LEXICAL COHESION IN FICTION STORIES WITH REFERENCE TO THE FROG PRINCE AND THE BULLY
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LEXICAL COHESION IN FICTION STORIES WITH REFERENCE TO
THE FROG PRINCE AND THE BULLY
Rini Aziz Hakim
JurusanSastraInggrisFakultasSastraUniversitasUdayana
Abstrak :
Teks adalah cara berkomunikasi dalam bentuk tulisan. Didalam kesatuan teks terdapat koherensi dan kohesi. Kohesi memegang peran penting untuk pembuatan teks yang baik, dan melambangkan kesinambungan dari kata ke kata, klausa keklausa, dan kalimat kekalimat selanjutnya dengan menggunakan perlengkapan kohesi.
Perlengkapan kohesi ada lima macam, yaitu konjungsi, referensi, substitusi, ellipsis, dan leksikal kohesi. Data yang dianalisis berasal dari dua cerita fiksi, yaitu cerita fiksi anak-anak berjudul The Frog Prince dan cerita fiksi dewasa berjudul The Bully. Karya tulis ini membahas tentang penggunaan leksikal kohesi yang secara detil dianalisis, dijelaskan, dan dihitung pada masing-masing teks.
Kata Kunci: kohesi, leksikal kohesi, danfiksi
A text is a collection of words which have meanings. There are two kinds of text, spoken and written ones. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit, like a clause or sentence; it is not defined by its size (Halliday and Hasan 1976:1). The unity of text is showed by its coherence and cohesiveness.
Cohesiveness refers to the interrelation of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs in text, by applying the appropriate cohesive devices. Cohesion plays a special role in the creation of text. Cohesion expresses the continuity that exists between one part of the text and another (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:299).
This writing used two short fiction stories. They are children fictionand adult fiction story. To achieve cohesiveness in children fiction story and adult fiction story, the role of lexical cohesion is important because it is accounting for something like forty percent of cohesive ties in texts (Hoey; cited in Nunan, 1993:31).
Hence it is crucial, fiction writersdeal with the devices to make the story easier to read. Therefore, the readers can easily understand what they write and mean. However, each writer has their own writing style; fiction short story writers may have similarities and differences in the way they write their works in terms of lexical cohesive devices.
Based on the background above, the problems are:
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1. What types of lexical cohesion occur in fiction short stories?
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2. How many lexical cohesions occur in fiction short stories?
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3. Aims of the Study
Related to the problems above, specific aims of this study are aimed at:
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1. Investigating the types of lexical cohesion occurring in both of the texts.
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2. Describing the number of lexical cohesion occurring in both of the texts.
Methodology was very important and it provided the crucial step is used in conducting scientific research. The research method used in this study classified into three parts:
Some data in this study were taken from:
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1. Children fiction story entitled The Frog Prince written by Brothers Grimm
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2. Adult fiction story entitled The Bully written by Roger Dean Kiser.
The data were collected trough some steps:
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1. Reading the data source
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2. Writing down the lexical cohesion.
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3. Grouping them according to the types based on the theory of lexical cohesion.
The collected data were quantitatively and descriptively analyzed based on Halliday and Hasan in their book entitled Cohesion in English (1976).
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1. Both the data sources were retyped.
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2. Classifying the data into the lexical cohesions.
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3. Categorizing the data into reiteration (including repetition, synonym or nearsynonym, superordinate, and general word) and collocation.
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4. Findinglexical cohesion occurring the two texts.
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5. Analysis
The analysis of lexical cohesion in the text was done by signing the
elements of lexical cohesion; they are reiteration (including repetition is typed
inbold, synonym or near-synonym is typed in italic, superordinate is typed inunderlined, and general word is signed with square shape ) and collocation is signed with highlight. Then, signs were described.
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A. Reiteration
^ Repetition
Repetition occurs with the highest frequency. (45) repetition.
catching (L-5) ÷ catching (L-6)
This is the complete repetition without any change of the form in their repetition.
the words (L-38, 52, 74)
This is the kind of complete repetition.
sleep (L-18, 83) ÷ slept (L-65, 76)
This is repetition that be realized by the change of verb form.
the pillow (L-64)÷ her pillow (L-77)
Thisis accompanied by certain reference, such as demonstrative or articles.
