INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY •Vol. 4 No. 2 • April 2017

ISSN: 2303-3371

https://doi.org/10.24843/IJBB.2017.v04.i02.p04

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

MINERAL FERTLIZER AS AN ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER IN INCREASING RICE YIELD IN TABANAN REGENCY

Indayati Lanya* and N. Netera Subadiyasa

Study Program of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udayana, Denpasar 80232 Bali

* Corresponding author: indahnet@yahoo.co.id

Received : 7th December 2016 | Accepted : 9th March 2017

ABSTRACT

Production can be increased through improved harvest index genetic engineering, and the availability of nutrients in the soil. Ciherang rice production tests conducted over two years by toposekuen in Tabanan. First in five Subak, (Jangga, Bulung Daya, Andal Dewa, Lanyah1, and Perean) with 10 fertilizer treatments. The second year, five fertilization treatments in the two Subak (Petung dan Babahan). The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Parameters observed included vegetative and generative growth, and yield of paddy field farming. Duncan`s test, with a confidence level of 5% using the Costat program, and input output fertilization. Fertilization is very significant effect on rice production. The first year results, the highest rice production (9.33 tons ha-1) was achieved in a combination of fertilizer treatment (organic + NPK + mineral), can increase production 43.98%. The second year of the highest rice production (11.878 tons ha-1) were achieved on the fertilization of NPM (100 kg urea + 100 kg Phonska ha-1) + organic fertilizer (2.5 tons ha-1) + mineral fertilizer (2.5 tons ha-1), production increased 50.4%. Organic fertilization received the lowest rice production (5,420 to 8,940 tons ha-1), and the highest percentage of empty grain (9.29%). Mineral fertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and high-dose organic fertilizers. The increase in yield of paddy field farming compared to control for the treatment of organic fertilizer (Rp 1.011 million ha-1), NP (Rp 6.416 million ha-1), NPK (Rp7.636 million ha-1), and NPM (Rp12.576 million ha -1).

Keywords: mineral, organic, NPK, fertilizer, rice production

INTRODUCTION

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2010) released the food needs of 238 million population of Indonesia requires ± 34.986 ton ha-1 million tons of rice, food supplies ± 39.87 million tons. Bali Population 3,891,428 people (CBS, Bali Province, 2010) with food needs 147 kg of

rice/capita/year (National Land Agency, 2008) is 572,040 tons of rice. Average production of paddy in Bali 5.6 tons of dry grain harvest (DGH) ha-1, producing 840,465 tons of DGH ha-1 (504,279 tons of rice). In 2010, Bali is a deficit of 67,761 tons of rice food.

Food security and sovereignty programs conducted with the goal of national food self-sufficiency. Various agricultural development programs, including program Special Effort (UPSUS), aimed at increasing rice production, corn and soybean through improving irrigation and supporting facilities. This means that the increase in rice production should be done by all regions in Indonesia, including Bali. Average harvest index (HI) < 2, with production still 5.5 tons ha-1 should be increased, minimal HI ≥2 and 6.5 tons of production. This can be achieved if sufficient irrigation channels and the provision of plant nutrients as needed by plants.

Macro nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micro elements including Zn, Si, Fe, and Cu,) is needed by plants. Community Guidance Program a 70s, until now the government provides subsidized fertilizer NPK. Ca and Mg were never given subsidies. The need for Ca and Mg certainly need to be added to provide sufficient nutrients for plants and the impact on increased production (Lanya, 2001 and 2002).

Stanier, et al.,(1963). stated that Ca as a cofactor of several enzymes, such as proteinase, so it plays a role in the formation of protein compounds. The role of Ca ions are essential to the transport of

amino acids and protein synthesis in cells Achliya (Singh and Le John, 1975 in Payne, 1980) reported that Ca ions act as coupling or binding energy in the transport of amino acids with proton drive system. Different from Mg, which serve as the core of chlorophyll, enzyme cofactor some energy binders and stabilizers acids and bases in the cell.

