The Equivalence of NPs Containing Of-Constructions with Reference to

Samsung Smartphone Manual

Miranti Putri Kartini

Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya, Universitas Udayana

Abstrak

Paper ini berjudul The Equivalence of NPs Containing of-Constructions with Reference to Samsung Smartphone Manual, adalah sebuah paper mengenai frasa benda dan padanannya.

Data yang berupa frasa benda dianalisis menggunakan teori of-construction yang diajukan oleh Keizer (2007). Kemudian, struktur frasa benda dideskripsikan menggunakan teori X-bar yang diajukan oleh Haegeman (1994). Selanjutnya, struktur dari frasa-frasa benda tersebut dalam bahasa Inggris diperbandingkan dengan padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Perbandingan dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis shift (perubahan) yang terjadi dalam menerjemahkan frasa benda tersebut dengan menggunakan teori translation shift yang diajukan oleh Catford (dalam Venuti, 2000).

Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa frasa benda dengan of-construction dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu frasa benda dengan of-modifier dan frasa benda dengan of-complement. Seluruh frasa benda yang ditemukan dalam sumber data merupakan frasa benda dengan of-complement. Structure shift dan unit shift merupakan shift yang terjadi ketika kedua frasa benda (dalam bahasa Inggris dan Indonesia) dibandingkan.

Kata Kunci: Frasa benda, Teori X-bar, Translation Shift.

  • 1)    Background

Translation has played a role with the widespread of technology, particularly smartphones, when a country wants to utilize the product of another country meanwhile they have different languages. In this situation, translation can be used to solve this problem. For example, a Samsung smartphone that is originally from South Korea can be utilized by Indonesian people even though South Korea and Indonesia have different languages. South Korea can provide the manual of its product in the English language version and then it can be translated into Bahasa Indonesia so that the product of South Korea can be utilized by Indonseian people. In translation, what is being translated is a text whether the spoken or the written one. A text is constructed by a sentence or several sentences. There is one element that always exists in a sentence, that is noun, phrases. Because of that, this study is concerned with the equivalence of noun phrases.

  • 2)    Problems of the Study

There are two problems in this study, those are:

  • 1.    What are the types of NPs containing of-constructions found in Samsung smartphone manual?

  • 2.    What are the types of shift that occurs in translating the NPs containing of-constructions in Samsung smartphone manual?

  • 3)    Aims of the Study

There are two aims in this study, those are:

  • 1.    To find out and identify the types of NPs containing of-constructions and their translations in Samsung smartphone manual.

  • 2.    To find out and identify the theories of translation shift used in translating the NPs containing of-constructions in Samsung smartphone manual.

  • 4)    Research method

The data source of this study was a manual of Samsung Galaxy Mega smartphone. The method and technique of collecting data was note taking and observation by reading the data source both in English and Bahasa Indonesia versions in line with identifying the NPs containing of-constructions and their translations. Then, the NPs are classified based on the theory proposed by Keizer (2007) as collected data. After classifying the NPs containing of-constructions and their translations, the data were analyzed to see the constituencies of the NPs both in the English and Bahasa Indonesia by using the X-bar theory proposed by Haegeman (1994). After that, the NPs of the English and Bahasa Indonesia were compared to each other to find out which translation theory applied in particular noun phrases and their translations. In analyzing the translation theory, the theory of translation shift propsed by Catford (in Venuti, 2000) was used as the reference.

  • 5)    The analysis of the equivalence of NPs containing of-construction with reference to Samsung smartphone manual

The translation shift theory is proposed by Catford (in Venuti, 2000) in which he divides the translation shift into two big classes, those are level and

category shifts. Level shift occurs when the level of the product at one linguistic level of a translation has a translation equivalent with the source item. Category shift is divided into four, the structure, class, unit, and intra system shifts. Structure shift occurs at all ranks, class shift occurs to the word class, unit shift occurs when there is a change of the rank, and intra system shift occurs within the system.

The theory of NPs containing of-constructions is proposed by Keizer (2007) in which she divides the NPs containing of-constructions into two, the NPs with of-modifiers and the NPs with of-complements. The NPs with of-modifiers, the head noun of this construction is typically a basic non relational noun, that is a noun which does not need a complement. The noun is already meaningful without a complement. On the other hand, the NPs with of-complements, the head noun is a basic or derived relational noun, that is a noun which needs a complement to make the noun meaningful.

