Morphological Interference of Muna Language Speakers in the Use of Indonesian Language

e-Journal of Linguistics

Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index

Vol. 14, No. 1, January 2020, pages: 113-127

Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586

https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i01.p012

Morphological Interference of Muna Language Speakers in the Use of Indonesian Language

Laode Darmin¹ Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia laodedarminuda@gmail.com

Putu Dian Danayanti Degeng ² Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia dian_degeng@ub.ac.id

Esti Junining ³

Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia esti@ub.ac.id

Article info                           Abstract*

Received Date: 24 Dec 2019               This study aims to examine the Muna language interference on the

morphological aspects as a symptom of language that generally occurs

Accepted Date: 27 Dec 2019          in bilingual people. The influence of Muna language as a mother

tongue and the difference between the morphological system of Muna Published Date: 31 Jan 2020           and Indonesian is very possible for interference. This study was

conducted with 20 participants from different community groups within the scope of Kecamatan Mawasangka, Kabupaten Buton Tengah. The data were collected using observation method with involved and Keywords:*                           uninvolved conversation, records and transcribing technique then

sociolinguistic, interference,             analyzed using padan or Contrastive method to determine the presence

morphological interference, Muna      of morphological interference.

language                                     The result showed that Interference in the aspect of affixation in

this research occurs in the formation of the prefix {ka-}, prefix {kafo-}, prefix {ta-}, and confix {ka-...-i}. whereas in the aspect of reduplication the interference symptoms are found in the form of partial reduplication of the Muna language morphological system.

Finally, the suggestion in this research that it is expected that the readers can have better understanding about interference and be more careful in using language. so as to reduce interference or distortion in language.

• 1.    Introduction

Muna Language is one of the local languages in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia whose existence needs to be preserved. In its position as a local language, this language is equal and has the same role as other regional languages in Indonesia. Muna language which is found in the province of Southeast Sulawesi, has a large number of speakers and is spread in all districts and cities in the province of Southeast Sulawesi. Besides being used as the main communication tool, Muna language is also used in a variety of other social activities, such as traditional ceremonies, cultural and religious activities, and even is used as a language of instruction in classes at the elementary school level.

In speaking Muna as a mother tongue, the Muna people certainly have an effect on the use of Indonesian when they communicate. Moreover, speakers who are still thick with their mother tongue will be very likely to cause interference in the use of Indonesian. In general, the interference referred to in this study can be interpreted as a result of the frequent use of the Muna language which has led to the entry of the Muna element into the use of Indonesian language so that it appears that there are deviations from the Indonesian language rules being used. According to Hartman and Stonk (in Alwasilah 1985: 131), interference is a mistake caused by the tendency to accustom a pronunciation (speech) of a language to other languages including pronunciation of sound units, grammar, and vocabulary.

The increasing prestige and usability of Indonesian as a national language has encouraged Muna speakers to master Indonesian in addition to their mother tongue. In daily communication, it is often found the use of Indonesian and Muna is used interchangeably in a discourse or sentence utterance. In this case, it is not uncommon to find sentences that contain Indonesian words but are accompanied by morphemes or other elements commonly used in Muna words. This resulted in the identification of the words produced as if they were not as Muna words and not as Indonesian words.

In fact, the interference of Muna as a regional language against the use of Indonesian can be observed from a variety of phenomena of the language, namely phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic symptoms. Among the four symptoms, what attracts the attention of the writer to study is the symptom of Muna language morphology interference because in the morphology system of these two languages there are some significant differences. in addition, morphological interference is also interference that generally occurs in bilingual societies.

Based on the literature review conducted by the author, research on Muna language itself has been carried out in various aspects of language including: Husniar Saribu (2015) by title “Perubahan Fonem Dalam Tuturan Bahasa Muna (Phoneme Changes in Muna Speech)”, Laode Sidu (1994) by title “Fonologi Generatif Bahasa Muna (Generative Phonology of Muna Language)”, Awaluddin (2010) by title “Afiks Pembentuk Verba Dalam Bahasa Muna (Affixes Forming Verbs in Muna language)”, La Aso (2006) by title “Inofasi internal Dalam Bahasa Muna dan Perlakuan Kata-Kata Serapan Dari Bahasa Indonesia (Internal Innovation in Muna and the Absorption of Words from Indonesian Language)”. However, among the related studies, no research has been found that investigates Muna's morphological interference with the use of Indonesian.

Based on the background of the problems that have been described, then the problems in this study are: What is the form of morphological interference in Muna speakers in the use of Indonesian? The purpose of this study is: To describe the linguistic situation that occurs in Muna speakers in the use of Indonesian and to describe language errors that occur in bilingual people.

• 2.    Research Methods

This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Subroto (2007:5) stated that qualitative methods are methods of assessment or research methods of a problem that are not designed using statistical procedures". The purpose of using the descriptive research method is to describe the morphological interference form of the Gu-Mawasangka dialect of Muna language to the use of Indonesian from aspects (1) affixation, and (2) reduplication. The population of this study is the speech that contains Muna language interference with Indonesian among the people of Kecamatan Mawasangka, Kabupaten Buton Tengah, as one of the areas inhabited by Muna speakers and there is also heterogeneity of the people who use Muna and Indonesian languages.

The sample in this study was Indonesian speech from the Muna language community which was obtained from participants with the following criteria: Muna native speakers, adult men and women, no speech and health disabilities, education at least elementary school or equivalent, and can speak Indonesian. This research was conducted with 20 respondents taken based on occupation (employees, traders, fishermen, and students) in the scope of Kecamatan Mawasangka and fulfilled the criteria estabilished in the population and sample.

The data collection in this study was carried out in several stages including: first, the researcher made observations directed at the Muna language speaker’s community in Kecamatan Mawasangka to look for participants who fit the established criteria. After finding the appropriate participants, the writer then conducted an interview with the Muna language speaker’s community in Kecamatan Mawasangka which consisted of 5 employees, 5 fishermen, 5 traders, and 5 students.

In addition to analyzed the data of this study, the researcher used padan or Contrastive method from to determine the presence of morphological interference.

• 3.    Discussionas

Morphological interference of Muna language speakers can occur in the formation of Indonesian root words either by affixing morphemes in the form of affixation or by reduplication. Based on the results of data collection, interference in the form of affixation in this study only includes prefixes, and confixes. While the interference in the form of reduplication occurs using a partial reduplication pattern of the in Muna language.

• 3.1    Interference of Muna language affixation in the use of Indonesian

• a)    Prefix interference pattern {ka-}

The pattern of word formation with the prefix {ka-} of Muna language into standard Indonesian word formation is morphological interference. This is due to the fact that prefix {ka-} is derived from Muna language, where the prefix is not commonly used in Indonesian. In this study there are morphological interference data as a result of the application of the prefix {ka-} from Muna language into Indonesian language as follows:

• (1)    Bilang sama mamamu, ambilkan katutup pancinya Bibi yang dibawa kemarin” Foomba inamu, namala kasongko nouano fokoinao niowa indewi

• (2)    Kabesar ikan yang saya dapat kemarin malam, besoknya langsung dijual dipasar sama mamaku”

Kabala ae pooli kenta indewi kohondoa, naewinenoa lansu noasoae nae Daoa Inakua

• (3)    Katajam pisomu ini, dimana kamu beli ini?

Kahoko pisomu yinia, naamai olie?

The form of the words katutup, kabesar, and katajam, as shown in the data above is a form of interference derived from the prefix {ka-} + root word. The form of interference is influenced by the morphological system of the Gu-mawasangka dialect of Muna language namely: kasongko (penutup/lid), kabala (sangat besar/hugh), kahoko and (sangat tajam/very sharp). The formation of these words has a pattern that can be described as follows.

