pISSN : 2301 – 8968

JEKT ♦ 16 [1] : 167-186

eISSN : 2303 – 0186


Ubud’s Community Resilience in Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic Isvari Ayu Pitanatri, I Nyoman Darma Putra, Putu Sucita Yanthy

ABSTRACT

The current Covid-19 pandemic has resulted the downfall of world tourism, including Bali. Ubud, which is one of the main stars of Bali tourism, is being severely affected by the pandemic situation because of the dependency of the Ubud community on the tourism sector. This study examines the resilience of the Ubud’s community in facing the Covid-19 pandemic which is influenced by community capital in the form of social capital, economic capital, cultural capital, institutional capital, and infrastructure capital. This community resilience then affects the community's decision in returning into the tourism sector in the post-pandemic situation. Quantitative research is conducted and the data was collected by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents and supported by literature studies, observations, and interviews with informants related to this research. The results of the study found that social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital were in the good category and had a positive influence on the community resilience in Kawasan Wisata Ubud amid the Covid-19 pandemic. That resilience increases the people's optimism about returning to the tourism sector in the post-pandemic situation.

Keywords: financial crisis, sociocultural, tourism

Klasifikasi JEL: P340, A130, L8

INTRODUCTION

Currently, tourism is the worst affected industry from the Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) pandemic (Kristiana, Pramono and Brian, 2021). Tourism has a multiplier effect in relation to other economic activities that directly and indirectly support the industry from a local perspective (Hussain and Fusté-Forné, 2021) and have an effect in terms of income and employment (Kristiana, Pramono and Brian, 2021). Based on

Bali Province Employment Statistics (2020), the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) of Bali Province increased to 5.63% (144,500 people) in 2020 compared to the previous year which was only 1.57% (39,288 people). The Bank Indonesia report (2020) also recorded a decrease in the number of

workers in Bali Province by -1.84% with the most decline being in regencies Gianyar numbered 33,353 workers (10.97%). Gianyar Regency is one of the

drivers of the tourism sector in Bali, where 34,346 (12.69%) people work in the category of accommodation and food and drink providers, so it is not surprising that Gianyar Regency has been greatly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic when viewed from the decline in the number of workers.

Ubud Tourism Area is the heart of tourism in Gianyar Regency, which was once full of tourist frenzy and also experienced a slump due to the Covid-19 pandemic which caused the destination to appear quiet and airy, so that traders at Ubud Art Market took pains in selling their wares because only a handful of tourists were still passing by (CNN Indonesia, 2020). This shows that disasters can have a major impact on the welfare of the community, especially the tourism community.

Ubud Tourism Area is the heart of tourism in Gianyar Regency, which was once full of tourist frenzy and also experienced a slump due to the Covid-19 pandemic which caused the destination to appear quiet and airy, so that traders at Ubud Art Market took

pains in selling their wares because only a handful of tourists were still passing by (CNN Indonesia, 2020). This shows that disasters can have a major impact on the welfare of the community, especially the tourism community.

Ubud Tourism Area is the heart of tourism in Gianyar Regency, which was once full of tourist frenzy and also experienced a slump due to the Covid-19 pandemic which caused the destination to appear quiet and airy, so that traders at Ubud Art Market took pains in selling their wares because only a handful of tourists were still passing by (CNN Indonesia, 2020). This shows that disasters can have a major impact on the welfare of the community, especially the tourism community.

Ubud Tourism Area is the heart of tourism in Gianyar Regency, which was once full of tourist frenzy and also experienced a slump due to the Covid-19 pandemic which caused the destination to appear quiet and airy, so that traders at Ubud Art Market took pains in selling their wares because only a handful of tourists were still passing

by (CNN Indonesia, 2020). This shows that disasters can have a major impact on the welfare of the community, especially the tourism community.

RESEARCH METHODS

This research uses quantitative methods carried out directly by researchers through questionnaires given offline or online to people who have been and are affected by Covid-19, or are still working in the tourism sector, directly or indirectly. The data obtained is then processed and analyzed using SmartPLS 3.0 Student Version software to test the relationship between variables. The study was also supported by unstructured interviews using guidelines that contained outlines of the questions asked. This is done to support data and enrich the information that has been obtained from observation, dissemination of questionnaires, and literature studies.