Magnesium is involved in enzymatic reactions through several mechanisms: (1) a bridge between the enzyme complex, and a substrate, such as the transfer of ATP; and a substrate, such as the transfer of ATP, dan (2) The element of Mg 2+ reacting with pyrophosphate group from a molecule of ATP coenzyme form Mg ATP 2-. Mg and ATP 2- is the active form of the enzyme (Mengel and Kirkby, 1979 in Lanya, 2002). Ca and Mg have significance in the air symbiotic N fixation. The addition of CaSO4 on peanut crops can increase the content of sucrose, fructose and glucose (Hale and Maynard 1977).

This research uses an interdisciplinary approach and gradual. The concept is, before the genetically improve crops, should begin with the improvement of soil nutrients to meet the nutrient needs of plants. So far, only the elements N, P, and K are added to the soil to increase production. Other macro elements such as Ca, Mg, and S is very rare to use as

fertilizer. Therefore, through this research crop needs for Ca and Mg met from mineral fertilizer plus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted in 20122013 in Tabanan as the the rice granary of Bali Province. Location of the research the first year in five of Subak (Jangga, Bulungdaya, Andaldewa, Lanyah1, and Perean) selected based toposekuen. The second year study conducted in three of Subak (Jangga, Petung and Babahan). Test fertilizing the first year using a randomized block design with 10 treatments and three replications. Fertilizer treatment consisted of: (1) OO (without fertilizer) as control; (2) NPK (urea fertilizer to 200 and 250 kg phonska ha-1); (3) 5 ton BO (organic fertilizers Bokashi 5 tones ha-1 ); (4) 5PM ( 5 tones mineral fertilizer ha-1). Mineral fertilizer is a mixture of five tons of lime Bukit Jimbaran+200 kg+10 kg salt zinc phosphate ha-1; (5) NPK5BO (NPK fertilizer and 5 tones ha-1 Bokhasi); (6) NPK5PM (NPK fertilizer and 5 tons of fertilizer minerals ha-1); (7) NPK5BO5PM (NPK fertilizer + 5 tons Bokhasi + 5 tons of fertilizer minerals ha-1); (8) NPK2BO3PM (NPK fertilizer+ 2 tons Bokhasi +3 tons of mineral fertilizers ha-1); (9) NPK2BO2PM2PS (NPK fertilizer+ Bokhasi 2 tons, 2 tons of mineral

fertilizers+ 2 tons of sand mountains; and (10) NPK3PM5PS (NPK fertilizer +Mineral fertilizers 3 tons + 5 tons ha-1 mountain sand). Experimental plots measuring 3 x 5 meters.

The second year, testing of five different fertilizer treatments, consisting of: (1) OO (without fertilizer) as control; (2) BO (5 tons of organic fertilizer (Green Valley) and 1 ton of husk ha-1); (3) NP ( 200 kg urea and 150 kg SP36 ha-1 ); (4) NPK ( urea 200 kg + 250 kg phonska ha-1); and (5) NPM ( urea 100 kg + 100 kg SP36 + 1 ton of husk + 1 ton of organic fertilizer + 2 tons of Jimbaran limestone + 2 tons of sand mountains+200 kg salt ha-1). Experimental plot size of 1 acre (100 m2), Ciherang rice varieties tested, a spacing of 20 x 20 cm, with an average of three seeds per hole. The observed parameters: average height, average number of seedlings of rice (stems / clump), rice yield (kg GH each plot), DGH 1000 grain weight (grams), and the average percentage of empty grain (%). The observed data or measurement of these parameters was analyzed statistically, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) LSD 0:05, and the least significant difference (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) using Costat program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Bulungdaya Subak experienced a rat attacks, Andaldewa Subak experienced a water shortages and stem borers attack and tungro, so that production is not optimal. Results of analysis of variance ANOVA showed high places and fertilizer treatment effect on vegetative and generative production. The complete data relationships between different fertilization treatment on the number of productive tillers and rice production of dgh is presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Research data on the relationship between fertilizer treatment of vegetative and generative production of rice crops in Petung Subak and Babahan Subak listed in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Figure 3 is a graph of fertilization treatment with vegetative growth (the average height of the plants and the number of productive tillers).

Figure 4 is a graph of the relationship between fertilizer treatment with rice production (weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of empty grain). Results of effects of fertilization on the main factors of high places and DGH rice field Petung Subak (275 m asl) and Babahan Subak (495 m asl) (Figure 5).