The noun phrases of the source language and their equivalents in the target language were compared to each other. To ease the comparison, the noun phrases were described by using the X-bar theory proposed by Haegeman (1994). Haegeman (1994) states that a phrasal constituent is projected from the head noun of the phrase. The phrase must be an endocentric. Consider an XP is a phrase with X as the head, then the XP has a schema as a layered structure as follows:

XP                ----► maximal projection

X'         …..              topmost projection

X'         …..              lowest projection

….. X …..

The X combines with an adjunct or complement to form the lowest X', the lowest X' combines with an adjunct to form the topmost X', and the topmost X' combines with the specifier to form the maximal projection, an XP. Adjuncts are optional constituents so that they can be repeated, that means the X' is recursive.

In the data source, it was found that there was thirty nine data that represent the NPs containing of-complements. All of the data serve as the NPs with of-complements. Since the head nouns of the NPs with of-complements can be the basic and derived relational noun, there would be three data being analyzed in this chapter that represent structure and unit shifts since it was found that only structure and unit shifts occur in translating the NPs. One NP with basic head noun that experiences structure shift, one NP with derived head noun that experiences structure shift, and one NP with derived head noun that experiences unit shift.

  • 1.    Data 1 (page 22)

SL : The eyes of people          TL : Mata manusia

NP                    NP

Det       N'                            N'

The     N'       PP               N       NP

eyes         of people        Mata       N

manusia

The eyes of people in the form of an NP in the SL has the translation equivalent mata manusia in the form of an NP in the TL. In this data, an NP is translated into an NP. However, both of the NP of the SL and TL have different elements that construct them as well as the arrangement of the elements. In the SL, the NP is headed by an N eyes experiencing pre and post modifications. Eye the organs on the face that somebody see with. It can be said that eye is part of the body since it is an organ that is used to see. Because of that, eyes is considered to be a basic relational noun because it is a body part which denotes an entity which is obligatory or possessed by some other entities (Fillmore, in Keizer 2007). Therefore, the PP that follows the head noun is a complement since the head noun denotes a possession. The PP of the people combines with the N eyes to form an N'. The N' combines with the specifier the to form the maximal projection NP.

The translation equivalent is in the form of an NP headed by a noun mata and postmodified by an NP manusia. Alwi (1998) argues that a noun can be pre or post modified by other nouns. Then in the NP mata manusia, the manusia is a complement explaining the head noun mata that makes manusia is inalienable to mata (Keizer, 2007). The complement NP manusia combines with the N' to form the topmost N'. The topmost N' goes upward directly to form an NP as maximal projection since the specifier is absent (Haegeman, 2007).

Structure shift is the shift taking place in the translation process since SL and TL have different elements and the way those elements arranged are different. The NP of the SL consists of Det + HN + PP that experiences pre and post modifications meanwhile the NP of the TL consists of HN + N experiences postmodification only. Besides, the specifier the in the SL is not translated in the TL. This fits to the idea of structure shift proposed by Catford (in Venuti 2000) in which structure shift occurs when there is a change of the elements and/or the occurence of the elements contained in the TL text which are different from the

SL.

  • 2.    Data 2 (page 20)

SL : The safety of others          TL : Keselamatan orang lain


NP



In the data 4, the SL text is in the form of an NP and the translation

equivalent, the TL text, is in the form of an NP as well. The NP of the SL is headed by a noun safety derived from an adjective safe. Safe means protected from any danger or harm and safety describes the state of being safe and protected from any danger. Since the head noun is a derived noun from an adjective safe, the head noun safety inherits the argument from the adjective (Keizer 2007). Then, the argument gained from the adjective changes into a complement in the NP. Therefore, the PP of others is a complement that combines with the head

noun N to form the topmost N'. The topmost N' combines with the specifier in the form of a definite article the to form the maximal projection NP (Haegeman, 1994).