In this study, there are three variables exogenous (independent), which are used in this study, namely social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital; and endogenous

(dependent) variables, namely community resilience. Based on these calculations, a sample size of 150 respondents was obtained in this study. However, because this study used SmartPLS 3.0 Student Version, Ghozali (2014) explained that in determining the number of samples using PLS-based SEM, it is recommended to take a minimum of 30 to 100 respondents. Based on these provisions, the number of samples taken was as many as 100 respondents to the tourism community of Ubud Tourism Area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The problems that occur due to Covid-19 have proven to have a fairly heavy impact on Bali, considering that the tourism industry is still Bali's mainstay in terms of economy and employment in 2020. There has been a drastic decline in the number of workers in some districts, as can be seen in Table The problems that occur due to Covid-19 have proven to have a fairly heavy impact on Bali, considering that the tourism industry is still Bali's mainstay in terms of economy and employment in

2020. There has been a drastic decline in the number of workers in some districts, as can be seen in Table 1.the number of tourism workers will certainly affect

local economic activities in Gianyar with Ubud in it which is the main tourism star of Gianyar Regency.

Tabel 1. Working Residents By Regency/City in Bali Province

No Kabupaten

Tahun 2019      2020

Jumlah Penuruna n

Persentase

1 Jembrana

143.403

158.203

14.800

10,32

2 Tabanan

270.736

265.435

-5.301

-1,95

3 Badung

382.119

367.619

-14.500

-2,79

4 Gianyar

303.944

270.591

-33.353

-10,97

5 Klungkung

105.314

101.058

-4.256

-4,04

6 Bangli

145.481

143.650

-1.831

-1,25

7 Karangasem

254.667

252.869

-1.798

-0,70

8 Buleleng

339.818

362.851

23.033

6,77

9 Denpasar

523.524

501.143

-22.381

-4,27

Provinsi Bali

2.469.006

2.423.419

-45.587

-1,84

Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali, 2021 (data diolah)

Based    on

the    gender

A. Characteristics of Responde

characteristics of

the respondents

A. Characteristics of Respondents

obtained, it was

seen that male

By Gender

respondents were

54 people with a

Tabel 2. Jenis Kelamin Responden

Variabel     Jumlah

(N=100)       (orang)

percentage of 54% and female respondents were 46 people with a percentage of 46%. Based on this data

Laki-Laki        54

Perempuan     46

there

are indeed more male respondents

Total            100

than

female respondents with a thin

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

difference in numbers. This shows that

there is gender equality in the world of work, where work is no longer only a man's job, but women can also work and earn a living. The opening of job opportunities in the 21st century provides opportunities for women to enter the world of work caused by the increase in educated women and the ability to work on par with men (Handayani and Salim, 2007). In addition, in the search for respondents, it is sought that the difference in the percentage of respondents' sexes is not far away in order to get balanced data.

Characteristics of Respondents By Gender Tabel 3. Usia Responden

Variabel (N=100)

Jumlah (orang)

≤ 20 tahun

2

20-29 tahun

33

30-39 tahun

39

40-49 tahun

8

50-59 tahun

12

60 tahun ≤

6

Total

100

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

Based on the data obtained, there is age diversity divided into six categories. The total number of respondents is dominated by the age group of 30-39 years with a percentage

of 39% (39 people). This happens given that this age is the productive age for work (Aprilyanti, 2017). The second group with the highest number of respondents was the age group of 20-29 years which represented 33% of respondents (33 people). This age group is a group that has just graduated from college and has just stepped into the world of work or what is called freshgraduate. For other percentages filled with age groups less than 20 years (2%), 40-49 years (8%), 50-59 years (12%), and more than 60 years (6%).

Characteristics of Respondents By Job

Table 5.5 shows that before the pandemic, the majority of respondents worked as hotel or restaurant employees with a percentage of 54% (54 people). In addition to hotel and restaurant employees, 21% of respondents work as MSME traders spread across Ubud Tourist Areas, such as in Ubud Market, Monkey Forest, and Tegalalang.

