THE ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES USING PREPOSITIONS BY, WITH, AND WITHOUT WITH THEIR INDONESIAN TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN REFERENCE TO “BHAGAVAD-GITA AS IT IS” AND ITS INDONESIAN TRANSLATION “BHAGAVAD-GITA MENURUT ASLINYA”

I Wayan Suardhana

English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University Pulau Nias No. 13, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Hp. 085337441299/0878099

Master Program in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program, Udayana University [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This present study entitled The English Prepositional Phrases Using Prepositions By, With, and Without with Their Indonesian Translation Equivalents in Reference to “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” and Its Indonesian Translation “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya” was intended to identify (1) what types of lexical and syntactical forms of the English prepositional phrases using By, With, and Without were found in the data source “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is”; (2) what shifts occurring in the process of translating the English prepositional phrases using By, With, and Without into Indonesian; and (3) what were the Indonesian closest equivalents of the English prepositional phrases using By, With, and Without. The qualitative method was used in the study and the data were obtained through library research using observation and note-taking techniques. The data were taken from the Vedic scripture “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Phrabupada and its Indonesian translation “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya”. The data were descriptively analyzed using the theory of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000), the theory of loss, gain, and skewing of information proposed by Nida (1975), and the theory of shift proposed by Catford (2000). The result shows that (1) there were a great number of prepositional phrases using By, With, and Without; (2) the shifts occurred from one word class to another word class and from one unit to another unit, (3) the procedures applied by the translator were word per word translation, borrowing, transposition, and modulation, and (4) the Indonesian translation equivalent of the preposition “by” is “oleh”, the Indonesian translation equivalent of the preposition of “with” is “dengan”, and the Indonesian translation equivalent of “without” is “tanpa”.

Keywords: prepositional phrase By, With, and Without, translation, equivalent, procedure

ABSTRAK

Penelitian yang berjudul “The English Prepositional Phrases Using Prepositions By, With, and Without with Their Indonesian Translation Equivalents in Reference to “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” and Its Indonesian Translation “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya” bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui jenis-jenis bentuk leksikal dan sintaksis frase preposisional bahasa Inggris yang memakai By, With, and Without yang ada pada sumber data “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is”; (2) pergeseran yang terjadi dalam proses penerjemahan frase prepositional bahasa Inggris yang memakai By, With, and Without ke dalam bahasa Indonesia; dan (3) padanan terjemahan frase prepositional bahasa Inggris yang memakai By, With, and Without yang paling dekat dalam bahasa Indonesia.Penelitian ini memakai metode kualitatif dan data yang dipakai didapatkan melalui penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi dan teknik catat. Data diambil dari “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” yang ditulis oleh A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Phrabupada dan Terjemahnnya dalam bahasa Indonesia “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya”. Data dianalisa secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan “theory of translation procedures” oleh Vinay and Dalbernet (2000), “the theory of loss, gain, and skewing of information” oleh Nida (1975), dan “theor of shift” oleh Catford (2000). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa (1) ditemukan demikian banyak frase prepositional yang memakai By, With, and Without; (2) peralihan terjadi dari kelas kata yang satu ke kelas kata yang lain dan dari satu unit bahasa ke unit bahasa yang lain; (3) prosedur penerjemahan yang diterapkan oleh penerjemah adalah prosedur penerjemahan per kata, peminjaman, transposisi, dan modulasi, and (4) padanan terjemahan dari preposisi “with” dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah “dengan”, dan padanan terjemahan “without”dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah “tanpa”.

Kata kunci: frasa preposisional By, With, and Without, terjemahan, padanan, prosedur

INTRODUCTION

As a process, translation is always performed in a given direction from a source language into target language (Catford, 1965). Translation benefits those who are non native speakers of the source language, as through translation they can obtain information and knowledge from those who do not speak the same language.

Translation is intended to transfer the meaning of the source text into the target text. The meaning is maintained but the form is adjusted to the natural form

of the target language (Larson, 1998). In other words, it is the meaning which is transferred and must be held constant, and it is the form which changes.