The translation equivalent, the TL text is in the form of an NP headed by a noun keselamatan that is modified to the right by an NP orang lain. The NP orang lain acts as a complement so that it combines with the N keselamatan to form the topmost N'. The topmost N' is specified by nothing so that it goes upward to form the maximal projection NP.

From the description of both NPs of the SL and TL above, it can be concluded that the shift that takes place toward the translation process is structure shift. It can be seen since the NP of the SL and TL have different elements as well as the structures. The NP of the SL experiences pre and post modifications with the arrangement of Det + HN + PP, on the other hand, the TL experiences the postmodification only with the arrangement of HN + NP. Besides, the NP of the SL has a determiner and a PP as modifiers meanwhile the NP of the TL has only an NP as the modifier.

  • 3.    Data 3 (page 22)

SL : Prolonged exposure of your skin to an overheated device

TL : Jika kulit Anda terpapar ke perangkat yang terlalu panas dalam waktu lama

CP

Jika kulit Anda terpapar ke perangkat yang terlalu panas dalam waktu lama

In this data, it is seen from the schema that the NP of the SL prolonged exposure of your skin is translated into a sentence with a complementizer abbreviated into CP of the TL jika kulit Anda terpapar ke perangkat yang terlalu panas dalam waktu lama.

In the SL, the NP is headed by a derived noun exposure from a verb expose. Expose means to put somebody or something in a place or situation where they are not protected from something harmful or unpleasant. It is considered to be a monotransitive verb so that the deverbal noun derived from the verb inherits the argument from the verb. Therefore, the PP followed the head noun is considered to be a complement since the head noun is a derived relational noun (Keizer, 2007). The PP of your skin is a complement and the PP to an overheated device is a adjunct. The PP of your skin is said to be a complement because a complement will always be closer to the head than the modifier (adjunct) (Radford, in Keizer 2007). Thus, the lowest N' dominates the N exposure and the PP of your skin and then the lowest N' combines with an adjunct PP to an overheated device to form another N'. The N' exposure of your skin to an overheated device combines with a premodifier prolonged to form the topmost N'. The topmost N' does not combine with any specifiers so that it goes upward directly to form the maximal projection NP (Keizer, 2007).

The translation equivalent of the NP is a sentence with a complementizer CP. The complementizer is the element that determines the type of clause so that the complementizer is treated as the head of the CP symbolized as a C (Haegeman, 1994). In English, there are four complemetizers that introduce a

sentence (IP), those are that, if, whether, and for (Haegeman, 1994). In Bahasa Indonesia, jika is also known as a subordinating conjunction to show a condition (Alwi, 1998). Therefore, the head of the CP is a C jika. Since a complementizer determines the type of clause, then it selects an IP-complement (Haegeman, 1994). From that suggestion, a clause that follows a complementizer is considered as the complement. Then, in the CP jika kulit Anda terpapar ke perangkat yang terlalu panas dalam waktu lama, jika is the complementizer and kulit Anda terpapar ke perangkat yang terlalu panas dalam waktu lama is the complement. Therefore, the IP combines with the C to form the topmost C' and the topmost C' goes upward to form the maximal projection CP.

In the discussion above, in which an NP of the SL has a CP as the translation equivalent, experiences a unit shift. Unit shift is a shift that occurs in the change of rank in which the translation equivalent of the SL is different rank in the TL (Catford, in Venuti 2000). In this case, the SL text is in the form of a phrase while the translation equivalent the TL text is in the form of a sentence with a complementizer.

  • 6)    Conclusion

From the analysis, it is found that all of the noun phrases in the data source serve as the noun phrases with of-complements. The shifts that take place in translating the noun phrases are structure and unit shifts. There are fifteen structure shifts occur in the NPs of the SL when it is translated into NPs in the TL. The shift occurs in the elements contained in each NP and the structure of the elements. There is one unit shift occurs in the NP of the SL when it is translated into a CP in the TL. When a noun phrase is translated into a sentence with a complementizer, it means that there is a change in a unit at different rank.

  • 7)    Bibliography

Alwi, H. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka

Haegeman, L. 1994. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition). Cambridge: Blackwell

Keizer, E. 2007. The English Noun Phrase ‘The Nature of Linguistic Categorization’. Cambridge: University Press

Venuti, L. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge