Mental Predicate Feel Subtype Feel and Think in Japanese: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach
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e-Journal of Linguistics
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e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514
July 2019 Vol.13 No. 2 P: 378—387
tps://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2019.v13.i02.p15
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/
Mental Predicate Feel Subtype Feel and Think in Japanese: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach
1Luh Putu Ratnayanti Sukma, Bali Indonesia
2
2I Made Netra, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia,
*Corresponding Author : [email protected]
Received Date: 10-05-2019 Accepted Date: 28-06=2019 Published Date: 31.-07-2019
Abstract-- According to Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014) the original meaning of the mental predicate consists of six types namely, think, know, feel, see, hear, want and don't want. This finding was then forwarded to Japanese by Asano Cavanagh (2015), finding 12 verbs of Japanese language conditions that are matched with those found by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). Of the twelve state verbs that were passed on by Asano, the type FEEL was matched with the mental predicate 感じるkanjiru. Mental predicate感じるkanjiru has a subtype which turns out to produce more mental predicate than the other six types. Found subtypes FEEL and THINK, FEEL and HAPPEN, FEEL and DO, FEEL and TELL. Subtype FEEL and THINK produces 2 sub-subtypes namely FEEL and THINK (GOOD) and FEEL and THINK (BAD).
Keywords: mental predicate, feel, type, subtype
Verbs in Japanese have different characteristics from Indonesian verbs. Like what was presented by Dewi Merlyna (2019) Japan is a country with a high politeness level. Standard politeness in Japanese sentences is influenced by the verb used and to whom the sentence is intended. This is also the case with the use of verbs in Japanese. Verbs in Japanese have a level of politeness in the use of verbs. But in natural semantics, it does not apply. Natural semantic metalanguage approach are used to analysis the equivalent of a word, so as to find other words that are the same as the topic.
Six types of mental predicate presented by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014) were then forwarded by Asano Cavanagh (2015) into Japanese. From the results found, Asano found 12 mental predicate that were matched with those found by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). The
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six types found by Goddard and Wierzbicka and their equivalents passed on by Asano (2015) are as follows:
Think : 思うomou, 考える kangaeru
Know : 知る shiru
Feel : 感じる kanjiru
See : 見る miru
Hear : 聞くkiku
Want, don’t want : {－たいです-tai desu}, ほしいhoshii,
望む nozomu
{―たくないです-takunai desu}, ほしくないhoshikunai, 望まないnozomanai
Of the six types found, the mental predicate FEEL 感 じ る kanjiru produces more lexicons than the subtypes found, compared to the other five types.
As explained by Suryasa (2019) the concept of emotion cannot be separated from the concept of feeling. The verb of the type of feeling or verb of emotion cannot be separated from the feelings experienced by the sufferer. The emotional verb serves as a tool to realize what the sufferer feels both good and bad feelings.
Type condition verbs FEEL similar to adjectives. If in Indonesian verbs differentiate the situation with adjectives, namely by adding the prefix {ter-} at the beginning of the word and changing the meaning of the word to 'most' indicating that the word is indeed an adjective. Conversely, if the prefix {ter-} is added and the word meaning is not semantically acceptable, then the word is classified into mental predicate. For example is the word dingin in Indonesia language. If you add the prefix {ter-} to the terdingin and change the meaning to 'coldest', it indicates that the cold word is classified as an adjective. Another example is the word suka. If you add a prefix {ter-} it becomes tersuka and does not have meaning because it is not semantically acceptable, indicating the like word belongs to the mental predicate.
In Japanese verb differentiator state with adjectives namely Japanese adjectives ending with vowels {-i} and followed by copula “desu”. In Japanese copula “desu” only follows nouns and adjectives. Adjectives in Japanese are divided into two parts, namely adjectives {-i} and
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adjectives {na}. Adjectives are divided into two groups to make it easier to use and the changes become negative, past, negative past and so on. Furthermore, the main feature of verbs in Japanese is always ending with the suffix {-masu} as a positive marker and suffix {-masen} as a negative marker. Thus it is impossible for the adjective to end with the suffix {-masu} or {-masen}. For example the word tanoshii desu ‘happy’ is classified into adjectives because it ends with vowel {-i} and is followed by copula “desu”. Furthermore, the word tanoshimimasu ‘feel happy’ is classified into verbs, that is mental predicate because it is followed by the suffix {-masu} which is positive.
