e-Journal of Linguistics

Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index

Vol. 14, No. 2, July 2020, pages: 199-210

Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586

https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i02.p04



Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984 and Its Arabic Translation


Eva Meidi Kulsum

Ma’soem University, Indonesia, [email protected]


Article info

Received Date: Jun 27, 2020

Accepted Date: Jun 29, 2020

Published Date: July 31, 2020


Keywords:*

Phrasal Verbs, Translation Shift, George Orwell’s 1984


Abstract*

In English, phrasal verb comprises of a verb and a particle, so does in Arabic. Although both languages have phrasal verbs, it does not mean that each phrasal verb in English is translated in the same form as a phrasal verb into Arabic. This research aimed to know the translation shift of phrasal verbs in George Orwell’s novel entitled 1984 and its Arabic translations. This research employed a qualitative descriptive method using a purposive sampling technique. The result showed that Arabic is a rich vocabulary language. It was proven by more than 50% of the English phrasal verbs found in the novel is translated into Arabic in the same category or grammatical class, not in the form of description.


1. Introduction

English and Arabic have a big influence in this world especially in terms of language use. Both are considered as the most spoken languages and are important in their portions. This is in line with the statement from Samovar saying that English and Arabic have their own characteristics which create their national identities; each of them dominating in its geographical region (Samovar et al., 2009). However, it is always interesting to learn more about them.

In learning a language, people have to know its structure including grammar. English and Arabic have their structures as independent languages. One of them is existed in phrasal verbs, the important aspect of the sentence. As we know that language produced by human consists of words which are organized in sentences and sentences are made up of units (Altenberg & Vago, 2010) and (Thomas, 1993). Those are words that at least consist of a subject usually formed as nouns which are commonly defined as words referring to person, place, thing, or idea and predicate usually formed as verbs which commonly express an action. For example: She walked out. She is a noun and walked is a verb, but the verb here is not the common verb, it is followed by a particle, out. This verb is called a phrasal verb (Swan, 2005).

A phrasal verb is an avoidable phenomenon. In English, phrasal verb contains verb and particle and so does in Arabic. To make sure, see these examples:

Table 1

Example of English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs


English


Arabic


We are looking for a house or an apartment to rent

اننا نبحث عن منزل او شقّة للإيجار

It is identified that ^^ji (nabhatsu) is a verb and ∂t ('an)is a particle of the verb, this example is to show that Arabic has a phrasal verb as same as English. The word looking for is a phrasal verb, it made of verb looking followed by particle for.

Despite both languages have phrasal verbs, it does not mean that each phrasal verb in English is always translated in the same form as a phrasal verb into Arabic. To translate, the translator must find the equivalent meaning of both the source language (SL) and target language (TL). In line with that, Catford supported that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language (Catford, 1965), so does Newmark. He affirmed that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text (Newmark, 1988). Besides, Nida and Taber introduced three steps of the translation process, they are analyzing, transferring, and restructuring; analyzing SL into grammatical and semantic structure of TL, transferring the meaning or the message of SL to TL which occurs in the translator mind and reconstructing the grammatical and semantic structure into the appropriate TL forms to create an equivalent TL (Nida & Taber, 1982). Thus, it makes the forms of SL phrasal verbs sometimes are translated into different forms of TL, for example:

  • Table 2

Example of English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs

English

Arabic

I think I will ask for some newspapers and magazines.

اعتقد انيّ سأطلب بعض الصحف والمجلة

The example above shows us that the English phrasal verbs will not be always translated in the same form into Arabic; it will change to modulate the equivalent meaning of SL (English) in TL (Arabic). This case is named by Catford as a translation shift (Catford, 1965). The translation shift exists in the word ask for which made of ask as a verb and for as a particle, both cannot be separated to each other to create meaning because they are a unit. The phrasal verb ask for is translated into Arabic becomes أطلب (aṭlubu) it is a single verb. To make sure that translation shift occurred in translating English into Arabic phrasal verb, see another following example which is taken from George Orwell’s Novel, 1984.