Tabel 4. Pekerjaan Responden Sebelum Pandemi

Variabel (N=100)

Jumlah (orang)

Pegawai Hotel atau Restoran

12

Pegawai Travel Agent

0

Pegawai Objek Wisata

0

Event Organizer

1

Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS)

1

Pedagang (UMKM)

36

Pegawai Swasta

32

Freelancer

0

Tidak Bekerja

18

Total

100

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

Tabel 5 Pekerjaan Responden Saat Pandemi

Variabel (N=100)

Jumlah (orang)

Pegawai Hotel atau Restoran

12

Pegawai Travel Agent

0

Pegawai Objek Wisata

0

Event Organizer

1

Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS)

1

Pedagang (UMKM)

36

Pegawai Swasta

32

Freelancer

0

Tidak Bekerja

18

Total

100

Tabel 6. Hasil Construct Reliability and Validity

Variabel

Cronbach’s Alpha

Composite

Reliability

Averange

Variance

Extracted (AVE)

Modal Sosial

0.717

0.819

0.538

Modal Budaya

0.867

0.899

0.598

Modal Ekonomi

0.901

0.938

0.836

Resiliensi

0.897

0.924

0.710

Masyarakat

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

Other respondents were filled by private employees as much as 10% (10 people), travel agents as much as 2% (2 people), tourist attraction employees as much as 4% (4 people), freelancers as much as 4% (4 people), and civil servants as


much as 1% (1 person). However, when the pandemic began, not a few people began to lose their place of work and had to find new jobs to survive during the pandemic, as can be seen in Table 5.6 below.


Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

Based on the data obtained, most of the people who work in tourism have made job changes during the pandemic. The transition of work was carried out by the community as an effort to survive during the pandemic. Sourced from interviews in the field, some of them admitted that they still persisted in working in the previous place even with salaries cut by almost 50%. They do this because they feel pessimistic about getting a better job out there, so they try to stay afloat even though the salary can only cover basic needs.

  • A. Outer Model

  • 1.    Outer Model

A validity test was carried out by looking at the outer loading value, which is a measurement


of the correlation between the indicator and its forming variables (Trenggonowati & Kulsum, 2017) with the loading factor value must be more than 0.70. There are two indicators that must be eliminated to get a model that is said to be feasible. These indicators are 1) Social capital variables, namely indicators of mutual feelings towards society with a loading factor value of 0.133; and 2) Economic capital variables, namely financial indicators during and before the pandemic with a loading factor value of


model that shows the magnitude


0.662.

  • 2.    Construct Reliability and Validity


Judging from Table 6, all variables have met reliability because they have an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value above 0.50 and a Cronbach's Alpha value above 0.70 (Ghozali, 2014), so this research is suitable for use and can be continued to the next stage.

  • B.    Structural Model Testing

  • 1.    R Square

Structural model testing was evaluated using R square (R2), which is a value that shows the magnitude of the contribution of the influence exogenous latent variables have on endogenous latent variables (Trenggonowati & Kulsum, 2017). The variable of community resilience has a strong influence because R2 has a value of more than 0.67 (Ghozali (2014).

Tabel 7. R Square

Variabel          R Square

Resiliensi Masyarakat 0.890 Sumber: Data Primer, 2022 2. Uji F Square

Next is the evaluation of the value of F square (F2) to see the weak

influence of latent variable predictors, with the result that F2 the value > 0.35 then it is said to be strong; the value range of 0.15-0.34 is said to be moderate; and the value range of 0.02-0.14 is said to be weak (Ghozali, 2014).

Tabel 8. F Square

Variabel

Resiliensi

Masyarakat

Modal Sosial

0.137

Modal Ekonomi

1.284

Modal Budaya

0.551

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

The results of data analysis in Table 8 show that the variables of cultural capital, economic capital, and community resilience have a strong influence; Meanwhile, social capital variables have a weak influence.

  • 3.    Model Fit

The last is to look at the FIT model or goodness of fit model which refers to the SMRM value. If the SRMR value < 0.08 then the model is declared perfect fit, and if the SRMR value < 0.10 then it is declared fit or meets the criteria. The goodness of fit models can be seen in Table 5.10 as follows:

Tabel 9. Hasil Construct Reliability and Validity

Variabel           Saturated Model

SRMR           0.096

NFI                0.591

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

Based on Table 5.10, the SRMR has a value of 0.096 so this model is declared fit because the model value is below 0.10 so it still meets the criteria and is suitable for use.

Table 10 shows that there are several six direct relationships that occur between one variable and another. Referring to Ghozali (2014), if the value of T Statistic > 1.96 and the value of P Values < 0.05 then the hypothesis will be accepted, and if the value does not meet the requirements of the value then the hypothesis will be rejected. Then the results of the analysis will be described as follows.

B. Analysis of Community Capital that Affects Community Resilience

Tabel 10. Hasil Pengaruh Langsung (Direct Effect) antar Variabel


Hubungan antar Variabel

Outer

Loading

Standard Deviation

T-Statistics

Signifikansi

Modal Sosial →

0.391

0.048

8.054

**

Resiliensi Masyarakat

(Signifikan)

Modal Ekonomi →

0.522

0.058

8.898

**

Resiliensi Masyarakat

(Signifikan)

Modal Budaya →

0.158

0.046

3.396

**

Resiliensi Masyarakat

(Signifikan)

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022


1. The Effect of Social Capital on Community Resilience in Ubud Tourism Area

masyarakat pariwisata di Kawasan

Wisata Ubud.

Ha1 : Modal sosial berpengaruh positif

H01 : Modal sosial tidak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap resiliensi

dan signifikan terhadap resiliensi masyarakat pariwisata di Kawasan Wisata Ubud.


Tabel 11. Hasil Uji Model Pengukuran pada Variabel Modal Sosial

Kode

Indikator

Outer

Loading

Standard Deviation

T-Statistic Signifikansi

SOS1

Keterlibatan

0.863

0.028

30.511    ** (Signifikan)

Masyarakat

SOS2

Informasi

0.670

0.093

6.748     ** (Signifikan)

SOS3

Politik

0.808

0.038

20.806    ** (Signifikan)

SOS4

Inisiatif

0.553

0.151

3.650     ** (Signifikan)


Sumber: Data Primer, 202

In Table 11, the hypothesis test results show that the social capital variable has a positive and significant influence on the community resilience variable in the Ubud Tourist Area, with an original sample value of 0.100 (positive), with a T Statistics value of 2,455 and a P Values value of 0.014. So H01 was rejected and Ha1 was accepted stating that "Social capital has a positive and significant effect on the resilience of the tourism community in the Ubud Tourist Area". The value of outer loading that is positively marked indicates that the relationship between the two is directly proportional. That is, the better the social capital, the better the resilience or resilience of the community. On the other hand, if social capital in society is low, community resilience will be low as well..

The results of this hypothesis testing are in line with previous research conducted by Robertson et al. (2021), Hsieh et al. (2021) and Sheppard & Williams (2016) which explain how people who have greater social capital will generally be more resistant to disasters and experience faster recovery than people with low social capital. Community resilience will depend on the social capital of a community that existed before the disaster occurred (Stofferahn, 2012). Quoting from Beekman et al. (2014) who said that "bridging social capital can lead to more resilience in a community, as people can exchange knowledge, experience, and capital in case of shocks" further supports the results of this study.

The results of research obtained in the field show that there is a relevation with the concept of

community resilience proposed by Cutter et al. (2014) with the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC) model which says that social capital is one of the main capitals that affects community resilience. Cutter views that resilience itself is inherent as a complex process of interaction between different social systems with their respective forms and functions, but works together to provide improvements for the whole society.

Cutter continued, total hazard or disaster impact is the accumulative effect of the community's pre-disaster condition, the characteristics of the event, and how the community responds to the disaster. The overall local impact can be reduced by the absorption of the community. Community absorption is the ability of the community to absorb the impact of events using predetermined countermeasures. If the community can implement an adequate response response, it will reduce the impact of disaster events leading to a high recovery rate. As is done by the community in the Ubud Tourism Area,

community capital through good responses and initiatives proves to be able to generate strong community resilience. This has relevance to the theory put forward by Bourdieu (1986) which describes social capital as "investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace", or investment in social relations with expected results in the environment.

  • 1.    Pengaruh Modal Ekonomi terhadap Resiliensi Masyarakat di Kawasan Wisata Ubud

H02 : Modal ekonomi tidak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap resiliensi masyarakat pariwisata di Kawasan Wisata Ubud.

Ha2 : Modal ekonomi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap resiliensi masyarakat pariwisata di Kawasan Wisata Ubud.

Tabel 12. Hasil Uji Model Pengukuran pada Variabel Modal Ekonomi

Outer Standard

Kode Indikator                             T-Statistics Signifikansi

Loading Deviation

EKO2

Pekerjaan Utama

0.894

0.025

34.873

**

(Signifikan)

EKO3

Pekerjaan Sampingan Kualitas Hidup

0.943

0.017

54.301

**

(Signifikan)

**

(Signifikan)

EKO4

0.905

0.029

31.114

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022

In the second hypothesis, the economic capital variable has a significant effect on the variable of community resilience in the Ubud

Tourist Area. This is shown by the original sample value of 0.250 (positive), with a T Statistics value of 7,473 and a P Values value of 0.000. Thus, H02 is rejected and Ha2 is accepted, where economic capital has a positive and significant effect on the resilience of the tourism community in the Ubud Tourist Area.

