ANALYSIS OF MANNER ADJUNCTS FOUND IN THE NOVEL THE LITTLE DRUMMER GIRL BY JOHN LE CARRE
on
ISSN: 2302-920X
E-Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya Unud
Vol 14.3 Maret 2016: 88-95
ANALYSIS OF MANNER ADJUNCTS FOUND IN THE NOVEL THE LITTLE DRUMMER GIRL BY JOHN LE CARRE
BY
Yeremias Dhena
email: jeryremirez180@gmail.com
English Department Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University
Abstrak
Makalah ini berjudul Analisa Kata Tambahan Ditemukan Di Novel The Little Drummer Girl oleh John Le Carre. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis bentuk dan posisi kata tambahan yang terjadi dalam sebuah kalimat melalui analisis structure konstituen. Data diambil dari kalimat yang berisi kata keterangan yang ditemukan dalam novel The Little Drummer Girl oleh John Le Carre. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dokumentasi dan penelitian perpustakaan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori kata tambahan yang diusulkan oleh Quirk et al (1985), teori analisis struktur konstituen yang diusulkan oleh Brown dan Miller (1991) dan tiga teori pendukung yang diajukan oleh Mukti (2002), Quirk dan Greenbaum ( 1973), dan Petrus (2005). Kata tambahan yang dibentuk dalam bentuk kata keterangan dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran – ly untuk menghubungkan kata sifat. Dengan menambahan akhiran – ly, kelas kata akan berubah dari kata sifat menjadi kata keterangan. Kata keterangan muncul pada posisi awal, tengah dan akhir. Kata depan muncul pada posisi awal dan akhir. Kedua bentuk diatas dari kata tambahan dalam posisi ini adalah pilihan dan bukan inti konstituen. Fungsi kata tambahan dalam constituen struktur sebagai pengubah kalimat inti konstituen. Struktur konstituen akan dijelaskan dan dianalisa dengan menggunakan diagram pohon.
Kata kunci: kata tambahan, kata keterangan, dan kata depan.
Syntax is a part of grammar that is described in terms of taxonomy (i.e. the classificatory list) of the range of different types in syntactic structure found in the language which serve as grammatical function. Syntax has its goal of grammar construction of producing the language sentences.(Brown and Miller; 1991).In linguistics, an adjunct is an optional or structurally dispensable part of a sentence, clause, or phrase, when removed, will not affect the remainder of the sentence being an element of clause structure with adverbial function. An adjunct is not an argument (nor is it a predicative expression), and an argument is not an adjunct. The argument-adjunct distinction is central in most theories of syntax and semantics. In English, there are
some forms of adverbial. They could be taken in the form of adverb, adverb phrase, temporal noun phrase, and prepositional phrase. There are some words can be changed in the other spelling when an adverbs are formed from an adjective.
Based on the background above, there are some problems which can be analyzed, as follows:
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1. What forms of manner adjunct are found in the novel entitled “The Little Drummer girl” by John Le Carre?
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2. What positions of manner adjunct are found in the sentence structure?
There are three specifics aim of this writing which can be achieved in conducting this study, as follows:
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1. To identify the forms of manner adjunct found in the novel entitled “The Little Drummer Girl” by John Le Carre.
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2. To identify the positions of manner adjunct found in the sentence structure.
Research method is a systematic procedure that is used to find the information concerning the certain objects. It is the library research method that is applied in this research. The research is by using books which are relevant to the study.The research is done through library research and documentation.
The data source was taken from the novel entitled The Little Drummer Girl by John Le Carre. The data source was also taken from the library to get information about the forms and positions of manner adjuncts.
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4.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The documentation method was used in this writing.There are two steps in the procedure of writing. First, reading the novel repeatedly. Second, each word was analyzed. Some sentences that contain manner adjunct are analyzed.
The data was classified and analyzed based on the types of words. The analysis of the manner adjunct was done by separating each word in order to get the bases of the words. Based on the analysis of the data above that manner adjunct can be filled in form of adverb of manner and prepositional phrase. Finally, the words of adjunct manner was analyzed morphosyntactically.
Based on discussion above that manner adjuncts can be formed by the adverb manner which can take the initial, medial, and final positions. And also manner adjunct can be formed by the prepositional phrase which can take the initial and final positions.
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5.1 The analysis of manner adjunct is formed by adverb of manner occurred in the initial, medial, and final positions.
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1. Delicately,he removed the bulb (John, 2006:53)
Delicately,
ADVP
ADV
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a. Form
Manner adjunct can be filled with the form of adverb of manner. Delicately is an adverb which is used to explain how he removed the bulb. Delicately is an adverb
which is derived from the process of suffixation is which delicate is the base form of adjective is added suffix –ly, it becomes an adverb delicately. From the process of suffixation that the base form of adjective is added by suffix –ly, it becomes an adverb and the word class is changed.