Table 1

Prefix interference pattern {ka-}

NO	Root Word (RW)	Affixation pattern (prefix {ka-} + RW)	Interference form
1	tutup	ka- + /tutup/	/katutup/
1.	songko	ka- + /songko/	/kasongko/
O	besar	ka- + /besar/	/kabesar/
2.	bala	ka- + /bala/	/kabala/
	tajam	ka- + /tajam/	/katajam/
3.	hoko	ka- + /hoko/	/kahoko/
	lama	ka- + /lama/	/kalama/
4.	limpona	ka- + /limpona/	/kalimpona/

In the description above, it can be seen that the affixation patterns of the Muna words affect the Indonesian language used by the Muna speakers, so that resulting in non-standard words in Indonesian. The prefix {ka-} is a noun-forming affix which is quite productive in Muna language which can be distributed either with nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The affixation of this prefix in nouns and verbs has Indonesian meaning as follows: “a tool or something as stated by its root word”. Whereas the prefix {ka-} affixation of adjectives has meaning: “very’ 'for the root words that mentioned”. The formation of the words katutup, kabala, and katajam, actually has their respective equivalents in Indonesian as can be seen in the data extraction as follows.

Extract 1

Table 2

The correct word form of katutup

Language	Utterances
Muna	foomba inamu, namala kasongko nouano fokoinao niowa indewi!
Indonesian	Bilang sama mamamu, ambilkan penutup pancinya Bibi yang dibawa kemarin!
English	Say to your mom, get the lid of Aunt's pot that was brought yesterday!

Extract 2

Table 3

The correct word form of kabesar

Language	Utterances
Muna	Kabala ae pooli kenta indewi kohondoa, naewinenoa lansu noasoae nae daoa Inakua
Indonesian	Besar sekali ikan yang saya dapat kemarin malam, besoknya langsung dijual dipasar sama mamaku
English	What a huge fish I got last night, the next day was immediately sold in the market by my mother

Extract 3

Table 4

The correct word form of katajam

Language	Utterances
Muna	Kahokono pisomu yini, naamai olie yinia?
Indonesian	Tajam sekali pisaumu ini, dimana kamu beli ini?
English	This knife of yours is very sharp, where did you buy this?

• b)    Prefix interference pattern {kafo-}

The pattern of word formation with the prefix {kafo-} from Muna language into the use of Indonesian words is one of form of morphological interference. This is because in standard Indonesian does not recognize the prefix {kafo-} as an affix in forming words. Prefix {kafo-} is one of the noun-forming affixes in the Muna language. The use of this prefix can be distributed with nouns, verbs, and adjectives and has meaning: “something that is used to do what the root word states”, or also stated: “the habit ’which is the root word mentioned”. The form of morphological interference of the application of the prefix {kafo-} from Muna into Indonesian language is further described as follows.

• (4)    Itu La Ikram selalu dia kafobanta kalau dikasitau orangtua

La Ikram maitu kafotagali giagi ane Dofombae kamokulaa

• (5)    Mulai mi mencuci sendiri. Jangan selalu kaforepot mamamu itu!

Poangka metofa baewutomu kunaea. Koemo sadia kaforepo inamu yita’a!

• (6)    kalo mau tenang itu jangan terlalu kafourus dengan urusanya orang lain!

Ane gaumu sumanaa koemo sadhia kafoorosu bae urusando baindoa!

The word forms of kafobanta, kaforepo, and kafourus as shown in the data above are a form of morphological interference of Muna laguage which is formed from the prefix of {kafo-} + root word. The form of interference is influenced by the morphological system of the Muna language namely: kafotagali (suka membantah / always denied) kaforepo (selalu merepotkan / always bother), kafourus (selalu mengurus / always take care). Interference of these words has a pattern that can be described as follows.

Tabel 5

Prefix interference pattern {kafo-}

NO	Root Word (RW)	Affixation pattern (prefix {kafo-} + RW)	Interference form
1	bantah	kafo- + /banta/	/kafobanta/
1.	tagali	kafo- + /tagali/	/kafotagali/
	repot	kafo- + /repot/	/kaforepot/
2.	repo	kafo- + /repo/	/kaforepo/

urus             kafo- + /urus/                /kafourus/

^.         orosu            kafo- + /orosu/              /kafoorosu/

In the description above, it can be seen that the affixation patterns of the Muna words affect the Indonesian language used by the Muna speakers, thus producing non-standard words in Indonesian. It has been explained before that the prefix {kafo-} is one of the highly productive affixes for the formation of nouns in Muna language so that it interferes with the use of Indonesian from the speaking community. The formation of words influenced by the morpheme of the Muna languages such as kafobanta, kaforepo, and kafourus actually have their respective equivalents in Indonesian. So that the correct formation of words in these sentences is as follows:

Extract 1

Tabel 6

The correct word form of kafobantah

Language	Utterances
Muna	La Ikram maitu kafotagali giagi ane Dofombae kamokulaa
Indonesian	La Ikram itu selalu membantah kalau dinasehati orangtua
English	Ikram has always denied if he was advised by his parents

Extract 2

Tabel 7

The correct word form of kaforepo

Language	Utterances
Muna	Poangka metofa baewutomu kunaea. Koemo sadia kaforepo inamu yita’a!
Indonesian	Mulailah mencuci sendiri. Jangan selalu merepotkan mamamu itu!
English	Start washing your own clothes. Don't always bother your mother!

Extract 3

Tabel 8

The correct word form of kafourus

Language	Utterances
Muna	Ane gaumu sumanaa koemo sadhia kafoorosu bae urusando baindoa!
Indonesian	Kalau mau tenang itu, jangan selalu mengurusi urusan orang lain!
English	If you want to calm down, don't always take care of other

people's business!

• c)    Prefix interference pattern {ta-}

Formation of the Indonesian word with the prefix {ta-} is also very often found in Muna speakers who are using Indonesian language. In the Muna language morphology system, actually there was no prefix {ta-} as found by researchers in the field. However, if seen from the meaning and function in Indonesian by Muna speakers, the use of this prefix is suspected to be interference from the {noti-} prefix which is also very productive in Muna language. The form of interference from the prefix {ta-} can be seen in the data as follows.

• (7)    Biar saja bibit jagung itu tatanam dibelakang rumah!

Taa tahomo wineno kasitela itua notitano nae kundono lambu!

• (8)    Layang-layangku kemarin tasangkut dipohon itu

Patawalaku indewi notikai nae puunosau maitu

• (9)    Bantu saya cari antingnya ademu dia tabuang ditana

Amba kanau Dae indofi Dalino andimu notioho nae wite

The basic form of the words tatanam, tasangkut, and tabuang as shown in the data above is a form of the morphological interference of the Muna language which is formed from the prefix {ta} + root word. The form of interference is influenced by the Muna morphology system namely prefix {noti-} as in the following words: notitano (tertanam / planted), notikai / tersangkut), and notioho (terbuang / wasted). Interference of these words has a pattern that can be described as follows.

Tabel 9

Prefix interference pattern {ta-}

NO	Root Word (RW)	Affixation pattern (prefix {ta-} + RW)	Interference form
1	tanam	ta- + /tanam/	/tatanam/
1.	tano	noti- + /tano/	/notitano/
O	sangkut	ta- + /sangkut/	/tasangkut/
2.	kai	noti- + /kai/	/notikai/
	buang	ta- + /buang/	/tabuang/
.	oho	noti- + /oho/	/notioho/

In the description above it can be seen that the formation of Indonesian words by the Muna speakers is still affiliated with Muna language through the use of the {ta-} prefix on Indonesian words. The use of the prefix {ta-} can be summed up as interference from the prefix {noti-} because it has the same function and meaning. As explained earlier that Prefix {noti-} is one of the affixes forming nouns and verbs in Muna language which can be distributed with nouns and verbs. The prefix {noti-} if distributed with the basic form of the verb will have an inflective function and have meaning: “accidentally” in

Indonesian language. Whereas the prefix {noti-} that joins a noun functions as a derivative. Meanwhile, the equivalent of the word used in standard Indonesian to express “accidentally”' is the prefix {ter-}. The correct use of words for sentences in the data above is as follows.

Extract 1

Tabel 10

The correct word form of tatanam

Language	Utterances
Muna	Taa tahomo wineno kasitela itua notitano nae kundono lambu
Indonesian	Biar saja bibit jagung itu tertanam dibelakang rumah!
English	Let the corn seed planted behind the house!

Extract 3

Tabel 11

The correct word form of tasangkut

Language	Utterances
Muna	Patawalaku indewi notikai nae puunosau maitu
Indonesian	Layang-layangku kemarin, tersangkut dipohon itu!
English	Yesterday my kite, is stucked in that tree

Extract 5

Tabel 12

The correct word form of tabuang

Language	Utterances
Muna	Amba kanau Dae indofi Dalino andimu notioho nae wite
Indonesian	Bantu saya cari anting adikmu yang terbuang ditanah
English	Help me find your sister's earring that was wasted on the ground

• d)    Confix interference pattern {ka-…-i}

Besides occurring with prefixes, the morphological interference of Muna language is also found in the form of confixes. Although the number is not large, the confix is very productive in the use of Indonesian by the Muna speakers. The confix is {ka-...-i} which states the meaning of Indonesian as follows: "whole (keseluruhan)’ as mentioned in the root words. The form of interference from the confix {ka-…-i} can be seen in the data transcript as follows.

• (1 ) Kamanisi mangga yang dibeli mamaku dipasar tadi pagi

Kamekoi foo niolino mamaku wae daoa hangkowine nsaaitua

• (2 ) Kalamai mereka datang, padahal dari tadi dihubungi

Kalimponai do hatoa, gahaaitu nando nsaaitu do hubungiDa’a

• (3 ) Pepaya dekebunku kakunii buanya, sini kita pigi ambil!

Kapaeya wae kaampo mani kakunii bakenoa, maimo dokala damalae)

The form of the words kamanisi, kalamai, and kakunii, in the fragments of the above sentences is a form of interference that occurs in Indonesian basic words that are affixed with the {ka-...-i} confix of Muna language. The basic form of these words is manis, lama, and kuning, which is then interfered with by confix {ka-...-i}. Confix interference patterns {ka-...-i} in the words above can be described as follows.

Tabel 13

Confix interference pattern {ka-…-i}

NO	Root Word (RW)	Affixation pattern (confix {ka-…-i} + RW)	Interference form
1.	manis	ka-…-i + /manis/	/ kamanisi /
	meko	ka-…-i + /meko/	/kamekoi/
2.	lama	ka-…-i + /lama/	/kalamai/
	limpona	ka-…-i + /limpona/	/kalimponai/
3.	kuning	ka-…-i + /kuning/	/kakunii/
	Kuni	ka-…-i + /kuni/	/kakunii/

The formation of these words clearly illustrates the influence of the Muna morphological system so that non-standard words are produced in Indonesian language. The formation of correct words in standard Indonesian for the sentences above is as follows.

Extract 1

Tabel 14

The correct word form of kamekoi

Language	Utterances
Muna	Kamekoi foo niolino mamaku wae daoa hangkowine nsaaitua
Indonesian	Manis semua mangga yang dibeli mamaku dipasar pagi tadi
English	Sweet all the mangoes my mother bought at the market this morning

Extract 2

Tabel 15

The correct word form of kalamai

Language	Utterances
Muna	Kaomponai Do hatoa, gahaaitu nando nsa’a Do hubungiDa’a
Indonesian	Mereka semua lama datang, padahal sudah dihubungi dari tadi
English	They all came a long time, even though they had been contacted earlier

Extract 3

Tabel 16

The correct word form of kakunii

Language	Utterances
Muna	Kapaeya wae kaampo mani kakuni’i Bakenoa, maimo dokala damalae
Indonesian	Pepaya dikebunku kuning semua buahnya, ayo kita pergi ambil!
English	The papaya in my garden is all yellow, let's go get it!

• 3.2 Interference of Muna language reduplication in the use of Indonesian

Morphological interference in Muna language not only occurs in affixation but also found in reduplication systems. In this case, the Muna speakers often use the Muna reduplication pattern even when using Indonesian so that they produce non-standard Indonesian words. For the example of interference in the form of Muna language reduplication in the use of Indonesian can be seen in table 4.65 as follows.

• (1)    Padahal sudah dari tadi saya tu-tunggu tapi belum datang juga

Nandomo nsa’aitu ae anta-ntagiea maka mina nahumato Dua’a

• (2)    Saya capek mi ke-kejar, tidak pernah dia mau pedulikan saya

Ao wulemo a pa-palintae, BaBae nao heru kanaua

• (3)    Tadi malam ada orang yang le-lempar manga didepan rumahmu

Mohondo Bae mie mepa-pandono foo nae hoano lambumu

• (4)    Siapa yang pindahkan bo-botol yang saya simpan digudang kemarin?

La’ae mefogampino bu-butolo nihunsaku wae guda indewi?

The following forms of reduplication words: tu-tunggu, ke-kejar, le-lempar, and bo-botol, are Indonesian words that are interfered with in the Muna reduplication pattern so that the words are not standard in Indonesian language are produced. The reduplication interference of the words above can be described in the following pattern.

Tabel 17

Muna language interference reduplication pattern

NO	Root Word (RW)	Root word reduplication pattern	Interference form
1.	tunggu	partial reduplication + /tunggu/	/tu-tunggu/
	ntagi	partial reduplication + /ntagi/	/nta-ntagi/
2.	kejar	partial reduplication + /kejar/	/ke-kejar/
	palinta	partial reduplication + /palinta/	/pa-palinta/
3.	botol	partial reduplication + /botol/	/bo-botol/
	butolo	partial reduplication + /butolo/	/bu-butolo/

The formation of the reduplication words above is clearly interfered by the Muna reduplication pattern. As explained earlier that in Muna language, there is a group of verbs and nouns resulting from a morphological process in the form of reduplication which is divided into perfect reduplication, and partial reduplication. When viewed from the form of reduplication, the words in the interference data above use the partial reduplication pattern of the Muna language where the second segment is intact. The reduplication interference of the Muna language resulted in non-standard Indonesian words because it did not fit the reduplication pattern in Indonesian. The formation of correct reduplication in Indonesian is as follows.

Extract 1

Tabel 18

The correct reduplication word form of tu-tunggu

Language	Utterances
Muna	Nandomo nsa’aitu ae anta-ntagiea maka mina nahumato Dua’a
Indonesian	Padahal sudah dari tadi saya tunggu-tunggu tapi belum datang juga.
English	Even though I've been waiting for but haven't come yet

Extract 2

Tabel 19

The correct reduplication word form of ke-kejar

Language	Utterances
Muna	Ao wulemo a pa-palintae, BaBae nao heru kanaua
Indonesian	Saya sudah capek kejar-kejar, tidak pernah dia mau pedulikan saya.
English	I was tired of chasing him. He never wanted to care about me

Extract 3

Tabel 20

The correct reduplication word form of bo-botol

Language	Utterances
Muna	La’ae mefogampino bu-butolo nihunsaku wae guda indewi?
Indonesian	Siapa yang pindahkan botol-botol yang saya simpan digudang kemarin?
English	Who moved the bottles that I stored in the warehouse yesterday?

• 4.    Novelties

Research that is relevant to this resaerch is the study conducted by Hasiawati (2018) entitled “Interferensi Morfologi Bahasa Bugis terhadap Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Daerah Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 25 Cenrana Kabupaten Maros (Morphological Interference of Bugis Languages on the Use of Indonesian Language in Regional Language Learning for Class VIII Students of SMP Negeri 25 Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros )”. The result of this study showed that there was interference in the process of learning local languages in class VIII of SMP Negeri 25 Cenrana Kabupaten Maros. Forms of interference carried out by teachers and students in the process of learning local languages include interference in the morphological field in the form of (1) the use of proclitic na-, (2) the use of enclitic -ji, (3) ) the use of enclitic -mi, (4) ) the use of enclitic -ki, (5) the use of enclitic -kaq, (6) use of enclitic -pi and (7) use of enclitic -i.

Another research that is relevant to this research is research on language interference in elementary school students conducted by Istiyo (1996) entitled “Interferensi Gramatikal Bahasa Jawa dalam Bahasa Indonesia pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas VI Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Pati (Grammatical Interference of Javanese in Indonesian in Narrative Essays of Grade VI Elementary School Students in Kabupaten Pati)”. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that there are two kinds of Javanese language grammatical interference in the Indonesian language, namely morphological interference and syntactic interference. Morphological interference consists of interference with morphophonemic process patterns and interference with morphological process patterns (including interference with the use of Javanese word-forming items, interference with the application of Javanese language meanings in Indonesian affixed items, zeronized affix interference, and reduplication interference). Meanwhile, syntactic interference consists of three types, namely the interference of phrase construction patterns, interference with the use of word assignments, and word pattern interference. This research conducted by Istiyo (1996) is considered relevant because this study examines the existence of forms of grammatical interference in local language in the use of Indonesian.

Based on several previous studies that have been done, it is known that research that discusses the morphological interference of local languages in the use of Indonesian has been done several times. But from all the previous studies the subject matter is in the form of students' narrative essays. Research that specifically discusses the morphological interference of the Muna language in the use of Indonesian in direct public speech events has never been done.

• 5.    Conclusion

The manifestation of the Muna’s morphological interference in the use of Indonesian spoken by Muna native speaker in this study is the absorption of the Muna element into the formation of Indonesian language. The contact between the two languages causes changes in the language system in question, namely the presence of words that have an affixation pattern and reduplication of the Muna language with basic words in the Indonesian language. Interference of Muna language in Indonesian in the aspect of affixation in this research occurs in the formation of the prefix {ka-}, prefix {kafo-}, prefix {ta-}, and confix {ka-...-i}. whereas in the aspect of reduplication the interference symptoms are found in the form of partial reduplication of the morphological system of the Muna language in the use of Indonesian by the Muna speakers.

• 6.    Acknowledgements

Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin, in the name of Allah SWT, first of all the writer would like to express the deepest gratitude for the blessing, so the writer could finish this thesis entitled “Morphological Interference of Muna Language in the Use of Indonesian Languege by Muna Native Speaker”. This work would not have been possible without the support of the Supervisors Dr. Putu Dian Danayanti Degeng, S.S., M.Pd, and Dr. Esti Junining, S.Pd., M.Pd who have been guide, help, support, enthusiastic encouragement, and work of my research. Indeed, also to writers’ lecturers at Linguistics study program who taught more than the writer could ever give them credit here.

Nobody has been more important to me in finishing this research than the members of my family. I would like to thank my beloved parents Mr. Laode Uda and Mrs. Eriati who always pray, give support and big encouragement in finishing this research. As well my brothers who provide unending inspirations. Last but not the least, I wish to thank to my lovely friend, and also parties who helped in conducting this research which cannot be mentioned one by one.

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Biography of Authors

Darmin, S.Pd. was born in Kadatua on August 19th, 1992. He graduated his bachelor degree in the Faculty of Teachers Trraining and Education, Dayanu Ikhsanuddin University in 2015. He currently is completing his master degree in the postgraduate program, magister program, linguistic studies, Brawijaya University.

Email: laodedarminuda@gmail.com

Dr. Putu Dian Danayanti Degeng, S.S M.Pd. is Lecturer in Brawijaya University, Faculty of Art, Malang, Indonesia, NIK 2012018405032000 Ph. +628125212411

Email: dian_degeng@ub.ac.id

Dr. Ida Esti Junining, S.Pd., M.Pd. is Lecturer in Brawijaya University, Faculty of Art, Malang, Indonesia, NIP 19720604 2002122001 Ph. +6281249080717

Email: esti@ub.ac.id