya ke dalam tas dengan ekspresi kemenangan. (p.14) |
The English NP from the data above is victorious look which is translated into ekspresi kemenangan in Indonesian NP. The NP victorious look has look as a the head and victorious as the modifier. While, ekspresi kemenangan has ekspresi as the head and followed by kemenangan as the Noun. The NP in SL has Adj (modifier) + N (head) structure, while the structure of the TL has N (head) + N (modifier). Class shift occurs between these NPs because Adjective changes into Noun word class.
Unit shift is the change of rank in the SL and has different rank in the TL. These are examples of unit shift, as can be seen below :
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
|
6. |
It’s not my fault you’re flat-chested, Mom,” Megan said with a guilty grin. (p.24) |
“Bukan salahku kalau dad Mom lebih rata,” sahut Megan sambil nyengir bersalah. (p.20) |
My fault is English NP which is translated into salahku in Indonesian. It changes the meaning component; my fault is a phrase, whereas salahku is a word. The structure NP in SL is Det + N (head). The NP in TL is added by suffix-ku behind the word salah as the translation of the possessive my.
Intra-system shift refers to the shift that occurs internally, within the system.
These are the examples of intra-system shift, as can be seen below.
|
No. |
SL |
TL |
|
7. |
Amanda had told them of the psychological torture she’d lived with for ten years, and two memorable beatings. (p.13) |
Amanda mengungkapkan keada mereka tentang tekanan psikologis yang dialaminya selama sepuluh tahun dan dua kali pemukulan yang tidak terlupakan. (p.11) |
It can be seen from the English NP the psychological torture which has Det + Adj (modifier) + N (head) structure in SL. Meanwhile, its translation is tekanan psikologis in Indonesian in which NP has N (head) + Adj (modifier); the word the as determiner is not translated in SL. Form the explanation, intra-system shift occurs in the data above because NP in TL has determiner and is translated into SL without determiner.
Translation is the process of transfering the meaning in SL into TL. The important thing in translation is the equivalence between SL and TL. Therefore, the meaning is held constant and is acceptable by TL. Based on the data analyzed in this study, it was found that equivalence occurred. While, textual equivalence is any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion. It refers to equality between the SL text and TL text in terms of information and cohesion.
In this study, the translation shift that was found was category shift which consists of structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra system shift. Category shift has something to do with the change in the word order in English NP into Indonesian NP. In English NP, the N as head is in the final position, meanwhile, the head in Indonesian NP is in the initial position. Class shift occurred in the changes of word classes from adjective into noun, determiner into noun, and possessive modifier into noun. Unit shift is a change in which the rank in SL at different rank in the TL. In this study, unit shift occured from phrase into word.
Intra system shift refers to the shift that occurs internally within the system. It was showed by the determiner in the SL phrase which is not translated into TL phrase.
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