The effect of fertilization on rice production in five Subak obtained results: high places and fertilizer treatment significantly affected production of rice field Ciherang varieties. The higher than sea level, the lower the height of plants and the fewer the number of productive tillers and the lower production. Water availability is very significant effect on rice production in the dry season.

,l r.            The weight of rice field (tonnes ha1 )

Weightofdgh tonnes ha-1

Illuiillllllllllllll

U ■

OO

NPK

5B0

5PM

NPK5 BO

NPK5P M

NPK5

B05P

M

NPK2

BP3P

M

NPK2

B02P

M2PS

NPK3P

M5PS

Rata-rata

■ Bulungdaya Subak

1.97

4.67

2.47

2.73

4.37

4.67

5.3

5.77

4.97

4.93

4.24

HLayahI Subak

9.4

13.4

8.13

8.73

10.9

11.97

12.33

10.83

11.57

10.7

10.9

HAndelDewa Subak

4.7

3.53

5.87

5.5

8.17

3.37

3.57

7.5

9.03

6.57

7.33

HJanggaSubak

9.S

11.43

8.93

9.27

12.03

12.1

12.5

12.8

14

12.7

11.56

HPerean Subak

11.23

L1.53

10.33

11.7

11 67

12.1

11.8

12.03

12.17

11.46

11.65

FertilizationTreatment on five Subak

Fig. 1.Effect of fertilization on total Productive tillers in five Subak at Tabanan Regency

40

the number OfTiIIers (stems ^q grass)

i

∣ιi

Total productive tillers∕ Clumps of

Varioustreatmentsfertilization ∣

I

III

∣44

OO

NPK

5B0

5PM

NPK5 BO

NPK5 PM

NPK5

B05P M

NPK2

BP3P

M

NPK2

B02P

M2PS

NPK3

PM5P

S

Rata-rata

■ Bulungdaya Subak

9.67

1633

16.33

9.67

19.33

18.67

14.67

15.33

15.67

14.33

15

■ Layahl Subak

15

10.67

12.67

13.67

20

1733

21.67

17

20.67

19.67

16.83

■ AndDewa Subak

1633

20.67

1533

17

19

1833

17.67

17.67

22.33

20.67

18.5

■ Jangga Subak

2333

2733

23

2233

3033

30.67

30

34

35.33

3133

28.76

■ Perean Subak

20.67

16.67

18

17.33

17

20

21.67

19.67

18

15

18.4

Fertilization treatment

Fig. 2. Effect of fertilization on rice production weight of paddy field in five Subak at Tabanan Regency.

Vertilization treatment



Fig. 3. The data of research results relationship between fertilization treatment with the production of rice field (plant high and total productive tillers) in Petung Subak dan Babahan Subak, Tabanan Regency, Bali

Fig. 4. The data of research results relationship between fertilization treatment with rice production (1000 grain weight of dgh and the percentage of empty grain) in Petung Subak and Babahan Subak, Tabanan, Bali


Fig. 5. Effect of fertilization on production dgh rice field Petung Subak and Babahan Subak, Tabanan Bali (anlysis, 2016)


Plant height and achieved the highest productive tillers at fertilization combination of NPK fertilizer packages + 2 tons of organic matter ha-1 + 2 tons of limestone/ ha +2 tons ha-1 sand +200 kg salt ha-1).

Average plant height ranged between 86.6 - 105.3 cm lower than its description (107-115 cm). The highest rice crop (105.3 cm) in Subak Jangga are located in coastal areas and the lowest (60.4 cm) in Subak Perean located 420 m asl. The highest number of productive tillers (28 stems / clump) in Subak Jangga, and the lowest (18 stems / clump) in Subak Perean. Data discrepancies are caused by several factors, including climatic factors, such as temperature and duration of sunshine. The rice field located in the downstream area (lowland) will get a higher temperature and sun longer than the upstream areas.

Temperature and radiation are much more influence on the process of photosynthesis, the longer, vegetative growth, and generative getting better. Fertilization treatment very significant effect on rice production of dry grain harvest. While fertilization treatment against the grain weight of 1000, and the percentage of empty grain non significant.