This study used qualitative research methods. A qualitative approach is a study that aims to understand phenomena as they are (especially from the perspective of the subject) which are described in the form of words and sentences in a specific natural context (Moleong, 2004: 11). Provision of large amounts of mental predicate feel data is collected from informal conversations found in Hiragana Times magazine. The data was collected through observation and note-taking. After the data was taken, then the data was analysed based on distributional method. Distributional method is an analytical method using a determinant that is part of the language in question (Sudaryanto, 2015: 18). This method is accompanied by a technique to change the form of paraphrases, namely changing the form of one or several elements of the lingual unit in question (Sudaryanto, 2015: 45).
Mental predicate verbs FEEL with subtypes FEEL and THINK, resulting in 2 subsubtypes namely FEEL and THINK (GOOD), FEEL and THINK (BAD).
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|
FEEL and THINK |
Mental Predicate |
|
楽しむtanoshimu’senang’, | |
|
GOOD |
安心するanshin suru ‘lega’ 嬉しい ureshii ‘gembira’ 悲しむkanashimu ‘sedih’ 恥ずかしいhazukashii ‘malu’, |
|
BAD |
恥じるhajiru ‘malu’ がっかりしました gakkari shimashita ‘kecewa’ |
3.1 Subtypes FEEL and THINK (GOOD)
The combination of components feels with something or a good event, which occurs in verbs in the Japanese language expressed by the lexicon: 楽しむ tanoshimu ’senang’, 安心する anshin suru ‘lega’ dan 嬉しい ureshii ‘gembira’.
This subtype explains the meaning of ‘happy’ with variations 楽 し む tanoshimu ’senang ’, 安心 す る anshin suru ‘lega’ and 嬉 し い ureshii ‘happy’. In exploring the meaning associated with this combination of polysemics, there are two orientations that become references to events in the mind expressed by the meaning of 'happy', namely:
-
(1) Current events which characterize that a person now feels something good about himself.
-
(2) Sometimes people who are 'happy' are expressed by 安心 す る anshin suru ‘lega’ has a future orientation. The person who had kendel first had something bad flaring up in his mind "something bad happened to X" but he later learned that this did not happen. Therefore, people who experience 安心 す る anshin suru ‘lega’ are people who feel something good.
Here is an example of data with the 楽 し む tanoshimu ’senang ’, lexicon in 安心 す る anshin suru ‘lega’’ and 嬉 し い ureshii ‘gembira’.
(3.1-1) ときどき tokidoki kadang-kadang
漫画 を 読んで 楽しみます
manga wo yonde tanoshimimasu
komik AKU baca senang
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‘Kadang-kadang dengan membaca komik saja, saya merasa senang’ (HT, 2017:6:11)
Explication: 楽しむtanoshimu ’senang’
At that time, X felt something
X thinks of something like that
I think of something
good happens to me
X feels something like that
(3.1-2) 先週
senshuu dekinai
minggu lalu bisa-BN
できない to
と
思った
omotta
PAR pikir-BL tapi
けど、 kedo,
今
ima sekarang
もう 安心 しました
mou anshin shimashita
sudah tenang- BL
‘Minggu lalu saya kira tidak bisa, tapi sekarang sudah tenang’
(HT, 2017:6:2)
Eksplication: 安心する anshin suru ‘lega’
At that time, X felt something
X thinks of something like
This
-
- Something bad will happen
-
- I don't want this
-
- After a while I knew something bad wasn't happening Because of this: at that moment I felt something good X feels something like this
(3.1-3) サッカー の 試合 に
Sakka- no shiai ni
Sepak bola GEN pertandingan DAT
勝って、僕たち は
katte bokutachi wa
menang kami SUB
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嬉しかった ureshikatta gembira-BL
‘Kami gembira karena memenangi pertandingan sepak bola’
(HT, 2017:4:19)
Eksplication: 嬉しい ureshii ‘gembira’
At that time, X felt something
X thinks of something like this:
I think that something is good
happened to me
Because I do something
well
Because of this: I feel something
the good one
-
X feels something like this
The lexicon 悲 し む kanashimu ‘sedih’ indicates that the emotion that arises in emotions causes a person to be unable to do anything. This is also a sign that this bad meaning can no longer be felt by someone.
The meaning of 悲 し む kanashimu ‘sedih’ is used to express feelings of ‘senang’ not happy. Lexicon which means sad has different gradations, for example sad, more sad, and sadest. 悲 し む kanashimu ‘sedih’ is used when someone experiences a bad event.