  • Table 3

Example of English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs

English

Arabic


BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING

خ بير ير ب , و       ي      و و

YOU, the caption said, while the

dark eyes looked up into                             تنفدان إلى اعماق ونستون

Winston’s own.

And so does the word looked up in the example above is phrasal verbs which consist of the looked verb and the up particle, it is translated into Arabic becomes تنفدان إلى اعماق (tanfadāni ilā a’māqi. The phrase تنفدان إلى اعماق (tanfadāni ilā a’māqi) is a verb phrase. The different forms of English phrasal verb which have been translated into Arabic are interesting to be discussed, supported by the existence of English and Arabic phrasal verbs often found in many cases but sometimes the learners avoid using them. This is in line with McCarthy’s statement that the important one in understanding phrasal verbs is knowing the meaning of the whole phrasal

verbs as a unit means that many of phrasal verbs have the idiomatic meanings, it makes the learners difficult to guess the meaning automatically by combining the meaning of a verb and a particle as the components of the phrasal verb (McCarthy, 2002). Such idiomatic meanings make learners feel that they are difficult to learn and to use, although learners of English recognize their importance (Cheon, 2006). In addition, this research aims to analyze the translation shift of phrasal verbs in George Orwell’s 1984 and its Arabic translations.

  • 2.    Research Methods

This research focuses on Translation shifts in George Orwell's novel entitled 1984 and its Arabic Translation. This novel is a literary political fiction which talks about the capitalist period in England which is dominated by BIG BROTHER as a Bourjois. This novel is chosen by the reason that it has been translated into Arabic and published in Arabic edition by Markaz al-Thaqifi al-Arabi Publisher in 2013 (Orwell, 2013) and considered as George Orwell's chilling prophecy about the future. A qualitative descriptive method is employed in this research using a purposive sampling technique. It is a technique of selecting the data because of some principled decisions; at which point to add additional samples and when to stop gathering more data (Dörnyei, 2007). In other words, it is necessary to select the aspects of the case that we will focus on. The novel consists of 23 chapters, the first of 23 chapters is taken purposively. In the first chapter, there are 21 data found as the sample of study which is appropriate with the research problem. The data are classified into a transitive and intransitive phrasal verb by using theories of Swan (Swan, 2005) and McCharty & O’Dell (McCharty & O’Dell, 2004) and analyzed using Catford’s theory (Catford, 1965) to find out the translation shift in Orwell’s 1984 and its Arabic translation which is further subcategorized into level and category shift. The category shift is divided into structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift. The data finally are concluded based on information in the data analysis.

  • 3.    Discussions

As it is known that phrasal verbs consist of a verb which is followed by particle(s) (Altenberg & Vago, 2010) which create a different meaning when they are translated as a whole phrase, not separately as a verb and particle (s). In line with that, one verb is possible to have a different meaning when it is followed by different particle, so does the particle (Manik et al., 2013). However, particle and verb are important to each other, they cannot be separated to create meaning. There are 21 phrasal verbs found in the novel purposively which are analyzed using Catford's theory of translation shift (Catford, 1965). Here are the English Translation shifts occurred in the novel and its Arabic Translation:

  • Table 4

English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984

No

English

Arabic

1

That depends on several things.

ھذا يتوقف على عدة أمور

2

Winston made for the stair.

مشى ونستون باتجاه السلالم للصعود

3

I think I will ask for some newspapers and magazines.

اعتقد انيّ سأطلب بعض الصحف والمجلة

4

And at present the electric current was cut off during daylight hours.

واما لا تنقتع التيار الكهربائي معظم ساعات النهار

5

BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption said, while the

الأخ الكبير يراقبك, وكانت العينان السودأوان تنفدان إلى اعماق ونستون

dark eyes looked up into Winston’s own.

6

It was an enormous pyramidal structure glittering white concrete, soaring up, terrace after terrace, 300 meters into air.