There are many difficulties when translating an English text into Indonesian and vice versa, as they come from different mothers. The mother of the Indonesian language is Malay and English is one of the Indo-European languages. Coming from different mothers means having different systems. In addition, there are also many external factors, which contribute to such differences, one of which is culture. However, there are several procedures and strategies which can be applied to find the solutions to such difficulties. Therefore, it is necessary for the translator to make adjustments as needed to make the translation product readable and understandable.

When translating an English text into Indonesian, as the object of the present study, the use of prepositions may be one of the things which cause the translating process to be complicated. As an illustration, in every dictionary it will be found that the preposition ‘with’ is equivalent to ‘dengan’ in the Indonesian language as in ‘I am angry with my mother’. However, in the sentence ‘I am interested in French”, the preposition ‘in’ is also translated into ‘dengan’ in the Indonesian language, rather than into ‘di’. Similarly, in every dictionary it will be found that the preposition “by” means “oleh” as in ‘The building was constructed by the government”. However, in ‘It is predicted that the population will increase by 3 percent in the next three years’, the translation equivalent of ‘by’ is ‘sampai’. The above illustrations show that prepositions may also contribute to the fact why translating English prepositions could be difficult. It is this reason which has

inspired the writer to discuss the prepositional phrases using By, With, and Without with their Indonesian equivalents in the present study.

RESEARCH METHOD

The research method includes the object of the study, the data source, the method and technique of collecting data, the method and technique of analyzing the data, and the method of presenting the result of data analysis.

The object of the present study are the prepositional phrases using the prepositions By, With, and Without with their translation equivalents. The data were taken from the Vedic scripture “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” by His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of Acarya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, which is translated into “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya”. The reason why such a data source was chosen was that it contains the items related to the topic and a lot of Hindu moral teachings.

The data were obtained through library research (Sudaryanto, 1993: 133137), using observation and note-taking techniques. Before the data were analyzed, the data were read, identified and classified. The data include the translation shift, loss and gain of information, and the skewed information. By comparing the English prepositional phrases using By, With, and Without the strategies or procedures applied could be identified. The pages in which the data were found were quoted. Then the data were qualitatively analyzed based on the scope of the study and the theoretical framework used.

The result of data analysis is descriptively presented using words, phrases, sentences, and three diagrams. The source text is typed on the left and the target text is typed on the right. The analysis is supported using the tree diagram through which the translation procedures or strategies used by the translator can be easily identified.

DISCUSSION

In this section, the prepositional phrases used as the data are divided into three. They are the prepositional phrase using “by”, the prepositional phrase using “with” and the prepositional phrase using “without”. However, every type of prepositional phrase is elaborated with one example.

The theories which were used to analyze the data are the theory of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000) in which it is stated that there are seven translation procedures such as borrowing, calque, word per word translation or literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation; the theory of loss, gain, and skewing of information proposed by Nida (1975); and the theory of shifting proposed by Caatford (2000).

Prepositional Phrase Using “By”

Source Language Text

Target Language Text

O my teacher, behold the great army of the sons of Pandu, so expertly arranged by your intelligent disciple

Wahai Guruku, lihatlah tentara-tentara besar para putera Pandu, yang disusun dengan ahli sekali oleh putera Drupada, murid yang cerdas (BG. 1.3.36)

As can be seen in the data above, the prepositional phrase “by your intelligent disciple the son of Drupada” is made up of the preposition “by” + the

noun phrase “your intelligent disciple the son of Drupada” + the noun phrase “the son of Drupada”. The first noun phrase is made up of the possessive adjective “your” + the adjective “intelligent” + the noun “disciple”, and the second noun phrase is made up of the determiner “the” + the noun “son” + the preposition “of” + the noun “Drupada”. In the target text, the prepositional phrase is lexically constructed from the preposition “oleh” + the noun phrase “putera Drupada”, and the noun phrase “murid anda yang cerdas”. The first noun phrase is made up of the noun “putera” + the noun “Drupada, and the second noun phrase is made up of the noun “murid” + the noun “anda” and the relative pronoun “yang” + the adjective “cerdas”. Syntactically, both the prepositional phrase in the source text and target text can be described as follows.