Reference items can help to create cohesiveness in the text.
a young princess (L-1) ÷ the princess (L-8, 32, 40, 58, 59, 63, 68, 76, 78) ÷ princess (L-13, 19, 30) ÷ the young princess (L-27, 54, 88) ÷ my princess dear (L-36, 50, 72)
the princess, princess, the young princess, my princess dear refer back to a young princess in the preceding text.
very deep (L-9)÷so deep(L-9)÷ deep (L-24)
The phrase so deep and the word deep refer back to the phrase very deep. The word deep followed by determiner very and so.
gentle knock (L-35) ÷ knocked (L-49)
The phrase gentle knock is noun, meanwhile the word knocked is verb. They can be classified as a kind of repetition of the same lexical item because they have the same referent.
S Synonym or Near Synonym
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(16) frequencies of synonym and near synonym are found.
tossing (L-5) ÷ threw (L-6)
tossingmeans “to throw something lightly or carelessly or easily”. threw means “to send something from one’s hand through the air with some force by moving the arm”. They have same idea and similar referent that is “to move something through the air”, categorized as synonymy.
soon (L-27)÷ fast (L-29)
fastmeans “able to move quickly; rapid”. soon means “not long after the present time or the time mentioned; within a short time”. They have close meaning and same referent that is “do sth in a short time”, categorized as near synonymy.
S Superordinate
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(4) frequencies of superordinate are found.
pearls (L-16) ÷ jewels (L-16)
pearlsas a name of jewels is related to the jewel. Pearls is the hyponym of jewels.
S General Word
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(2) frequencies of general word are found.
the king (L-43) ÷ her father (L-43)
the king is considered as general word and it refers back to the her father. Her father refers to the princess’ father in the text. The king and her father can create cohesiveness since the words refer to one another.
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B. Collocation
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(6 ) frequencies of collocational patterns are found.
bonnet (L-1) – clogs (L-1) – fine clothes (L-10) – jewels (L-11)
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A. Reiteration
S Repetition
Repetition also occurs with the highest frequency. (37) repetition.
confused (L-9) ÷ confused(L-15)
This is the complete repetition without any change of the form in their repetition.
his wheelchair (L-42)÷ a wheelchair (L-49)÷ the wheelchair (L-56,58) ÷ this wheelchair (L-68)
table (L-12)÷the table (L-14)÷her table (L-20)
The article “the” and determiners “his”, “her”, and “this” that are followed by door, a wheelchair, the table show the repeated lexical item that refer back to the same lexical items in the preceding text.
turned (L-6,19) ÷ turn around (L-21)÷ turned back around (L-37)
The word turned also changes into two different forms; each of them has an addition and become a phrase turn around, and turned back around.
S Synonym or Near Synonym
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(11) frequencies of synonym and near synonym are found.
made fun (L-31) ÷ laughed (L-32)
The phrase made fun means to laugh at somebody or something. They categorized as synonym.
The counter (L-2)÷Booths (L-2)
the counter “a long flat surface over which goods are sold or business is done in a shop, bank, etc”. booths“a small usually temporary, tent or building where one can buy things, watch shows, etc at a market”. They have the same idea “a space in a shop or business place that has a bench with a long flat surface with many seats that sell many goods where anyone can do sth such wait, buy and dine in directly”. They can be categorized as near synonym.
S Superordinate
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(6) frequencies of superordinate are found.
Brunswick (L-1) ÷ Georgia (L-1)
In this case, Brunswick is the name of a city in Georgia.
S General Word
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(2) frequencies of general word are found.
the woman (L-10)÷Barbara (L-11)
the woman is considered as general word. The woman in the text refers to Barbara.
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B. Collocation
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(5 ) frequencies of collocational patterns are found.
restaurant (L-1) - the counter(L-2) - booths(L-2) - menu(L-2) - order (L-3) - breakfast (L-3) - lunch (L-4) – table (L-12) – dishes (L-40) – waitress (L-44)
Two sets of data, children fiction story entitled The Frog Prince written by Brothers Grimm and adult fiction story entitled The Bully written by Roger Dean Kiser were analyzed in terms of sub-types of lexical cohesion and the results were represented.
First, the types of lexical cohesion occurs in both of children fiction story and adult fiction story are reiteration (repetition, synonym or near synonym, superordinate, and general word) and collocation. In both data the most frequent sub-types are reiteration (repetition and synonymy).
Second, the total number of lexical cohesion in children fiction story data is (73) of which (67) are reiteration [(45) are repetition, (16) are synonymy or near synonymy, (4) are superordinate, (2) are general word], and (6) are collocation. Afterwards, the total number of lexical cohesion in adult fiction story data is (61) of which (56) are reiteration [(37) are repetition, (11) are synonymy or near synonymy, (6) are superordinate, (2) are general word], and (5) are collocation.
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