لأسمنت فهي بناء مرمي ضخم من الأبيض اللامع, يرتفع عليا يتاطح السحاب, طبقة فوق طبقة, ثلاثمائة مترفي السماء ومن مكانه

7

He moved over the window.

انتقل ونستون نحو النا فده

8

The black-moustachio’d face gazed down from every commanding corner.

فمن كل زاوية كان ذلك الوجه ذوالشاربالأسواد يطل محدقا في وجه

9

“BIG BROTHER”, the caption said, while the dark eyes looked deep into Winston’s own.

"الأخ الكبير يراقبك" وكانت عينان السوداوان تنقذان الى أعماق ونستون

10

How often, or on what system, the thought police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork.

أما كم مرة او كيف يمكن ان تحترف شرطة الفكرحياتك الحاصه فهذا أمر لا يمكن التبؤيه

To make easier in analyzing the translation shift of English into Arabic phrasal verbs, it is formulated in this table below:

  • Table 5

English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984

No

English

Arabic

Forms

Shift

1

Depend on

يتوقف على

Phrasal Verb

Class shift

2

Made for

مشى .... ب

Phrasal Verb

Class shift and

structure shift

3

Ask for

أطلب

Single Verb

Class shift

4

Cut off

لا تنقتع

Single Verb

Class shift and structure shift

5

Looked up into

تنفدان إلى اعماق

Verb Phrase

Level shift

6

Soaring up

يرتفع عليا يتاطح السحاب

Verb Phrase

Level shift

7

Moved over

انتقل ....نحو

Phrasal Verb

Class shift and structure shift

8

Gazed down from

يطل محدقا

Verb Phrase

Level shift

9

Look into

تنقذان الى أعماق

Verb Phrase

Level shift

10

Plug in on

تحترف

Single verb

Class shift

According to the theory from Catford (Catford, 1965), there are two kinds of translation shift, they are level shift and category shift. A level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL equivalent meaning at a different linguistics level. To be more clearly, see this example below:

Table 6

Example of Level Shift

English

Arabic


His small but childish handwriting


struggled up.


JliJaSM JaA-I 4     o∆J JaA. jl≤

.< .∙ ∙             .∙           ^√


و


تعرجات الى اعلى


The word struggle up is a phrasal verb that consists of struggle verb and up particle. It is translated into Arabic becomes ^J^∣ ^J∣ ^÷j*J ^^ J^ (yamilu f ta’rjati ila a,la) as a verb phrase.

The next level of shift is a category shift that is a generic term referring to shift involving any of the four categories of class, structure, unit, and system. This shift is divided into four types, they are: first is a class shift, it occurs when an SL item is translated into a TL item at different grammatical classes. See the example below:

  • Table 7

Example of Category Shift

English                               Arabic

I think I will ask for some           <Wb u^JI ^*j ^JLL ^Jl ^l

newspapers and magazines.

The example above shows us that the category shift exists in the word ask for which made of ask as a verb and for as particle, both cannot be separated to each other to create meaning because they are a unit that is a phrasal verb. The word ask for is translated into Arabic to be أطلب (atlubu), it is single verb. English phrasal verb is translated into Arabic becomes a single verb; it is translated at a different grammatical class.

The second is structure shift which occurs in changing of the grammatical structure between SL and TL, example: ⅛j J∕≡ (qal∣a zaidun) becomes Zaidun said

The example above stands from J^ (qala) as a predicate and -⅛J (zaidun) as a subject translated into English becomes Zaidun said which stands from Zaidun as a subject and said as a predicate. It shows that Arabic structure form is predicate-subject while English is subjectpredicate.

The third is a unit shift. It changes in order, for example: in Arabic, the way to mention the date is التاّرح الأوّل (attārihu al awwal) in Bahasa Indonesia, it becomes Tanggal satu. الأوّل (al awwal) is considered as ordinal number while Satu is cardinal number. However, they change from ordinal to cardinal number.