The results of the hypothesis are also supported by previous studies such as in the research of Febriyanti et al. (2021); Bhati et al. (2016); Kristiana et al., (2021); and Cartier & Taylor (2020). Economic downturns and recessions, exchange rate fluctuations, loss of market confidence and withdrawal of

of disasters in the global tourism market (Bhati et al., 2016). In an economy that relies on tourism, resilience in small businesses can have an impact on

society in terms of finances, community support, and resource availability (de Vries & Hamilton in Cartier & Taylor, 2020). The fact that people have to change professions from the tourism industry shows that people are not running out of ways to deal with this situation and are still able to adapt to changes in economic activities during the pandemic. This is in line with Santi & Utomo's research (2021) which saw changes in the economic activities of the banjar Lodsema community, Lodtunduh Village, Ubud. People who previously relied on the tourism sector must now think as creatively as possible to earn income from local economic

investment funds are some of the effects

activities, either by changing the

products sold or changing the targeted market. Bourdieu in the book The Forms of Capital also explains that economic capital is the root of all other types of capital that will produce other effects. Economics is not just a job, material and financial goods that a person has. Economic capital can be invested into educational investments that will later transform into cultural capital; and can transform into social capital based on a network of connections and how a person is able to socialize in his work environment, which will generate new relationships and skills. Based on this, people who have a good economic

capital base will be able to innovate, adapt, and create new jobs during a crisis as done by the people in the Ubud Tourist Area.

  • 2.    Pengaruh Modal Budaya terhadap Resiliensi Masyarakat di Kawasan Wisata Ubud

Ha3 : Modal budaya berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap resiliensi masyarakat pariwisata di Kawasan Wisata Ubud.

H03 : Modal budaya tidak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap resiliensi masyarakat pariwisata di Kawasan Wisata Ubud.

Tabel 13. Hasil Uji Model Pengukuran pada Variabel Modal Budaya

Kode

Outer Standard

Indikator                          T-Statistics Signifikansi

Loading Deviation

BUD1

nKesiapsiagaa    0.874      0.027       33.376     ** (Signifikan)

BUD2

BUD3

BUD4

BUD5

BUD6

Pengetahuan    0.765      0.061       12.378     ** (Signifikan)

Pendidikan      0.746      0.031       23.362     ** (Signifikan)

Komunikasi     0.805      0.056       14.233     ** (Signifikan)

Perasaan        0.733      0.069       10.620     ** (Signifikan)

Kepercayaan    0.706      0.072       9.797      ** (Signifikan)

Sumber: Data Primer, 2022


variable in the Ubud Tourist Area, with

Based on testing the third      an original sample value  of 0.250

hypothesis, it can be concluded that the       (positive), with a T Statistics value of

cultural capital variable has a significant      4,333 and a P Values value of 0.000. So

effect on the community resilience      H03 was rejected and Ha3 was accepted


stating that "Cultural capital has a positive and significant effect on the resilience of the tourism community in the Ubud Tourist Area". In previous studies conducted by Uekusa (2017), James & Paton (2015), and Stofferahn (2012). Cultural capital is how society acts in the face of problems, which in this case is a catastrophic crisis, both in upholding values and culture (James and Paton, 2015), knowledge and education (Bourdieu, 1986).

Cultural capital is not just about helping and humanity. Gotong royong itself is formed from environmental education applied in schools (Hastuti, 2018).

Bourdieu also emphasized that cultural capital refers to the attainment of education and knowledge. In Pinxten & Lievens (2014), education and knowledge in cultural capital are said to contain relevance to one's health and mentality, in which form cultural capital becomes a key component that connects the social position of society with behavioral aspects of health inequality, which in this case is facing Covid-19.

B. Resiliensi Masyarakat di Kawasan Wisata Ubud

The results of this study indicate that social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital play a role in creating good community resilience in the Ubud Tourism Area. The findings from this study support Bourdieu's idea of community capital which is true and still applies today. Bourdieu explains that social capital is not only vis insita, the power of an object to maintain a state of affairs; but also lex insita, namely principles based on reason and awareness in social relations. Community capital coupled with proactive policy making, planning and implementing disaster risk reduction and resilience building measures really helps reduce the vulnerability of tourism to various hazards and enhances the ability of this sector to recover from crises and disasters (Becken, 2013).