The average number of tillers highest production (35 stems / clump) in Subak Jangga achieved by treatment (NPK + 2 tons BO, 2 tons PM + 2PS) or a combination of chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer + mineral fertilizers). Followed by a combination of NPK + OF + MF). This is understood because the fertilizer containing macro nutrients required by plants, such as nutrients N, P, K from NPK fertilizer and organic

fertilizer, nutrients Ca, and Mg from mineral fertilizers.

The average rice field production from various fertilization treatment (Figure 2). The main factor fertilization very significant effect on rice production, except in Subak Perean. Average production rice field lowest (2,827 ton / ha) in Bulungdaya Subak and Andaldewa Subak (4.887 tonnes ha-1), the second this Subak rat infested by pests. The production in Lanyah 1 Subak 7.267 tonnes ha-1, Jangga Subak 7.707 tonnes ha-1, and Perean Subak 7.767 tonnes ha-1). The average production from the third Subak is 7,580 tonnes ha-1.

The combination of fertilizer NPK + BO + PM + PS get the highest production compared with other treatments throughout Subak. The highest production (14 kg / 15 m2), or 9.333 tonnes ha-1) and in Perean Subak (8.113 tonnes ha-1). These data indicate that high production is needed to obtain a combination of chemical fertilizer + organic + mineral. The combination of these fertilizers contain nutrients more complete than single fertilizer. The results also show that the use of NPK fertilizer is still needed to increase production. The combination of a half dose of fertilizer (NPK + mineral fertilizers) generally obtain higher yields compared with the combination NPK fertilizer with organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer single. That

is to increase rice production required macro nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and fertilizer organic low doses. To increase the production (20-50%) it is recommended the use of half-doses of fertilizer package + mineral Fertilizer.

Dose of organic fertilizer were very much (5 tons ha-1), the availability of chemical fertilizers (NPK) that is often rare in the growing season could be overcome with the use of mineral fertilizers at half the dose of NPK fertilizer dose and half dose of organic fertilizer. This can reduce the environmental pollution caused by use of a high dose of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. The average the lowest production of organic fertilizers results, is caused by low nutrient, available phosphorus content (P) which functions to generative growth. For that when using organic fertilizers to increase production, it must be added with a half dose of chemical and half a dose of mineral fertilizers.

The use of urea and Phonska fertilizer still needed to increase the rice field production, for obtaining higher production of organic fertilizers throughout the study site. The production can be increased (42.857%) by adding organic fertilizer low dose (2.5 tons ha-1) and mineral fertilizers dose of 2.5 tons ha-1 in addition to the half-dose package (100 kg urea + 100 kg Phonska). This means

that the use of mineral fertilizers could reduce the use of disposable doses of chemical fertilizers (urea and Phonska) and organic fertilizers which require high doses.

Increased productivity of rice fields is done through the provision of fertilizers (NPK) as fertilizer package (200 kg urea + 250 kg phonska ha-1 ) and the addition of natural fertilizers (lime Jimbaran hill, salt and sand mountains Agung), and their combinations to meet the needs of nutrients required by plants.), and their combinations to meet the needs of nutrients required by plants. The addition of fertilizer is higly signivicance increased vegetative growth (plant height and number of productive tillers).

The combination of artificial fertilizers (NPK), organic fertilizer (Bokashi) and natural fertilizers (mineral) can increase the average rice production of 79.4%, the addition sand so it increases the production of DGH In contrast to a single organic fertilizer, production is equal to or lower than the control and the percentage of empty grain is higher than other treatments. Therefore, a single organic fertilizers are not recommended, due to low production. To obtain the high production, the organic fertilization should be combined with chemical fertilizer and mineral fertilizers. Production of rice at

four research sites, except in Subak Bulungdaya ranged from 4.89- 9.33 tons DGH ha-1. The average production of 6, 95 tons ha-1. Bulungdaya Subak not included in computing the average production because of a lack of water and stem borer attack and of the disease.

Farmers' income increased between 20% to 79% (1.39-5.45 tonns dgh ha-1.) equivalent to Rp 3.475 million - Rp 13.625 million ha-1 every harvest ( RP 34 750- Rp 136 000 acre-1 every harvest). Based on the effect of fertilizer to the increase in production and the calculation of economic value, dosages of 200 kg + 250 kg urea phonska combined with 2 tons ha-1 bokhasi + 2tonns ha-1 of mineral fertilizers +2 tons ha-1 of sand provide maximum production results and an the optimal dosage for increasing rice production.