The last type of category shift is an intra-system shift, example:

  • Table 8

Example of Intra System Shift

Indonesia                              Arabic

Ulama adalah pewaris para nabi.                          العلماء ورسة الأنبياء

Ulama is a singular form of noun in Bahasa Indonesia while, in Arabic, s∙Ia!*J∣ (al 'ulamāu) is a plural form of noun. It means that it changes the number of noun from singular to plural.

The above theory is applied to the phrasal verbs found in the novel and its Arabic translation. The data number 1, 2, and 7, the words depends on, made for and moved over are phrasal verbs. Depends is the verb of phrasal verb and on is the particle of phrasal verb, it is translated into Arabic becomes يتوقف على. The word يتوقف (yatawaqafu) is a verb and على(‘alā) is a particle, so do the words made for and moved over. Made and moved are verbs and for and over are particles, they are translated into Arabic become  ب....مشى  and نحو....انتقل . The words مشى (masyā) and انتقل (intaqala) are verbs and ب (bi) and نحو (nahwu) are particles. Through these data, the class shift occurs because the forms of English phrasal verbs are translated into Arabic in the form of phrasal verbs; it means they change in the grammatical class.

Not only class shift but also the structure shift is occurred in the data above, particularly for the data number 2 and 7. The verbs مشى (masyā) and انتقل (intaqala) are separated by the other words, different with the form of the source language. The phrasal verbs made for and moved over are not separated by the other words. In English, the phrasal verb made for is a part of the sentence Winston made for the stair and moved over is part of the sentence He moved over the window. While in Arabic the phrasal verb  ب....مشى  (masyā… bi) is a part of the sentence مشى ونستون باتجاه السلالم للصعود and the phrasal verb نحو....انتقل  (intaqala nahwu) is part of the sentence انتقل ونستون نحو النا فده. Both of phrasal verbs,  ب....مشى  (masyā… bi) and انتقل نحو.... (intaqala nahwu), are separated by the word ونستون (Winston) as the subject of the sentence. In conclusion, the English grammatical structure is different from Arabic; English phrasal verb cannot be separated by the subject but Arabic can. It shows that there is a change of the data number 2 and 7 in the grammatical structure, according to Catford it is called a shift structure (Catford, 1965).

The next case, in data number 3, 4, and 10 the words ask for, cut off, and plug in on are phrasal verbs consisting of the verbs ask, cut and plug and the particles for, off, and in on. The phrasal verb ask for is translated into Arabic to be أطلب (aṭlubu), the word أطلب (aṭlubu) is a single verb. This different form, a phrasal verb becomes a single verb, is determined that a shift occurred. Such this kind of change is called a class shift; that is a shift when the SL item is translated into a TL item at a different grammatical class, so do the words cut off, and plug in on. They are translated into Arabic to be لا تنقتع (lātanqoti’u) and تحترف (taḥtarifu), both are single verbs.

The last case of this table occurs in the data number 5, 6, 8 and 9. The words looked up, soaring up, gazed down and look into are phrasal verbs which made of the verbs looked, soaring, gazed, and look and particles up into, up, down from and into. These forms of phrasal verbs are translated into Arabic at a different level, they become phrasal verbs. It is occurred in the word looked up becomes تنفدان إلى اعماق (tanfadāni ilaa a’māq), so do the worّds soaring up, gazed down and look into. They are translated into Arabic to be يرتفع عليا يتاطح السحاب (yartafi’u ‘aliyyan yutāṭihu as sihāb), يطل محدقا (yaṭilu muhadiqā) and تنفدان إلى اعماق (tanfadāni ilaa a’māq). Phrasal verb and verb phrase are different at level; it is categorized into level shift.

From the ten data above, there are some shifts occurred. They are level shift, class shift, and structure shift. This is similar to the findings from Sipayung that class shift and level shift were also considered as a dominant shift in the Bilingual History Textbook that was analyzed (Sipayung, 2018). Besides, there are other data in the table below that are analyzed. The table consists of ten data, but in the data number 17 there are two shifts found. Therefore, it can be calculated that there are eleven analyzed data.

  • Table 9

English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984

No

Indonesia                            Arabic

11

لقد حاول جاھدا ان يسترجع بعضا من He tried to squeeze out some ذكريات الطفولة محاولا ان يتبين ما اذا childhood memory that should tell كانت ھذه ھ صورة لندن ف كل اوقات؟ him whether London had always

been quite like this.

12

أكانت على ھذه الحال فى القرن التاسع      Were there always these vistas of

rooting nineteenth century houses,     عشر حيث تظهر على جوانبها دعاثم

their sides shored up with baulks of

منالخشب

timber.

13

And the places where the bombs had وتبدو للعين اوراق الصفصاف مختلطة cleared a large patch and there had بأكوام النفايات وقد ظهرت ھنا ك sprung up sordid colonies of wooden مجموعة من الأكواخ الحشبيه بأ قفاص dwellings like chicken-houses.

14

Winston turned around abruptly.      استندار ونستون بعد ان رسم علامات

التفاؤل التام على وجهه

15

He took down from the shelf a bottle تناول عن احد الرفوف رجاجه تحتوي of colourless liquid with a plain على سائل لالون له وقد الصق على white label marked VICTORY GIN. "الزجاجة ورقة كتب عليها "جن النصر

16

It gave off a sickly, oily smell, as of   وكانت تتبعث من ھذا الشرب رائحة

Chinese rice spirit.                     ممرضة أشبه برائحة الزيت كأنما ھو

كحول مستخرج من الأرز الصيني

17

ومع ذلك صبّ ونستون لنفسه بعضا منه          Winston poured out nearly a

teacupful nerved himself for a shock   ف كوب شاي ثم استجمع قواه وتجرّعه

يم

and gulped it down like a dose of

medicine.                            و رع و

18

Instantly his face turned scarlet and    وفى الحال انقلب وجهه في مزيا وسالت

the water ran out of his eyes.            الدموع من عينية

19

The next moment, however, the        لكن بعد لحطة كانت حده الألم الذي

burning in his belly die down.         شعربه في جوفه قد خفّت

20

And incautiously held it upright,       وما كاد يرفعها من العلبة حتى راح ما

where upon the tobacco fell out on to   فيها من تبع يتنائر على الأرض

the floor.

To make easier in analyzing the translation shift of English into Arabic phrasal verbs, it is formulated in this table below:

Table 10

English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984

No

English

Arabic

Forms

Shift

11

Squeeze out

يسترجع

Single verb

Class shift

12

Shored up with

تظهر على

Phrasal verb

Class shift

13

Sprung up

ظهرت

Single verb

Class shift

14

Turned around

استندار

Single verb

Class shift

15

Took down from

تناول

Single verb

Class shift

16

Gave off

تتبعث من

Phrasal verb

Class shift

17

Poured out

صب

Single verb

Class shift

18

Gulped down

استجمع

Single verb

Class shift and structure shift

19

Ran out of

من..…سالت

Phrasal verb

Class shift and structure shift

20

Die down

خفت

Single verb

Class shift

21

Fell out on

يتنائر

Single verb

Class shift

From the table above, some shifts occur; they are class shift and structure shift. All the data available in the table are class shift but particularly for the data number 18 and 19 two shifts occur in the same time; class shift and structure shift. Here is for further explanation.

As what has been stated that all the data are categorized into a class shift, so do the data number 11, 13, 14, 17, and 20. The words squeeze out, sprung up, turned around, poured out, and die down are phrasal verbs consisting of the verb squeeze and the particle out, the verb sprung and the particle up, the verb turned and the particle around, the verb poured and the particle out, the verb die and the particle down. The equivalence of each English phrasal verb recently mentioned is a single verb. As a proof, the phrasal verb squeeze out is translated into Arabic becomes يسترجع (yastarji’u); the word يسترجع (yastarji’u) is a single verb. When the phrasal verb changed to be a single verb it is meant that the class shift occurs. Because as we know the class shift occurred when a source language item (English) is translated into a target language (Arabic) item at a different grammatical class; phrasal verb and single verb are one level but different grammatical class.

Either do the words sprung up, turned around, poured out, and die down, they are translated into Arabic become single verbs. The word sprung up means ظهرت (ẓaharat), turned around means استندار (istandāra), poured out means صبّ (ṣobb), and die down means خفت (khoffat). The Arabic translations of each English phrasal verb explained before are single verbs. There is no Arabic phrasal verb equivalence of them, as they changed to be a single verb in Arabic; in such that kind of situation, the class shift occurs.

The next data are the data number 15 and 21 they are all categorized into class shift too because the English phrasal verbs changed to be single verbs when they are translated into Arabic. The words took down and fell out are phrasal verb. They consist of the verb took and the particle down and the verb fell and the particle out. They are translated to be a single verb in Arabic as same as the data number 11, 13, 14, 17, and 20. The phrasal verb took down is تناول (tanāwalu) in Arabic and the phrasal verb fell out is يتنائر (yatanāaru) in Arabic. The words تناول (tanāwalu) and يتنائر (yatanāaru) are single verbs.

The recent explanations explained the class shift in which a phrasal verb is translated into a single verb. Such kind of changing is categorized into a class shift. So that the next phrasal

verbs will be discussed, they are categorized into a class shift too. But the condition is not as same as the previous data; in this case, the phrasal verbs become phrasal verbs in Arabic.

In the data number 12 and 16, the words shored up and gave off are phrasal verbs consisting of the verb shored and the particle up and the verb gave and the particle off. Both English phrasal verbs are translated into phrasal verbs in Arabic. The phrasal verb shored up is translated into Arabic becomes تظهر على (taẓaharu ‘ala) and the phrasal verb gave off becomes تتبعث من (tataba’a ṡu min). The words تظهر على (taẓaharu ‘ala) and تتبعث من (tataba’a ṡu min) are phrasal verbs. They are made of the verb تظهر (taẓaharu) and تتبعث (tataba’a ṡu) and particles على (‘ala) and من (min).

The last discussion of this table is about the two shifts which occurred in one data at the same time; they are class shift and structure shift. It means the source language item (English) is not only translated into a target language (Arabic) item at a different grammatical class but also at a different grammatical structure. It occurs in the data number 18 and 19.

The words gulped down and run out are phrasal verbs; the verb gulped is only followed by one particle down and the verb run is followed by one particle too that is the particle out. Both are translated into Arabic become single verbs. The phrasal verb gulped down is translated into Arabic becomes ^λ÷2mI (istajma'); the word jλ÷2uI (istajmα) is single verb. That change is categorized into a class shift where the phrasal verb and single verb are different at grammatical class.

Not only class shift but also structure shift occurs in this phrasal verb. The phrasal verb gulped down has an object it which is placed before the particle, it becomes gulped it down. But in Arabic the object e∣jS (qαwαhu) is placed after the verb, it becomes e∣jS ^√>al (istajma’a qawāhu). So, the structure form of English and Arabic is different; the English form is VerbObject-Particle and the Arabic form is Verb-Object.

So does the phrasal verb run out, the phrasal verb run out is translated into Arabic becomes uλ .... ^^ (salat min). The phrasal verb run out is categorized into a transitive phrasal verb which has the object after the verb. The object is of his eyes which is placed after the particle, it becomes run out of his eyes. It is different in Arabic, the object is ^ j^l∣ (dumu') and placed before the particle, it becomes y≤ ^j^Jl ^‰ (salat min dumu’). It can be inferred that the structure of English and Arabic are different. The English form is Verb-Particle-Object and The Arabic form is Verb-Object-Particle. According to Catford (1965), the changing of the grammatical structure between source language (English) and target language (Arabic) is called a structure shift. Therefore, Based on the findings, it is indicated that shift cannot be avoided in translation because it involves two different languages which are different in the terms of linguistic and culture (Yuwandani et al., 2016).

To help the readers easily understand the discussion of the translation shift occurred in the phrasal verb previously discussed, it is tabulated below:

Table 11

English and Arabic Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984

No      English        Arabic

Forms    Level            Category Shift

Shift      Class   Struct   Unit   Syst

1    Depend on          يتوقف على

√

2

Made for

مشى .... ب

√

√

3

Ask for

أطلب

√

4

Cut off

لا تنقتع

√

√

5

Looked up

تنفدان إلى اعماق

√

6

Soaring up

يرتفع عليا يتاطح السحاب

√

7

Moved over

انتقل ....نحو

√

√

8

Gazed down

يطل محدقا

√

9

Look into

تنقذان الى أعماق

√

10

Plug in

تحترف

√

11

Squeeze out

يسترجع

√

12

Shored up

تظهر على

√

13

Sprung up

ظهرت

√

14

Turned around

استندار

√

15

Took down

تناول

√

16

Gave off

تتبعث من

√

17

Poured out

صب

√

18

Gulped down

استجمع

√

√

19

Ran out of

سالت ….. من

√

√

20

Die down

خفت

√

21

Fell out on

يتنائر

√

From the table above, the form changing of phrasal verbs from English to Arabic that has been analyzed in this research is clearly tabulated. Finally, there is a significant difference between this research and other research. For example, a study from Yuwandani entitled The Translation Shifts Applied To The Translated Text I Belog Lost Something (Yuwandani et al., 2016). Yuwandani’s study analyzed translation shift in a novel but did not specifically analyze the translation shift of phrasal verbs and the source-target language is also different, it is Indonesia- English. While a study from Santika entitled Translation of Phrasal Verbs Into Indonesian analyzed phrasal verbs from English to Indonesia but in the form of its classification and equivalent meaning, not translation shift (Santika et al., 2017).

  • 4.    Novelties

Based on the above explanation, this research has analyzed the translation shift of phrasal verbs in George Orwell’s Novel entitled 1984 from English to Arabic. Both English and Arabic have phrasal verbs but it does not mean that each phrasal verb in English is always translated in the same form as a phrasal verb into Arabic. It makes the forms of SL phrasal verbs sometimes are translated into different forms of TL; this case is called as translation shift (Catford, 1965). To translate, the translator must find the equivalent meaning of both the source language (SL) and target language (TL). In line with that, Catford supported that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language (Catford, 1965), so does Newmark. He affirmed that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text (Newmark, 1988). This research hopefully can contribute to the future study on translation shift both in English and Arabic text to broaden the readers’ knowledge about linguistics and literacy especially in the forms of English and Arabic phrasal verbs including their changes to modulate the equivalent meaning of source language (English) to target language (Arabic).

  • 5.    Conclusion

The result of data analysis shows that there are two kinds of translation shifts, namely: category shift and level shift. In the category shift, there are two shifts of a phrasal verb. They are phrasal verb into a phrasal verb and phrasal verb into a single verb. In the level shift, there is only one shift of phrasal verb. It is a phrasal verb into a verb phrase. As mentioned previously, 21 data are found in the novel by which 4 translation shifts belong to level shift and 17 translation shifts belong to the category shift. This result shows that Arabic as an international language is a rich vocabulary language. It is proven by more than half of the English phrasal verbs found in the novel are translated into Arabic in the same category or grammatical class, not in the description; as shown by the data categorized into level shift which need more explanation to describe the equivalence of the English phrasal verbs.

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Biography of Authors


Eva Meidi Kulsum, S.Hum., M.Pd. was born in Cianjur on May 19th, 1993. She is a lecturer in Ma’soem University, English Education Department, Bandung, Indonesia. Ph. +6282217656359. She graduated her bachelor degree in English Language and Literature Department, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung in 2015. She finished her master degree in the postgraduate program, magister program, English Education Departement, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia in 2018.

Email: [email protected] / [email protected] https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RxU2itIAAAAJ&hl=id