-
(3.2-1) 皆 その 歌集 の 死 を 悲しました
-
minna sono kashuu no shi wo kanashimashita
semua itu penyanyi GEN kematian AKU sedih-BL
‘Semua berduka atas kematian penyanyi itu’
(HT, 2017:7:5)
Eksplication: 悲しむkanashimu ‘sedih’
At that time, X felt something
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X thinks of something like this:
Something bad has happened to me
I don't want this to happen
Because of this: I can't do it
Something
Because of this: someone feels something that is not good
X feels something like this
The lexicon 恥 ず か し い hazukashii ’malu’, 恥 じ る hajiru ‘malu’, and が か か り し ま し た gakkari shimashita ‘kecewa’ are sub-subtypes that have the basic meaning sad.
Verb 恥 ず か し い hazukashii ‘shy’ besides contains the basic meaning ‘malu’ there is an element of birth as well, which characterizes the lexicon item. The role of meaning science with mapping like this becomes the basis for being able to exploit the meaning of verbs that have special meaning differences. The semantic structure 恥 ず か し いhazukashii ’malu’ is more due to the factors inside the person with components such as "X feels something, something that happens does not come from someone else who might say something bad to that person, other people do not know this". It was said that this happened because of the nature of the traits that were brought about since the birth of someone who was turbulent in his cognition so that this person felt something bad. Although said nature can naturally be attached to certain people. Even this person doesn't want this to happen with component mapping: "X doesn't want this to happen".
|
(3.2-2) 小学校 の |
こと |
を |
覚える |
|
shougakkou |
no |
koto |
wo oboeru |
|
SD GEN |
hal |
AKU |
ingat |
と 恥ずかしいしました
to hazukashii shimashita
kalau malu BL
(HT, 2017:3:18)
‘Kalau mengingat hal waktu SD, saya merasa malu’ Eksplication: 恥ずかしいhazukashii ‘malu’ At that time, X felt something
X thinks of something like this:
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Something bad has happened to me
Other people know, see or hear Because of this: Other people say something not good about me
I don't want this
I want to stay away from others Because of this: this person feels something not good
X feels something like this
The semantic lexicon structure 恥 じ る hajiru ‘malu’, if it is examined in terms of the element ‘that someone has done something that is not good’. The event then experienced an upheaval in someone's feelings. This is because the person has done something that is not good or may be harmful to others. 恥 じ る hajiru ‘malu’ has a more negative impression than 恥 ず か し い hazukashii 'malu'. The lexicon恥 じ る hajiru ‘malu’ means an action performed by someone so that the impression that is caused is not good. Whereas恥 ず か し い hazukashii 'malu' still creates a good meaning in one's feelings. Where the feeling of 'shame' that is felt is a feeling of 'shame' which means good.
Explication: 恥 じ る hajiru ‘malu’
At that time, X felt something
X thinks of something like this:
I've done bad things for a while now Other people don't say something bad about me
I don't want this
I don't want to see anyone else
Because of this: this person feels something bad X feels something like this
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The results of this study indicate that the mental predicate FEEL has 2 sub-subtypes namely FEEL and THINK (GOOD), FEEL and THINK (BAD). In the sub-subtype FEEL and THINK (GOOD) consists of 3 lexicons namely楽しむtanoshimu’senang’, 安心するanshin suru ‘lega’ 嬉しい ureshii ‘gembira’. FEEL and THINK (BAD) resulting in 4 lexicons namely 悲しむ kanashimu ‘sedih’ 恥ずかしい hazukashii ‘malu’, 恥じる hajiru ‘malu’ がっかりしました gakkari shimashita ‘kecewa’. The emotional emotion verb produced by the sub-subtype FEEL and THINK (BAD) turns out to have 2 emotional verbs in Japanese, namely yaitu 恥 か し い hazukashii ‘malu’ is show something positive and 恥 じ る hajiru ‘malu’ show something negative.
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On this occasion the author would like to express his deepest gratitude to all who have provided valuable contributions and assistance so that this research can be published through this publication. The great gratitude of the writer conveyed to God the Almighty, family, and friends who are always supporters. Not forgetting also for the editorial board and liaison of this publication, thank you for your time and assistance in editing this research so that this research is useful for the development of semantics, especially natural semantic metalanguage.
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