The prepositional phrase in the source text

(by your intelligent disciple the son of Drupada)

Prepositional phrase in TL

(oleh putera Drupada, murid anda yang cerdas)

oleh putera Drupada Murid anda yang cerdas

It can be observed that in the phrase “the son of Drupada” the determiner “the” and preposition “of” do not appear in the target text, meaning that loss of information takes place in the target text. However, the relative pronoun “yang” appears in the target text, meaning that gain of information takes place. From the translation procedure point of view, it can be observed that the translator applied the literal transition procedure.

Phrase Using “with”

Source Text

Target Text

Arjuna said: O killer of enemies, O killer of Madhu, how can I counterattack with arrows in battlement like Bhisma and Dhrona, who are worthy of my worship?

Arjuna berkata: O pembunuh musuh, O pembunuh Madhu, bagaimana saya dapat membalas serangan orang seperti Bhisma dan Drona dengan panah pada medan perang, padahal seharusnya saya menyembah mereka?

As can be observed from the source text that the prepositional phrase is lexically composed of the preposition “with” followed by the noun phrase with arrows in battlement. In the target text, the prepositional phrase is lexically made

up of the preposition “dengan” followed by the noun phrase consisting of the noun “panah” + the preposition “pada” + the noun “medan” and the noun “perang”. Syntactically, the prepositional phrase in the source text and target text can be described as follows.

Preposition phrase in ST

(with arrows in battlement)


Prepositional Phrase in TT (dengan panah pada medan perang)

P        N


dengan panah



pada medan perang

From the above tree diagram, it can be observed that the translator applied the literal translation procedure. According to Vinay and Dalbernet (2000), literal or word per word translation is a direct transfer from the source text into the target text. The preposition “with” is translated into “dengan”, the noun “arrows” is

translated into “panah”, and the preposition “in” is translated into “pada”, and the noun “battlement” is translated into “perang”.

Prepositional Phrase Using “Without”

Source Text

O son of Kunti, the non permanent appearance of happiness and distress, and their disappearance in due course are like appearance and disappearance of winter and summer seasons They arise from sense of perception, O scion of Bharata, and one must learn to tolerate them without being disturbed


Target Text

Wahai Putera Kunti, suka dan duka muncul untuk sementara dan hilang setelah beberapa waktu, bagaikan mulai dan berakhirnya musim dingin dan panas. Hal-hal itu timbul dari penglihatan indria, and seseorang harus berusaha cara mentolerir hal-hal itu tanpa goyah, wahai Putera keluarga


(BG.2.14.93)


Bharata (BG. 2.14.91).


It can be seen from the data above that the prepositional phrase “without being disturbed” in the source text is lexically constructed from the preposition “without”, followed by the verb phrase “being + disturbed”. However, the prepositional phrase in the target text consists of the preposition “tanpa” + the adjective “goyah”. Syntactically, the prepositional phrase both in the source text and target text can be explained as follows.

Prepositional phrase in ST Prepositional phrase in TT (without being disturbed) (tanpa goyah)

being disturbed



It can be seen that the translator applied the modulation procedure to translate the prepositional phrase used as the data above. The verb phrase “being disturbed” is translated into “goyah”. If it is literally translated, its Indonesian equivalent will be “diganggu”. In fact, it is translated into “goyah”, meaning that there is a change in point of view, and that the modulation procedure was applied by the translator. A unit shift has also taken place, as the phrase “being disturbed” is translated into the word “goyah”, meaning that there is a shift from a phrase to a word.

CONCLUSION

From what was discussed, it can be concluded that there are several similarities and differences between the English prepositional phrase and the Indonesian prepositional phrase. The word per word translation procedure, the borrowing procedure, and the modulation procedure were applied to translate the English prepositional phrase into Indonesian. The shift from one category to another category and the shift from one level to another level were also found as far as the data used in this present study are concerned.

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