The sentence has two constituents. Those are ADVP and S. The ADVP is realized by adverb delicately. The S has two constituents. Those are NP and VP. The NP is realized by pronoun he and the VP is realized by verb removed. The NP is realized by article the and noun bulb. An adverb delicately is optional in this sentence. Because without the presence of this adverb, the sentence is still well formed. An adverb delicately functions as modifier to the nucleus he removed the bulb.
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b. Position
The adverb of manner delicately can fill position of manner adjunct. An adverb delicately occurs in the initial position before the subject.
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2. They blithely rode with her (John, 2006: 29)
S
NP
VP
Manner adjunct can be filled with the form of adverb of manner. Blithely is an adverb which is used to explain they rode with her. Blithely is an adverb of manner which is derived from the process of suffixation which blithe is the base form of adjective is added suffix –ly, that it is become an adverb blithely. From the process of the suffixation that the base form of adjective is added by suffix –ly, it becomes an adverb and the word class is changed.
The sentence has two constituents. Those are NP and VP. The NP is realized by pronoun they. The VP has three constituents. Those are, the ADVP is realized by ADV blithely, V rode, PP with her. The PP has two constituent. Those are preposition with and the NP is realized by noun her. An adverb blithely is optional in this sentence. Because without the presence of this adverb, the sentence is still well formed. An adverb blithely functions as VP modifier to the nucleus they rode with him.
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b. Position
The adverb of manner blithely can fill position of manner adjunct. An adverb blithely is occurs in the medial position after the subject.
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3. The officer replied gently(John, 2006;16)
S
S
ADVP
NP
VP
ADV
Art
N
V
The
officers replied
gently
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a. Form
The adjunct of manner can be filled with the form of adverb of manner. Gently is an adverb which is derived from the process of suffixation which gentle is the base form of adjective is added suffix –ly. From the process of suffixation that the base form of adjective is added by suffix –ly, it becomes an adverb and the word class is changed.
The sentence has two constituents. Those are S and ADVP. The S has two constituents. Those are NP and VP. The NP is realized by art the and noun officer. The VP is realized by verb replied. The ADVP is realized by ADV gently. An adverb gently is optional in this sentence. Because without the presence of this adverb, the sentence is
still well formed. An adverb gently functions as the modifier to the nucleus the officer replied.
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b. Position
The adverb of manner gently can fill position of manner adjunct. An adverb gently occurs in the final position after the verb.
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5.2 Analysis of manner adjunct can be formed by prepositional phrase.which can take initial and final position.
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1. With a smile Joseph said it (John, 2006: 86)
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a. form
Manner adjunct can be filled with the form of prepositional phrase (PP).The sentence has two constituents. Those are PP and S. The PP is realized by preposition with and the NP is realized by article a and noun smile. The proposition with is function as the head of prepositional phrase. The S has two constituents. Those are the NP and VP. The NP is realized by proper noun Joseph. The VP is realized by verb said and the NP is realized by pronoun it. With a smile is optional in this sentence. Because without the presence of prepositional phrase, the sentence is still well formed. With a smile functions as modifier to the nucleus Joseph said it.
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b. Position
The prepositional phrase can fill position of manner adjunct. The PP with a smile occurs in the initial position before the subject.
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2. Kurtz heard him with respectful sympathy (John,2006: 265)
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a. Form
Manner adjunct can be filled with the form of prepositional phrase (PP). The sentence has two constituents. Those are S and PP. The S has two constituents. Those
are NP and VP. The NP is realized by proper noun Kurtz. The VP is realized by verb heard and the NP is realized by pronoun him. The PP is realized by preposition with, the NP is realized by adjective respectful, and noun symphaty. The proposition with functions as the head of prepositional phrase. The PP with respectful sympathy is optional in this sentence. Because without the presence of this prepositional phrase, the sentence is still well formed. The PP with respectful sympathy function as modifier to the nucleus Kurtz heard him.
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b. Position
The prepositional phrase can fill position of manner adjunct. The PP with respectful symphaty occurs in the final position after the pronoun.
Based on the previous discussion and analysis abovean adverb of manner is usually considered as the optional constituent of the sentence, because without the presence of
this adverb, the sentence is still well formed. The positions of manner adjunct which can be filled by the form of manner adverb can occurs in the initial position (before the subject), medial position, and final position. The position of manner adjunct which can be filled by the form of prepositional phrase can occurs in the initial position and end position of the sentence. But it does not occur in the medial position. The function of manner adjunct as the modifier to the nucleus sentence. The adjunct of manner can be filled by form of adverb of manner which can be formed by adding – ly to corresponding adjectives. Such as: furious + (ly) suffix, therefore it becomes furiously. This word can be formed by an adjective to be an adverb by the process of suffixation in which the world class is changed.
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