Based on the field results, it was found that the community acknowledged that they were still able to deal with all of this but tended to 'surrender to God' about what would happen in the future. Regarding this, the role of cultural capital in the form of

'trust' is very strong. In the aspect of resilience described by Connor & Davidson (2003), this is referred to as spiritual influences or one's belief in God or fate. The Balinese people's belief in religious matters is still very much felt in this study. A brief interview with a respondent named Luh Suma, a handcrafting worker in the Tegalalang area stated that "I keep selling because I believe 'The One Above' has arranged everything, so I keep selling". Nyoman Karta, a trader at Monkey Forest, also said that “Just give up, leave it to God. So far, we are still strong, even though we don't have money, but there must be a way” (interview with Iluh Kelanis, 7 January 2022). Belief in spiritual things will affect resilience in the form of selfcontrol morality, sincerity, and hope (Foy, Drescher and Watson, 2011).

In addition, the community's optimism for tourism that will revive can also be said to be very strong. Not a few people believe that tourism will return to normal and it is this hope that has kept the community alive until now. Resilience is not just about surviving or not when a disaster occurs. Resilience is

the core goal of a destination to protect the interests of future generations and to achieve prosperity in the present Goodwin (2017). Walker et al. (2004) in their concept of resilience, said that resilience, adaptability, and transformability will determine the future of the community.

Although by application the accumulation of community capital has proven successful in producing a resilient society, in reality it is clear how tourism has become the center of economic activity in the Ubud Tourism Area and how weak the community is if tourism is disrupted. This shows that the community has not learned from past disasters, such as the eruption of Mount Agung. Research conducted by Dewi et al. (2020) have seen how the lack of crisis management and the unpreparedness of the tourism community in Ubud when the Mount Agung eruption occurred, so it is very unfortunate that a similar incident occurred again during this pandemic, and it was even worse. It is necessary for the tourism community in the Ubud Tourism Area to feel aware of disasters

considering that tourism is a vulnerable industry.

Of course, the community will not simply leave the tourism industry, moreover, there is still hope for the return of tourism in Bali which may come true in the future. However, society must also continue to take lessons from this pandemic. A resilient society will build a mentality in managing crises from an internal perspective (Cartier and Taylor, 2020). The community cannot depend 100% of their lives on tourism, the community must be able to innovate and have skills that can generate money from other fields outside the tourism sector (Cok Ace, interview, 11 January 2022).

Cartier & Taylor (2020) explained that diversity is also important for longterm community resilience from an economic standpoint, meaning that the local economy does not only depend on one sector. This will certainly serve as a lesson for the people of Ubud and the Balinese government in the future, that the greater the dependency on one sector, the greater the impact it will

likely face when shocks occur in that sector.

CONCLUSION

Ubud, which was previously a tourist paradise and the main star of Bali tourism, has become a 'dead city' due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of the tourism businesses went out of business and resulted in a shift in the economic activities of the people in the Ubud Tourism Area. Through distributing questionnaires, people who previously worked predominantly as hotel and restaurant employees have turned into private workers or opened their own businesses that do not rely on tourists as their main market to survive during the pandemic. If this continues, it will become a concern for the sustainability of the Ubud Tourism Area as a tourism destination after the Covid-19 pandemic.

As time goes by and the proper handling of Covid-19 now shows that the pandemic situation continues to improve over time. The abolition of the antigen rapid test requirements when traveling, the extension of operating hours and the capacity of public places,

as well as the abolition of mandatory quarantine for foreign travelers (PPLN) who enter Bali is evidence that the government has relaxed the mobility of people and tourists during the transition period towards the Covid-19 endemic. (Rokom, 2022) and as an effort to stimulate tourists to return to traveling. This is of course inseparable from the strength of community capital, namely social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital. The three capitals have proven to have a positive and significant effect on community resilience in the Wista Ubud area. Even though most people admit that they will return to the tourism industry when the Covid-19 pandemic ends, the community is advised to be able to strengthen all community capital and prepare savings and skills that can be used to create new jobs if this pandemic repeats itself. The community must be able to stand alone and not just wait for help from the government. Because in the end, what is able to save the individual from a calamity is the strength of the individual himself.

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