Research in the second year is based on the research of the first year, which is still necessary to increase production of NPK fertilizer derived from the urea and phonska (fertilizer package). The use of organic fertilizer production obtaining is lower than other fertilization treatment. Mineral fertilizers to increase production when combined with a half dose of fertilizer package, and half organic fertilizer. Results of statistical analysis show that the main effect (high spot and

fertilizer treatment) very significant effect on rice production of DGH. While the high place the fertilizer treatment there is no interaction. These results are consistent with the results of the first year of the study, namely: production is highly influenced by the high place and fertilizer treatment. The higher the location, the lower production. Average production of paddy rice at various fertilization treatment is 9.736 tons ha-1. Petung Subak). Babakan Subak significantly different from the with an average production of 8.654 tons ha-1. These results are consistent with studies in the first year of the five Subak, that the production affected by the high place.

Real difference test the influence of fertilization on the production obtaining records: the highest production (10.633 tons ha-1) were obtained from the application of N and P fertilizer are combined with mineral fertilizers (NPM) an increase of 38.70%, followed by NPK fertilization (9.855 tons ha-1), an increase of 28.55%, NP (9.304 tons ha-1) an increase of 21.36%, lowest of organic fertilizers (8.516 tons ha-1), an increase of 11.08%. The analysis also shows that organic fertilization is not significantly different from controls. Instead the use of fertilizers NPM very significantly different from the control and control different from NP fertilizer.

Production of rice field of NPK fertilization results are not significantly different from the NP fertilization. This means that the nutrients K is not necessary to increase rice production in Petung and Babahan Subak. Increased production is obtained from the addition of mineral fertilizers in fertilizer NP (NPM). Assumptions of organic fertilizers 5 tons ha-1 is not sufficient nutrients rice fields. Low and slow nutrient content available is a major obstacle to the use of of organic fertilizers increase rice production.

The research an increase in rice field production for two years in seven Subak data showed that: mineral fertilization are combined with NP fertilizers obtained the highest results compared with using a single fertilizer (NPK, PO, PM). Potassium fertilizer is not needed because there was no significantly difference between the treatment of NP and NPK. This is caused the content of K element in soils in the study site is very high, which comes from irrigation water sourced from springs slopes of Mount Batukaru Tabanan.

Results the analysis of granting farming systems fertilizer treatment, used assumptions: dgh is equivalent to 85% of milled rice and prices at the time of the study. Price MR = Rp 4500.00 kg-1, the price of fertilizer: urea Rp 2000.00 kg-1, SP36 Rp 3000.00 kg-1,Phonska Rp 3000.00 kg-1; Jimbaran lime stone Rp

350,00 kg-1, of organic fertilizers (Green Valley) Rp 1000.00 kg-1 sand mountains Rp 50.00 kg-1, salt Rp 1000.00 kg-1.

Not including ground rent, labor costs and taxes, the rest of the farm per ha in Babahan Subak without fertilizer (OF) is Rp 28, 438 million, the treatment PO, NP, NPK and NPM consecutive Rp 25, 951 million, 32.954 million, 35.250 million and 34.493 million. This means an increase of net income of farmers was highest in NPK, which amounted to Rp 6.812 million per ha which is not significantly different from NPM treatment of Rp 6.055 million, The use of organic fertilizers decrease of net income of farmers amounted to Rp 2.487 ha-1 every harvest.

Calculation as above, net income of farmers per hectare in Petung Subak without fertilizer (OO) is Rp 30.206 million. Farming Systems organic fertilizer treatment, NP, NPK and NPK each hectare successively USD 29.195 million, USD 36.622 million, Rp 37.842 million and Rp 42.782 million. Organic fertilization, turns down the remainder of farm produce amounting to Rp 1,011 million ha-1. The increase in net income of farmers occurred in the treatment of NP, NPK and NPM successively Rp 6.416 million, Rp 7.636 million and Rp12.576 million ha-1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude to the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, the Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Cooperatives of the Republic of Indonesia that has provided research grants. The Rector of Udayana Univeritas and Mr. Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture which provide our research facility we say thank you. As well as to colleagues who helped research we say thank you.

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